Showing papers in "Review of Metaphysics in 1971"

Socrates at Work on Virtue and Knowledge in Plato’s Laches

Abstract: Some of Plato’s early works, such as the Laches and the Charmides, have not traditionally received the attention accorded such Socratic dialogues as the Protagoras, the Meno, and the Gorgias. Yet, these subsequent dialogues discuss themes and problems first broached in these earlier works: the theme that virtue is knowledge of good and evil, and that this knowledge is akin to science; the problem of the unity of virtue; the Socratic insistence that practical, ethical problems be solved by appeal to knowledge, not to votes; the problem of how it is possible to know that oneself or others have such knowledge. All these philosophical concerns are treated in perceptive and illuminating discussions in the Laches and the Charmides. Both as introductions to the Socratic method and to subsequent Platonic works, and as original contributions to philosophic problems still of concern today, these dialogues deserve greater study and attention than they have traditionally or recently received. In this essay I wish to begin such a study with an analysis of the Laches.

The Theory—Ladenness of Observation

Abstract: Revolutionary new views concerning science have recently been advanced by Feyerabend, Hanson, Kuhn, Toulmin, and others. The claim that there are pervasive presuppositions fundamental to scientific investigations seems to be essential to the views of these men. Each would further hold that transitions from one scientific tradition to another force radical changes (a) in what is observed, (b) in the meanings of the terms employed, and (c) in the metastandards involved. In this Chapter I will discuss and evaluate (a). In subsequent Chapters I will then focus on (b) and (c) with a final return to (a).