Showing papers in "Revista Brasileira De Medicina Do Esporte in 2018"
TL;DR: The most frequently reported barriers to PA among adolescents were lack of company, lack of social support from family and friends, unsuitable climate and limited access to spaces for PA as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to synthesize and analyze scientific evidence of the perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity (PA) in the Brazilian population. The Lilacs, SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science journal databases were reviewed and the number of reports of each barrier to PA, grouped according to the level of determinants of the social ecological model (intrapersonal, interpersonal and environmental) was analyzed. We found 25 studies (11 in adolescents, 8 in adults and 6 in older adults), totaling 62,678 reports of barriers to PA. The studies were conducted in the South (n=15), Southeast (n=7), and Northeast (n=2) regions, and one study also included different regions of Brazil. Overall, about seven out of every 10 reports on barriers to PA involved intrapersonal barriers. Adults and older adults had a higher proportion of reports of intrapersonal barriers (84.8% and 74%, respectively), than adolescents (47.8%). There are still few studies with older adults, children, and in populations of the Midwest and North of the country. The most frequently reported barriers to PA among adolescents were lack of company, lack of social support from family and friends, unsuitable climate and limited access to spaces for PA. Lack of motivation and lack of time were the most frequently reported barriers in adults, whereas in older adults the predominant barriers were lack of motivation and diagnosed disease or physical limitation. PA promotion programs need to take into account the different barriers to PA, since these are specific to age groups. Level of Evidence II; Systematic Review of Level II Studies.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the association between distance from home to outdoor fitness zones with the use of these facilities and physical activity in adults from Curitiba, Brazil, and found that reducing distances and increasing the number of facilities may increase physical activity through active commuting and length of stay.
Abstract: Introduction: The characteristics of the built environment are important predictors of physically active behavior. In this regard, the presence, availability, access to and quality of public open spaces for physical activity close to home are positively associated with their use and higher levels of physical activity in the population. Objective: To analyze the association between distance from home to outdoor fitness zones with the use of these facilities and physical activity in adults from Curitiba, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with 328 users of 20 outdoor fitness zones. Distance was calculated with the Geographic Information System (GIS) using the street network in ArcGIS 10.1 and classified in tertiles (≤854 meters; 855-1741 meters; ≥1742 meters). To assess the use of the facilities, three attributes were considered: weekly frequency (times/week), length of stay (minutes/day) and length of use (months). The leisure module of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) assessed physical activity, and travel to the destination was classified as "passive" or "active". The association was tested using Poisson regression in STATA 12.0. Results: An inverse association was found between the upper tertile of distance from home to the outdoor fitness zones and active commuting (PR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.51-0.97), and ≥31 min/day length of stay (PR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.31-0.76). Conclusion: Reducing distances and increasing the number of facilities may increase physical activity through active commuting and length of stay at outdoor fitness zones.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the impact of resilience levels on stress and recovery in athletes in the 2012 Parana Open Games in different sports and found that resilience plays an essential role in coping with and recovering from stress in competitive sports contexts.
Abstract: Introduction: Resilience is a positive psychological characteristic that reflects an individual's capacity to better perceive, deal with, and overcome adversity; the sports environment is replete with adversities, which increase athletes' stress levels and may lead to undesirable outcomes. Objective: To analyze the impact of resilience levels on stress and recovery in athletes. Methods: Subjects were 150 athletes (aged 22.46 ± 5.97) of both sexes (92 men and 58 women) who competed in the 2012 Parana Open Games in different sports (107 in team and 43 in individual sports). Instruments were the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (RESTQ-76 Sport) and a resilience questionnaire (CD-RISC-10). The following tests were used for data analysis: Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, Spearman Correlation Coefficient and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Results: The model significantly explained stress and recovery variability in 20% and 22%, respectively; age-predicted resilience was 11%; the model invariance test indicated a significant influence of sex and type of sport (multi-group analysis). Conclusion: Resilience plays an essential role in coping with and recovering from stress in competitive sports contexts, which is considered a determinant of success. Level of Evidence II; Retrospective study.
12 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that mental fatigue impairs intermittent running performance, without affecting HRR values.
Abstract: Introduction: This study involved an analysis of the impact of mental fatigue on heart rate recovery (HRR), subjective measures of fatigue and intermittent running performance in handball players. Objective: This study was aimed at (1) examining the effects of an induced state of mental fatigue on the aerobic performance of handball players, as measured by the Yo-Yo IR1 test, and (2) exploring possible changes in heart rate regulation through HRR analysis. Methods: Twelve handball players (age: 17.50 ± 3.63 years; 5 ± 2.2 years of practice) undertook a Yo-Yo IR1 test on two occasions, separated by an interval of at least 72 hours. The Yo-Yo IR1 test was preceded by a 30-min treatment, consisting of the Stroop Color-Word Test, to induce mental fatigue. Participants in the control condition watched an emotionally neutral video. Results: Higher ratings of mental fatigue and mental effort following the Stroop Test were observed for the experimental group. No differences in motivation were observed between conditions. Moreover, the induction of mental fatigue impaired running performance and led to a higher RPE during the Yo-Yo IR1 test. Notwithstanding, no changes in HRR or blood lactate levels were observed across conditions. Conclusion: Altogether, these results suggest that mental fatigue impairs intermittent running performance, without affecting HRR values. Level of Evidence III; Case-Control study.
11 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the current exercise training program is effective and can be applied to 5-year-old normal children to improve their fine motor skills.
Abstract: Introduction: Fine motor skills are important for children not only in the activities of daily living, but also for learning activities. In the present study, the effects of supervised physical training were investigated in normal children.
Objective: To evaluate the effects of supervised training by combining full-body exercise and the eye-hand coordination activities to improve fine motor skills in a group of five-year-old normal children.
Methods: Fifty-two children were selected and randomized in exercise and control groups. The exercise group participated in three 30-minute training sessions per week for 24 weeks.
Results: The fine motor skills and hand grip strength of the exercise group were significantly increased, while there was no significant change in the control group during the experimental period.
Conclusion: The results indicate that the current exercise training program is effective and can be applied to 5-year-old normal children to improve their fine motor skills. In addition, this program has simple physical activities that are appropriate to the physical and mental level of child development. The 30-minute training session would be easily implemented in the kindergarten program.
11 citations
TL;DR: The reliability of the ACSI-28 instrument was assessed by measuring internal consistency and by the stability of the measurement (test-retest) as mentioned in this paper, which indicated adequate adjustment of the data to the factorial analyses.
Abstract: Introduction: Coping is defined as a process based on motor, behavioral, and cognitive effort to deal with the psychophysical demands that exceed an individual’s capacity. One of the instruments used most often for evaluating coping skills is the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28). Objective: This study aimed to validate the Brazilian version of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28). The ACSI-28 is a multidimensional inventory developed to evaluate the different methods used by athletes to cope with sports pressure. Methods: The sample comprised 667 Brazilian athletes: male (n = 467; 70%); female (n = 200; 30%) with mean age 25 ± 5 years and eight (± 5) years of experience in individual sports (n = 182; 27.3%) or team sports (n = 485; 72.7%). Results: For construct validity, the relational structure of the items that comprise the original version of ACSI-28 was analyzed using EFA. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure (KMO = .83) and the Bartlett sphericity test (p <.0001) indicated adequate adjustment of the data to the factorial analyses. The reliability of the instrument was assessed by measuring internal consistency and by the stability of the measurement (test-retest). Conclusion: The Brazilian version of Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 was preliminarily considered valid. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective comparative study.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of eight weeks of functional training with traditional strength training on the physical fitness of sedentary elderly women were compared using a 2x2 ANOVA with post hoc Sidak test to verify the differences between the groups.
Abstract: Introduction: Several strength training protocols have been tested in the search for systemic adaptations to improve functionality in the elderly. For this purpose, integrated exercises aimed at improving essential movements can be an interesting strategy to improve the performance of activities of the daily living. Objective: To compare the effects of eight weeks of functional training with traditional strength training on the physical fitness of sedentary elderly women. Methods: Thirty-two elderly women were divided into functional training group (FT, n=16) and traditional training group (TT, n=16). For the verification of functional responses, the Senior Fitness Test battery was used, as well as complementary tests of strength and muscular power. The data were analyzed using a 2x2 ANOVA with post hoc Sidak test to verify the differences between the groups. Results: At the end of eight weeks, when compared to TT group, the FT group showed significant increases in balance/agility variables (p=0.01; +7.6%), lower limbs strength (p=0.04; +15.3%), upper limbs strength (p=0.05; +11.7%), and cardiorespiratory power (p=0.05; +10.7%). However, in relation to flexibility tests and conventional tests of maximum dynamic force and muscular strength, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: Both interventions are efficient to improve physical fitness of sedentary elderly women; however, functional training induces better adaptive responses to functionality when compared with traditional training. Level of Evidence I; Randomized clinical trial.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of different resistance exercise (RE) protocols on cognitive functions (CF) in the same group of individuals were compared to compare the effect of different RE protocols on CF.
Abstract: Introduction: Resistance exercise (RE) training is widely recommended for increasing muscle strength and mass in older adults. RE is also a potential stimulus to improve cognitive functions (CF), but the best protocol for this purpose is unknown. Objective: To compare the effects of different RE protocols on CF in the same group of individuals. Methods: Twenty-four older adults were randomized (cross over) to control (CON) and lower limb RE protocols with high load (HL - 80% of 1RM), low load (LL - 30% of 1RM) and LL with blood flow restriction (LL-BFR - 30% of 1RM and 50% BFR). For CF assessment, participants underwent the Stroop test before and after each RE protocol. Results: Reduction in response time for Stroop neutral stimuli was greater after LL (effect size (ES) = -0.92) compared to CON (ES = -0.18) and HL (ES = -0.03), but was not different from LL-BFR (ES = -0.24). The reduced response time was associated with reduced parasympathetic modulation and increased cardiac output across protocols. Conclusion: LL was the most effective RE protocol to improve CF of older adults and a potential beneficial effect of LL-BFR on CF (non-significant) was identified. Therefore, LL resistance exercise appears to stimulate acute cognitive improvements in healthy older adults, probably through exercise-induced optimal autonomic modulation changes. Level of Evidence I; Therapeutic studies-Investigating the results of treatment.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed mathematical models to estimate the body fat percentage of young women from southern Brazil using inexpensive equipment, based on body circumferences (BC), considering the shortage of specific studies of this population.
Abstract: Introduction: The increase in the prevalence of obesity entails the need for accurate low-cost methods to estimate body fat percentage (BF%). Objective: The aim of this study was to develop mathematical models to estimate the BF% of young women from southern Brazil using inexpensive equipment, based on body circumferences (BC), considering the shortage of specific studies of this population. Methods: Subjects were women (n=130) aged 18 to 35 years (26.06±4.41 years), from the city of Curitiba. Body mass and stature were measured and used to estimate body mass index (BMI), while BC measurements of the arm, forearm, waist (narrowest point and umbilicus), abdomen, hip, thigh and leg were taken for use in the mathematical models. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) equipment recorded the BF%. Pearson’s correlation was used for anthropometric variables and age in association with BF%. The indicators with best correlations were used to estimate linear regression mathematical models for prediction of BF%. The results of the two models and of nine anthropometric equations were compared to those obtained with the DXA using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and paired t-test. Results: Age was not significantly correlated with BF% (r=0.113 and p=0.200). The BCs with the highest correlations with BF% were abdomen, hip and waist - umbilicus (r=0.697, 0.682, 0.660, respectively, and p<0.001). Eight equations showed positive correlation with BF%, but only the results obtained with the models estimated in this study did not differ from those of DXA, with paired t-test. Mathematical models were developed with three (r=0.744, r²=0.554; t=0.16 and p=0.869) and six (r=0.768, r²=0.591; t=-0.04 and p=0.967) anthropometric variables. Conclusion: The use of mathematical models developed for estimating BF% based on body circumference and body mass is considered feasible. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.
9 citations
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that while progressive cycling training would activate cortical regions and that cycling speed feedback could lead to additional cortical activations and resultant improvements in cycling performance, combined cycling training and functional electrical stimulation would result in superior improvements in bicycle performance, aerobic capacity, and functional performance in post-stroke patients.
Abstract: Introducion: Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in adults worldwide. The prevalence of stroke in developing countries such as South Africa and Iran is growing, especially in an increasingly younger population. In Iran, the annual stroke incidence ranges from 23 to 103 per 100,000 inhabitants, with the rate being higher in those aged 15-45 years. Problematically, almost 50% of stroke patients face difficulties in performing activities of daily living, hence the importance of functional rehabilitation. These factors necessitate cost-effective solutions in developing countries, where there is insufficient research focused on practical solutions for treatment/rehabilitation. Objective: We hypothesize that while progressive cycling training would activate cortical regions and that cycling speed feedback could lead to additional cortical activations and resultant improvements in cycling performance, combined cycling training and functional electrical stimulation would result in superior improvements in cycling performance, aerobic capacity, and functional performance in post-stroke patients. Conclusions: Ultimately, we expect this hypothesis to provide a useful framework for facilitating combined cycling and functional electrical stimulation rehabilitation research in post-stroke patient populations. Level of Evidence V; Expert opinion.
9 citations
TL;DR: During treatment, women with breast cancer undertake less physical activity and have worse quality of life, but walking appears to be an effective type of physical activity for these women, improvingquality of life during and after breast cancer treatment.
Abstract: Introduction: Breast cancer treatment can cause different side effects on the quality of life of women. Physical activity, in turn, can reduce these side effects. Objective: To investigate the physical activity and quality of life of women during and after breast cancer treatment. Methods: Sample of 174 women (57.0±9.5 years) during or after clinical treatment for breast cancer. Interview questionnaire composed of general information, physical activity (IPAQ short version) and quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30 and BR23). For statistical analysis chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, student's t-test for independent samples, Mann-Whitney U test and multiple logistic regression analyses (p <0.05). Results: Most women did not achieve the physical activity guidelines, particularly those undergoing clinical treatment. Results showed longer walking time, moderate physical activity, vigorous physical activity, moderate + vigorous physical activity, and total physical activity among the women following completion of treatment. The quality of life scores were also higher among women after clinical treatment. Logistic regression indicated that every 10-minute increment to walking time results in a 19% decrease in the probability of worse functional capacity and a 26% decrease in the probability of worse symptoms associated with treatment side effects. Conclusion: During treatment, women with breast cancer undertake less physical activity and have worse quality of life. Walking appears to be an effective type of physical activity for these women, improving quality of life during and after breast cancer treatment. Level of evidence II; Prognostic studies - Investigation of the effect of patient characteristics on the disease outcome.
TL;DR: Cold Water Immersion slows the inflammatory response and reduces DOMS in untrained individuals undergoing RE in a Randomized Clinical Trial.
Abstract: Introduction: High-intensity resistance exercises (RE) cause an inflammatory response that reduces functionality. Objective: To evaluate the effects of Cold Water Immersion (CWI) on leukocytosis, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory markers and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) resulting from a RE session in untrained volunteers. Methods: Thirteen volunteers (aged 26 ± 5 years) who do not engage in RE were randomized and underwent Control RE and RE with CWI sessions. Exercise sessions (leg extension machine, squats and leg presses) consisted of four sets of 10 maximum repetitions (one-week interval between the assessment and the sessions). CWI consisted of immersion in water (15°C) to the umbilicus for 10 minutes immediately after the exercise session. Complete blood count, CRP, creatine kinase (CK) and lipoperoxidation (LPO) were assessed previously (baseline) and immediately, 30 minutes and 2 hours after RE. DOMS was assessed 24 hours after the sessions. Results: RE induced progressive leukocytosis (P<0.001). CRP was elevated 2 hours after exercise (P=0.008) only in the Control RE session. CK increased 30 minutes and 2 hours after exercise (P<0.001) in the Control session, whereas in the CWI session the increase was observed after 2 hours (P<0.001). LPO increased only in the Control session after 2 hours (P=0.025). CWI reduced DOMS by 57% (P<0.001). Conclusion: CWI slows the inflammatory response and reduces DOMS in untrained individuals undergoing RE. Level of Evidence I; Randomized Clinical Trial.
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative study of variaveis antropometricas with o Escore de Risco de Framingham (ERF) in trabalhadores rurais is presented.
Abstract: RESUMO Introducao: A obesidade tem provocado diversos agravos a saude, impulsionada pela industrializacao, avancos tecnologicos, urbanizacao e estilo de vida; esses aspectos estao relacionados com disfuncoes cardiovasculares. Diversos fatores estao associados aos problemas saude da populacao, os quais podem ser previamente identificados com tecnicas simples, como medidas antropometricas e escores de risco, usadas para determinar possiveis riscos. Objetivo: Relacionar variaveis antropometricas com o Escore de Risco de Framingham (ERF) em trabalhadores rurais. Metodos: Estudo transversal com 138 trabalhadores rurais, submetidos ao questionario de estilo de vida, avaliacao antropometrica, bioquimica, cardiovascular e determinacao do ERF. A antropometria foi estimada com os indicadores indice de massa corporal, circunferencia da cintura (CC), relacao cintura-quadril (RCQ), indice de conicidade (IC) e razao circunferencia cintura-estatura (RCEst); o perfil bioquimico identificou colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicerideos e glicemia; a funcao cardiovascular foi avaliada pela pressao arterial sistolica e pressao arterial diastolica em repouso. A partir das informacoes, os sujeitos foram classificados segundo o ERF em G1 (baixo risco), G2 (risco intermediario) e G3 (alto risco). As analises estatisticas constaram de frequencia e percentual, comparacao de medias pelo teste Kruskal-Wallis, e correlacao de Pearson ou Spearman, considerando p < 0,05. Resultados: Com relacao aos ERF, 81,4% sujeitos do sexo feminino e 51,9% do masculino apresentaram baixo risco cardiovascular, com mais da metade dos trabalhadores com respostas inadequadas nos parâmetros RCQ (58,7%), RCEst (67,4%), CT (58,0%) e LDL (52,9%). Na relacao do total de pontos absolutos do ERF com as variaveis antropometricas, CC e RCEst demonstraram correlacoes fracas (0,293 e 0,175, respectivamente) e RCQ e IC, correlacoes moderadas (0,475 e 0,459, respectivamente). Conclusao: Alguns indicadores antropometricos (RCQ e IC) apresentaram relacoes mais fortes com o ERF, apontando que sao mais efetivas em determinadas populacoes, alem de indicar a maior probabilidade de eventos cardiovasculares nos trabalhadores rurais. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudos diagnosticos - Investigacao de um exame para diagnostico.
TL;DR: Univ Estadual Sao Paulo Julio Mesquita Filho, Fac Ciencia & Tecnol, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
Abstract: Introduction: Immobilization is a treatment technique often used to reduce pain and prevent worsening of the injury. However, it promotes harmful effects on musculoskeletal tissue, resulting in a marked loss of muscle function, which may be aggravated in the elderly. Physical exercise is an important intervention to mitigate these harmful effects. Objective: To analyze possible morphometric changes in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats after immobilization and remobilization with physical exercise. Methods: Fifty-six rats were divided into adult (A) and aged (E) groups and subdivided into adult and aged control (AC and EC), immobilized (AI and EI), free remobilized (AIF and EIF), and remobilized through physical exercise (AIE and EIE). The hind limbs were immobilized with the gastrocnemius muscle in a shortened position for a period of seven days, except for the control group. The exercise protocol consisted of five swimming sessions, once per day (25 minutes/session). The animals were euthanized by administration of an overdose of ketamine hydrochloride plus xylazine hydrochloride, followed by sample collection and preparation of hematoxylin and eosin slides. Measurements of the smallest diameter of 120 muscle fibers of each animal were taken with software NIS-Elements D3.0 - SP7 - Nikon® instruments Inc., NY, USA. Results: There was a significant reduction in the mean fiber diameter in the AI (38.43 µm ± 4.20; p=0.01) and AIF (36.97 µm ± 3.41; p<0.01) groups compared to AC (45.39 µm ± 3.41) and in the EI (42.26 µm ± 4.39; p<0.01), EIF (36.00 µm ± 4.15; p<0.01), and EIE (41.86 µm ± 4.95; p<0.01) groups compared to the EC (51.37 µm ± 3.86) group. The data showed that exercise was able to restore muscle trophism in the adult groups; however, none of the protocols has succeeded in aged rats. Conclusion: Immobilization in the shortened position induced muscle atrophy and physical exercise was effective in restoring muscular trophism only in adult animals. Level of Evidence I; Therapeutic studies - Investigating the Results of Treatment.
TL;DR: A long-term multicomponent training program conducted on a circuit and applied twice a week was enough to improve multiple components of the functional autonomy of elderly women.
Abstract: Introduction: Aging is inevitable and irreversible, but with the advancement of technology, life expectancy is increasing every year, bringing proposals for various interventions to improve the quality of life. One such intervention is physical exercise programs. Objectives: To investigate the impact of multicomponent training in circuits on functional autonomy parameters in elderly women. Methods: Elderly were recruited and distributed in two groups: trained (N = 16) and non-trained (N = 15). Those in the trained group performed 75-minute training sessions twice a week over a 56-week period. The resistance training included upper and lower limbs with a relative intensity of 70% of 1RM, exercises using body weight, stretching and specific tasks for agility, performed in a circuit form and totaling three passages. Participants underwent functional autonomy (FA) assessment by the protocol of the Latin American Developmental Group for Maturity, the 6-minute walk test (T6M), and the sit-and-reach (SR) test. Results: The trained group had a significant decrease in body weight (p=0.02) and body mass index (p=0.015). Significant improvements (p=0,009) were also observed in FA, SR, and T6M after the intervention Compared with the untrained group, the trained group also obtained significant differences in all functional parameters analyzed. Conclusion: A long-term multicomponent training program conducted on a circuit and applied twice a week was enough to improve multiple components of the functional autonomy of elderly women. Level of Evidence II; Prognostic studies - Investigating the effect of a patient characteristic on the outcome of disease.
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted to verify the reliability of the evaluation of technical elements in a synchronized swimming routine via video using three synchronized swimming athletes aged 17 to 18 and ten level A and B judges with at least ten years of experience in national and international events.
Abstract: Introduction: In acrobatic, rhythmic and expressive gymnastics, the goal is performance and the score is given by judges. In synchronized swimming the panel is composed of seven judges who assess figures and fifteen judges who assess technical and free routines. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to verify the reliability of this strategy - the evaluation of technical elements in a synchronized swimming routine via video. Method: The study included three synchronized swimming athletes aged 17 to 18 and ten level A and B judges on the FINA list with at least ten years of experience in national and international events. Results: Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was 0.85 for T1 (test) and 0.83 for T2 (retest), indicating high internal consistency above 0.70. As regards agreement between scores awarded at both T1 and T2, significant correlation (r: 0.530 p> 0.0005) was found between them, confirmed after Bland-Altman reliability analysis (bias: 0.0553334 95% of limit of agreement -1.25043 to 1.36110). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that video is a reliable tool for training synchronized swimming judges. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.
TL;DR: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies that assessed the association between exposure time to sedentary behavior and nutritional status (overweight/malnutrition) in individuals aged ≥60 years found that longer exposure did not increase the odds of overweight and/or obesity.
Abstract: The accelerated modernization process has entailed changes in the lifestyle of people, such as exposure to sedentary behavior, and this in turn may affect the nutritional status. The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to analyze observational studies that assessed the association between exposure time to sedentary behavior and nutritional status (overweight/malnutrition) in individuals aged ≥60 years. BVS, PubMed and Web of Science were the databases used in the search for observational studies, published until November 28, 2017, which have examined the association between exposure time to sedentary behavior and nutritional status. Two authors undertook the reading of titles and abstracts and applied the STROBE checklist independently. The Odds Ratio was calculated using the random effects model. Eight studies were included in this meta-analysis and involved 21415 individuals. All the studies covered most of the items suggested by the STROBE checklist. Of the total, four studies showed association between sedentary behavior and nutritional status. Longer exposure to sedentary behavior did not increase the odds of overweight and/or obesity (OR 1.32; 95%; CI 0.95-1.84). It is suggested that further studies with standardized criteria for measuring sedentary behavior and nutritional status are undertaken. Level of Evidence II; Systematic review of level II studies.
TL;DR: Athletic taping appears to effectively improve the dynamic balance and functional performance of athletes with CAI only in activities that cause considerable joint stress, as is the case in F8.
Abstract: Introduction: Ankle sprains are recurrent injuries in basketball, hence more and more athletes are taping their ankles to promote joint stability, aiming at improving dynamic balance and, consequently, functional performance. Objective: To verify the effects of elastic and rigid athletic taping on the functional performance and level of comfort of basketball players with chronic ankle instability. Methods: Twenty-one athletes aged between 18 and 30 years (mean age 23.7 ± 3.2) with chronic ankle instability (CAI), verified using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool, were selected to take part in this study. The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and the Figure-of-8 hop test (F8) were applied unilaterally to assess functional performance, considering the ankle of greater instability in three situations: without athletic taping, with rigid athletic taping and with elastic athletic taping. A draw was held to determine the order in which the tests (held over a number of days) would be applied. A questionnaire was conducted to assess comfort on the same day the athletic tapes were applied. Results: There was no significant difference between the tests in any direction of the SEBT, but there was a significant difference in F8 between the rigid athletic taping x control and elastic athletic taping x control situations. In addition, the elastic athletic tape was considered significantly more comfortable than the rigid athletic tape. Conclusion: Athletic taping appears to effectively improve the dynamic balance and functional performance of athletes with CAI only in activities that cause considerable joint stress, as is the case in F8. Elastic athletic tape appears to be just as effective as rigid athletic tape in these situations, in addition to being a significantly more comfortable alternative. Levef of Evidence I; High quality randomized trial with statistically significant difference or no statistically significant difference but narrow confidence intervals.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared muscle strength performance in the counter-movement jump (CMJ) task and the presence of lower limb asymmetry among soccer athletes of the under 15, under 17 and under 20 categories, and between two teams of different competitive levels.
Abstract: Introduction: Muscular strength is an essential capacity for soccer players; however, the profile of this capacity has not yet been clearly established in young players. Objective: To compare muscular strength performance in the countermovement jump (CMJ) task and the presence of lower limb asymmetry among soccer athletes of the under 15 (U15), under 17 (U17) and under 20 (U20) categories, and between two teams of different competitive levels. Methods: One hundred and fifty one young soccer players of three different categories (U15, U17 and U20) from two teams in the Brazilian first and second divisions performed six vertical jumps in a system of two force plates. Ground reaction force (GRF) was used to calculate jump height and to obtain the variables Peak force (FMAX), Impulse (I) and Peak power (PMAX) with regard to body mass and the respective asymmetry values. Results: No differences were found in the performance and asymmetry variable between the categories (Jump height: p=0.23; FMAX: p=0.15; I: p=0.11; PMAX: p=0.32; FMAX asymmetry: p=0.21; I asymmetry: p=0.58; PMAX asymmetry: p=0.58). The first division club had higher muscle strength and asymmetry values than the second division club (Jump height: p<0.01; I: p<0.01; PMAX: p<0.01; FMAX asymmetry: p<0.01; I asymmetry: p<0.01; PMAX asymmetry: p<0.01), except for FMAX (p=0.63). No variable had an interaction effect (club x category). Conclusion: As categories progress, jump height, relative I, PMAX and FMAX values and their respective asymmetries are stable. The asymmetry and strength performance of the first division club were higher than that of the second division club, except for FMAX, indicating that the competitive level may influence strength performance and the development of asymmetry. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic study – Investigating a diagnostic test.
TL;DR: In this article, the chronic effects of aerobic and resistance training combined with blood flow restriction on the maximal dynamic strength (MDS) of women with osteoporosis were analyzed.
Abstract: Introduction: Improving strength levels is important to women with osteoporosis. Resistance and aerobic exercise are effective means of reaching this goal; however, the use of low-load exercises with blood flow restriction is an alternative to traditional methods of exercise to achieve the same strength gains in this population. Objective: To analyze the chronic effects of aerobic and resistance training combined with blood flow restriction on the maximal dynamic strength (MDS) of women with osteoporosis. Methods: Twenty women (61.40±4.63 years of age, 61.82±12.54 kg, 1.51±0.05 m, 27.16±5.55 kg/m²) were randomly assigned to four groups: 1 - high-intensity resistance training (HI); 2 - low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction (LI-BFR); 3 - aerobic training with blood flow restriction (ABFR); and 4 - control group (CG). Unilateral knee extension MDS was assessed using the one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength test before and after the 6th and 12th weeks of intervention. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Bonferroni post-hoc test performed using SPSS (version 21.0), considering a significance level of P 0.05). Conclusions: ABFR and LI-BFR effectively increased the MDS of women with osteoporosis.
TL;DR: People whose self-perception is dismorphic have lower self-esteem, and exercise in gyms to improve their physical appearance, and it is hardly surprising these individuals cross the line between healthy exercise and exercise dependence.
Abstract: Introduction: Excessive physical exercise combined with certain psychic and sociodemographic factors can lead to dependence. Objective: To examine which factors lead to the emergence of exercise dependence. Methods: Sample consisted of 103 men (mean age 27.3 years, SD 6.127) who performed exercises at gyms at least three times a week in the last year or more in Novi Pazar, Sjenica, Raska and Tutin, Serbia. Participants completed questionnaires and took appropriate tests. Results: Our results showed that there is no association between exercise dependence and financial status, number of siblings, level of education, family stability, health, and medication use among the interviewees. However, it was found that the degree of exercise dependence is associated with marital status and problems with the law. Regression analysis showed that body dysmorphia, body mass index and aggressiveness are better predictors of exercise dependence. Conclusion: People whose self-perception is dismorphic have lower self-esteem, and exercise in gyms to improve their physical appearance. If we consider other characteristics, such as unfavorable BMI, problems with the lаw and being single, it is hardly surprising these individuals cross the line between healthy exercise and exercise dependence. An important finding is that aggressiveness and exercise dependence are related to problems with the law due to aggression, and body dysmorphia. Level of Evidence; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.
TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic review of bodyweight high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is presented, which describes the load control strategies and the different adaptations promoted by bodyweight HIIT.
Abstract: The objective of this study consisted of describing, through a systematic review, the load control strategies and the different adaptations promoted by bodyweight high-intensity interval training. After selecting articles in the Medline/PubMed, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus and Scielo databases, 288 studies were found. However, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria only two articles were considered eligible for the systematic review. Of these, the sample of the selected studies was made up of 48 individuals, 31 female and 17 male, ranging in age from 20.3 to 20.5 years. The stimulus time of the exercise protocols used was 20 and 30 seconds, and the recovery time was 10 seconds (passive) and 4 minutes (active), while the total session time ranged from 4 to 18 minutes. Intensity in both studies was “all out”, and the weekly frequency was 4 and 3 days, totaling 16 and 12 training sessions in each study. Only one study evaluated changes in body mass and no significant changes were found. In addition, discrepancies between parameters in aerobic fitness and muscle endurance were found between studies. Bodyweight HIIT (High-Intensity Interval Training) protocols use different external load parameters, but the stimulus and recovery times are common variables for the organization of training sessions, with different duration and weekly frequency between sessions, which may have influenced the different adaptations to the parameters of physical fitness between the studies. Level of Evidence I; Prognostic studies - Investigating the effect of patient characteristics on disease outcome.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed burnout in elite tennis players in different junior categories (CAT14, CAT16, CAT18) and found that tennis players with higher rates of overall burnout and sport devaluation compared with CAT16 and CAT14 players.
Abstract: Introduction: Burnout syndrome manifests in athletes in the form of three main symptoms/characteristics: emotional and physical exhaustion, sport devaluation, and reduced sense of accomplishment. Faced with the need to achieve optimum performance, young tennis players are exposed to several stressors than can lead to burnout, yet few reports on burnout in tennis have been researched. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze burnout in elite tennis players in different junior categories (CAT14, CAT16, CAT18). Methods: A total of 130 athletes, including 102 men (x=15.14±1.3) and 28 women (x=15.04±1.13), were selected for this cross-sectional study. Burnout was measured using a version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Results: CAT18 tennis players had higher rates of overall burnout and sport devaluation compared with CAT16 and CAT14 players. CAT14 and CAT16 players had higher scores for “reduced sense of accomplishment,” in association with sport devaluation. Conclusion: Differences found in CAT18 players may reflect the demands of transition from the junior to the professional circuit. Reduced sense of accomplishment should be monitored in athletes, to prevent burnout and cessation of sports activities. Level of Evidence III; retrospective comparative.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the main components involved in impulse generation in the front crawl stroke in swimming, represented through impulse, is related to performance, since the as different biomechanical parameters contribute to impulse generation, coaches have a difficult task when seeking for performance improvement.
Abstract: Introduction: Propulsive force in swimming, represented through impulse, is related to performance. However, since the as different biomechanical parameters contribute to impulse generation, coaches have a difficult task when seeking for performance improvement. Objective: Identify the main components involved in impulse generation in the front crawl stroke. Methods: Fourteen swimmers underwent a 10-second all-out fully tethered swimming test. The following parameters were obtained from the force-time curve: minimum force, peak force, mean force, time to peak force, rate of force development and stroke duration. This stage was followed by a principal component analysis. Results: The principal component analysis showed that component 1, predominantly kinetic, was composed of peak force, mean force and rate of force development, and accounted for 49.25% of total impulse variation, while component 2, predominantly temporal, composed of minimum force, stroke duration, and time to peak force, represented 26.43%. Conclusion: Kinetic parameters (peak force, mean force, and rate of force development) are more closely associated with impulse augmentation and, hypothetically, with non-tethered swimming performance. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess sweating and water loss during an HIIT workout session, using body weight, with healthy college students, and find that the sweating rate is influenced by the intensity of the exercise, being higher after HIIT than after a moderate exercise session.
Abstract: Introduction: Physical activity raises body temperature, increases the sweat rate and accelerates fluid loss during exercise, thereby impairing exercise performance. However, studies using the high intensity interval training (HIIT) approach and its effects on rates of perspiration and hydration are still inconclusive. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess sweating and water loss during an HIIT workout session, using body weight, with healthy college students. Methods: Twenty male individuals (31 ± 07 years) were split into two groups: Active group (AG) and Inactive group (IG). The HIIT workout protocol, using body weight, consisted of a single bout with 1:1 stimuli, being: 30” “all out” intensity, involving jumping jack, mountain climber, burpee and squat jump exercises; and 30” of passive recovery, totaling 20 minutes of exercises. For comparison purposes, after 48 hours all the individuals underwent the continuous running protocol with intensity corresponding to 75% of maximum heart rate for 40 minutes. The intensity of the session was monitored continuously, at each 30”, using the perceived exertion scale for both protocols. To ensure euhydration status, all individuals ingested 500 ml of water 120 minutes before the training session. Results: Significant differences (p= 0.01) were found in body mass after HIIT compared to the Moderate session in both Active (HIIT: -0.60 ± 0.29 kg, Moderate: -0.26 ± 0.12 kg) and Inactive (HIIT: -0.92 ± 0.30 kg, Moderate: -0.26 ± 0.26 kg) groups, however, no differences were found between groups. Absolute sweating rate values comparing moderate and HIIT single bout in Inactive (Moderate: 10.55 ± 10.59 ml/min; HIIT: 28.90 ± 13.88 ml/min) and Active (Moderate: 9.60 ± 4.52 ml/min; HIIT: 26.00 ± 15.06 ml/min) groups were different between types of exercise, but not between groups. Conclusions: The sweating rate is influenced by the intensity of the exercise, being higher after HIIT than after a moderate exercise session. However, the sweating rate variation is not affected by the subjects’ physical activity level. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic studies-Investigating a diagnostic test.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated body dissatisfaction among gym-goers and its relationship with age, sex, participation in gym activities and nutritional status, and found that body image dissatisfaction was greater among female athletes who wished to achieve a slimmer look.
Abstract: Introduction: During decades of epidemiological investigation, a consensus was reached regarding physical activity and its association with benefits for the health of the population, including a reduced risk for coronary diseases, hypertension, obesity, osteoporosis and depression. Such associations led to the promotion of an active life style to be included in guidelines and governmental programs and absorbed by the fitness and supplement industries, often displaying different interests although there is growing evidence of an increase in body dissatisfaction. Objective: To evaluate body dissatisfaction among gym-goers and its relationship with age, sex, participation in gym activities and nutritional status. Methods: Participants were 227 users of 3 fitness academies with an average age of 31.4 (12.3) years; 51.5% of the participants were men. Collected data were related to anthropometry and fitness activity participation, and a body image scale was applied. Results: Body image dissatisfaction was found in 67.4% of the sample, of which 64.8% expressed a desire to be slimmer. Such dissatisfaction was also present in those of normal weight, of whom 11.5% were male and 9.2% female. For women of average weight, the odds of dissatisfaction were estimated to be 0.20-fold greater than for men (p<10-6). Discussion: Fitness academies in Brazil and several other parts of the world, with an approach based on the fitness model that emphasizes the cult of the body beautiful, are likely to attract a male audience more inclined to experience body dissatisfaction. Constant monitoring of nutritional care is recommended for these individuals, in order to prevent exaggerated body dissatisfaction patterns Conclusions: Body image dissatisfaction was greater among female athletes who wished to achieve a slimmer look. Due to the large number of eutrophic gym-goers with body image dissatisfaction, campaigns for adequate body weight maintenance are recommended. These would take the emphasis off the adoption of body types with low fat percentages and risky behaviors like diets and food restriction, which trigger eating disorders. Level of Evidence I; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.
TL;DR: It was concluded that with the exception of the isotonic drink Powerade, all the sports drinks tested caused a reduction in the microhardness of human enamel.
Abstract: Introduction: The low pH of sports drinks may cause tooth enamel demineralization. Objective: To measure Vickers hardness of human enamel exposed to sports drinks. Methods: Human molars were used to collect the enamel samples. Each sample had a test surface (exposed to the drinks) and a control surface (unexposed). The samples were exposed to isotonic drinks Gatorade and Powerade, and to maltodextrin drinks Malto Advanced and Malto Active, for 10 minutes every 12 hours over 30 days. The Vickers microhardness test was conducted with three indentations on each surface. The mean of the indentations within each group was considered in the statistical analysis. Sports drinks variables were analyzed with ANOVA/Tukey (p≤0.01). The independent t-test was used in the comparison between the control and test surfaces of each drink (p ≤ 0.05). Results: Enamel exposure to Gatorade (p = 0.000) Malto Advanced (p = 0.000) and Malto Active (p = 0.000) was seen to significantly reduce microhardness, while the isotonic drink Powerade had no significant effect on enamel (p = 0.248). Conclusion: It was concluded that with the exception of the isotonic drink Powerade, all the sports drinks tested caused a reduction in the microhardness of human enamel. Evidence Level III; Therapeutic studies - Investigating the Results of Treatment.
TL;DR: Workplace Physical Activity Program (WPAP) as discussed by the authors is an intervention proposal for physical exercise in the workplace, covering physical, mental and social aspects, which is a tool to combat this sedentary lifestyle and prevent possible work-related illnesses.
Abstract: Contemporary workstations have been transformed by technological advances, meaning that employees are less physically active. Physical exercise programs are a tool to combat this sedentary lifestyle and prevent possible work-related illnesses. The aim of this study consisted of drafting an intervention proposal through physical exercise - the Workplace Physical Activity Program / WPAP - to be applied in the workplace, covering physical, mental and social aspects. The trial was methodologically structured in three stages: a) contextualization of the WPAP; b) implementation of the program; and c) the intervention proposal. It is believed that this type of program should receive investments, as it has a quick return and effectively improves the health of workers. Level of Evidence V; Expert opinion.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of sauna-induced heat exposure on body mass loss (BML) and its relationships with basic anthropometric and physiological variables were determined. But the authors did not consider the effect of BSA on BML.
Abstract: Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of sauna-induced heat exposure on body mass loss (BML) and its relationships with basic anthropometric and physiological variables. Methods: The sample comprised 230 healthy adult males aged 21.0 ± 1.08 years (age range: 20.0–24.5 years). Body surface area (BSA) was determined and two groups of individuals with high BSA (BSAH; n = 58) and low BSA (BSAL; n = 74) were extracted. The intervention consisted of two 10-min dry sauna sessions separated by a 5-min interlude. Pre-, peri-, and post-sauna measures of nude body mass (BM) and heart rate (HR) were taken. Results: BML differed between BSA groups by 0.28 kg (74.81%). Absolute and relative BML most strongly correlated with BM and BSA (p < 0.001). Among the four considered height–weight indexes, the Quetelet I Index and Body Mass Index showed the strongest associations (p < 0.001) with BML whereas the weakest were with the Rohrer Index (p < 0.01) and Slenderness Index (p < 0.05). Compared with BML, differences in HR were relatively minor (from 9.90% to 18.07%) and a significant association was observed between BML and HR at rest (p < 0.01) and in 10th and 20th min of sauna bathing (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The magnitude of BML in healthy adult males after passive heat exposure was dependent on BM and concomitantly BSA. The physiological cost of dry sauna-induced thermal strain (as assessed by BML and HR) is greater in individuals with high BM and BSA. BM and HR monitoring is also recommended in order to minimize the risk of homeostatic imbalance and cardiovascular events and this cohort should more frequently cool the body and consume a greater volume of fluids during sauna bathing. Evidence Level II; Prospective comparative study.