Showing papers in "Revista Colombiana De Ciencias Pecuarias in 2019"

Effects of genetic polymorphism in Pit1, GH, GHR and KCN3 on milk yield and body weight of Khuzestan (Iran) water buffaloes

Abstract: Background: Genetic information is necessary to devise strategic plans aimed to improve the genetic merit of buffalos. Objective: To assess the effect of genetic polymorphisms in GH, Pit-1, GHR, GHRHR, and KCN3 genes on milk production and body weight of Khuzestan water buffaloes. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 60 buffaloes from the Khuzestan province, Iran. Using the PCR-RFLP technique, the amplified and digested fragments of GH/AluI, GHR/AluI, GHRHR/ HaeIII, Pit1/HinfI, and KCN3/HindIII were genotyped. Results: All animals were monomorphic for GHRHR. The frequency of mutant alleles for GH, GHR, KCN3, and Pit1 was 47.5, 74.2, 49.2, and 51.7%, respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.0001) in the genotypic frequencies of GH, GHR, and Pit1 between high and low milk-yielding buffaloes. The GH (p=0.0002), GHR (p<0.0001) and Pit1 (p<0.0001) polymorphisms also had significant effects on body weight. Sequencing results revealed the presence of C496A, G495A, G498A and C1501T SNPs in the GH, and G1702T in the GHR gene of Khuzestan buffalos. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of GH, GHR, and Pit1 on milk production and body weight of Khuzestan buffaloes. The results suggest that devising an integrated breeding plan in Khuzestan water buffalos can considerably benefit from the very high diversity in candidate genes. Keywords: animal breeding, casein, genetic variation, growth hormone, milk production, SNP. Resumen Antecedentes: La informacion genetica es necesaria para disenar planes estrategicos con el objeto de mejorar el merito genetico de los bufalos. Objetivo : Evaluar el efecto de los polimorfismos geneticos en los genes GH, Pit-1, GHR, GHRHR y KCN3 sobre la produccion lactea y peso corporal de bufalos de agua de la provincia de Juzestan, Iran. Metodos: Se recolectaron 60 muestras de sangre de bufalos de la provincia de Juzestan, en Iran. Los fragmentos amplificados y digeridos de GH/AluI, GHR/AluI, GHRHR/HaeIII, Pit1/HinfI y KCN3/HindIII fueron clasificados genotipicamente, utilizando la tecnica PCR-RFLP. Resultados: Todos los animales fueron monomorficos para el gen GHRHR. La frecuencia alelica de alelos mutantes para los genes GH, GHR, KCN3 y Pit1 fue 47,5, 74,2, 49,2 y 51,7%, respectivamente. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,0001) en las frecuencias genotipicas de GH, GHR y Pit1 entre bufalos de alta y baja produccion. El efecto del polimorfismo GH (p=0,0002), GHR (p<0,0001) y Pit1 (p<0,0001) tambien fue significativo para peso corporal. Los resultados de la secuenciacion revelaron la presencia de SNPs C496A, G495A, G498A y C1501T en GH, y G1702T en el gen GHR. Conclusiones: Este estudio resalta la importancia de los genes GH, GHR y Pit1 sobre la produccion de leche y el peso corporal de bufalos de Juzestan. Los resultados sugieren que la elaboracion de un plan de cruzamiento integrado en bufalos de agua de Juzestan puede beneficiarse considerablemente de la gran diversidad de genes candidatos. Palabras clave: caseina, hormona del crecimiento, produccion de leche, reproduccion animal, SNP, variacion genetica. Resumo Antecedentes : Determinacao informacoes geneticas e o passo critico para elaborar planos estrategicos com o objetivo de melhorar o merito genetico dos bufalos. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de polimorfismos geneticos nos genes GH, Pit-1, GHR, GHRHR e KCN3 na producao de leite e no peso corporal dos bufalos de agua do Cuzistao, Ira. Metodos: Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 60 bufalos da provincia de Cuzistao, no Ira. Utilizando a tecnica PCR-RFLP, os fragmentos amplificados e digeridos de GH/AluI, GHR/AluI, GHRHR/HaeIII, Pit1/HinfI e KCN3/HindIII foram genotipados. Resultados: Todos os animais eram monomorficos para o gene GHRHR. A frequencia alelica de alelos mutantes para os genes GH, GHR, KCN3 e Pit1 foi 47,5, 74,2, 49,2 e 51,7%, respectivamente. Uma diferenca significativa (p<0,0001) foi encontrada nas frequencias genotipicas de os genes GH, GHR e Pit1 entre bufalos de alta e baixa producao. O efeito do polimorfismo GH (p=0,0002), GHR (p<0,0001) e Pit1 (p<0,0001) tambem foi significativo para o peso corporal. Os resultados da sequenciacao revelaram a presenca de SNPs C496A, G495A, G498A e C1501T no GH, e G1702T no gene GHR dos buffalos do Cuzistao. Conclusoes: Este estudo destacou a importância da GH, GHR e Pit1 na producao de leite e no peso corporal de buffalos do Cuzistao. Os resultados sugerem que a elaboracao de um plano de melhoramiento genetico integrado em bufalos de agua do Cuzistao pode beneficiar consideravelmente da grande diversidade de genes candidatos. Palavras-chave: caseina , hormonio do crescimento, producao de leite, reproducao animal, SNP, variacao genetica.

Genetic parameters and trends for litter size in Markhoz goats

Abstract: Background: Prolificacy has a high economic value and is one of the most important reproduction traits in small ruminants such as Markhoz goats, which is an endangered breed. Objective: To estimate genetic, environmental and phenotypic trends, and genetic parameters for litter size (LS), as a prolificacy trait of Markhoz goat does. Methods: The study was conducted using kidding records of 3,064 Markhoz does from 1992 to 2015. Genetic parameters were estimated with a logit link function using ASReml software, fitting a repeatability animal model, with birth year, kidding year, and kidding age as fixed effects, and direct additive genetic and permanent environmental effects as random effects. Genetic, phenotypic and environmental trends were estimated by using regression of breeding value, phenotypic value and environmental deviation averages on birth year, respectively. Results: Low and negligible heritability (0.002), repeatability (0.054) and coefficient of permanent environment (0.052) were estimated for LS, which indicates low possibility to achieve rapid genetic progress through phenotypic selection. A non-significant -actually, zero- genetic trend (0.00004 heads/kidding/year), and significant negative phenotypic and environmental trends (-0.01097 and -0.01100 heads/kidding/year, respectively) were estimated in this study. Conclusion: Optimizing environmental conditions and application of high-throughput technologies in selection programs could help reducing the extinction risk of Markhoz breed.

Presence of Paragonimus species within secondary crustacean hosts in Bogotá, Colombia

Abstract: Background: Paragonimus spp. are trematode parasites that infect human populations worldwide. It is believed that infection rates within Asia reach five to ten percent of the total population. Three of the largest areas of possible infection are Asia, Central and South America as well as Africa, where the total population at risk is estimated to be 293 million people. Humans are infected via ingestion of raw or undercooked decapod crustaceans. Objective: To identify the presence of Paragonimus spp. in crabs from Bogota, Colombia. Methods: The native crab Neostrengeria macropa and the aquatic invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii in Bogota, Colombia, were collected from local markets, pet stores and waterways and dissected to assess the presence of Paragonimus spp. Results: The native crab species, N. macropa (n=29) had an infection prevalence of 17.2%, while the invasive crayfish species, P. clarkii (n=22), had a prevalence of 36.4% combined from both field captured animals and purchased samples. Conclusion: Although the estimated prevalence is lower compared to previous studies in other cities of Colombia, Paragonimus represent a risk to human health. Several environmental factors may contribute to the difference in prevalence including collecting season, rainfall, temperature, altitude and the El Nino Southern Oscillation. Keywords: crabs, invasive species, Neostrengeria macropa , Procambarus clarkii , trematode. Resumen Antecedentes: Los Paragonimus spp. constituyen un grupo de parasitos trematodos que infectan a humanos en todo el mundo. Se considera que entre 5 y 10% de la poblacion humana de Asia esta infectada. Las areas con mayor posibilidad de infeccion son Asia, Centro y Sur America, asi como Africa. Se estima que 293 millones de personas estan en riesgo de infeccion. Los humanos se pueden infectar al consumir crustaceos decapodos crudos. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de Paragonimus spp. en crustaceos en Bogota, Colombia. Metodos: Una muestra de cangrejos nativos Neostrengeria macropa y de decapodos invasores Procambarus clarkii fue colectada tanto en mercados locales de Bogota, como en tiendas de mascotas, rios, y quebradas. Posteriromente fueron diseccionados para detectar la presencia de Paragonimus spp. Resultados: La prevalencia de la infeccion en N. macropa (n=29) fue de 17,2%, y en la especie invasora, P. clarkii (n=22), fue de 36,4% (porcentaje combinado de los animales colectados en el campo y los comprados en tiendas). Conclusion: Aunque la prevalencia en este estudio fue mas baja que la de otras investigaciones relacionadas, se considera que existe riesgo para la salud humana. Es probable que algunos factores medio ambientales hayan contribuido a la diferencia, incluyendo: temporada de colecta, nivel de lluvias, temperatura, altura, y el fenomeno El Nino. Palabras claves : cangrejos, especie invasora, Neostrengeria macropa , Procambarus clarkii , trematodo. Resumo Antecedentes: Paragonimus spp. sao trematodeos parasitas que infectam populacoes humanas ao redor do mundo. Acredita-se que as taxas de infeccao na Asia atingem de 5 a 10% da populacao. As tres maiores areas de infeccao se localizam na Asia, Americas do Sul e Central e Africa, onde a populacao total em risco e estimada em 293 milhoes de pessoas. Os humanos sao infectados pela ingestao de crustaceos decapodes crus ou mal cozidos. Objetivo: Identificar a presenca de Paragonimus spp. em Bogota, Colombia. Metodos: Individuos de caranguejo nativo Neostrengeria macropa e lagostim aquatico invasivo Procambarus clarkii foram coletados em mercados locais, lojas de animais de estimacao e cursos de agua em Bogota (Colombia) e posteriormente dissecados para verificacao da presenca de Paragonimus spp. Resultados: A especie de caranguejo nativa N. macropa (n=29) apresentou prevalencia de infeccao de 17,2%, enquanto a especie de lagostim invasivo, P. clarkii (n=22), apresentou prevalencia de 36,4%, quando combinados os animais capturados em campo e os animais comprados. Conclusao: Embora a prevalencia estimada neste estudo foi menor do que a de pesquisas anteriores realizadas em outras cidades da Colombia, existe um risco para a saude humana. Ha inumeros fatores ambientais que podem contribuir para a diferenca de prevalencia, dentre eles: a estacao em que a coleta foi realizada, pouca precipitacao, temperatura, altitude e a Oscilacao Sul-El Nino. Palabras-chave: caranguejos, especies invasivas, Neostrengeria macropa , Procambarus clarkii , trematodeos.

Fishmeal substitution for Arthrospira platensis in juvenile mullet (Mugil liza) and its effects on growth and non-specific immune parameters

Abstract: Background: Cyanobacterium Athrospira platensis ( Spirulina ) is a potential fishmeal (FM) substitute in fish diets because of its high protein content, antioxidant and immunostimulant properties. Objective: To evaluate the effects of total and partial substitution of FM with A. platensis (0, 30, 50, 70 and 100% substitution) in juvenile mullet ( Mugil liza ). Methods: Juvenile mullets (n=210) were maintained in a recirculation system under optimal water parameters for the species. Mullets were fed five experimental diets for 80 days. Each diet was tested in triplicate tanks. At the end of the experimental period growth parameters were measured and samples of blood, liver and spleen were taken to evaluate the immune system. Results: Full replacement (100%) of FM resulted in growth deficits and low survival. The FM replacement induced changes in the proportion of macrophages and lymphocytes. Up to 50% FM replacement increased the expression of CD3 receptors in spleen T lymphocytes (T-Cells), whereas >50% FM replacement decreased the expression of CD3 receptors. We also found that partial FM substitution diminished the apoptotic process. Conclusions: Up to 50% FM substitution with A. platensis can improve performance of non-specific immune system of mullets.

Inclusion of discarded banana in sugarcane silage decreases dry matter losses and improves its nutritional value

Abstract: Background: Sugarcane silage (SCS) has often been characterized by large dry matter (DM) losses associated with reduction in soluble nutrients and increase in indigestible fiber. Objective: To evaluate the effect of including discarded fruits on the losses and nutritional value in SCS. Methods: A completely randomized design was used with five treatments andfive replications. Silageswere added with 15% (as-fed basis) papaya (Carica papaya) (SP), acerola (Malpighia glabra) (SA), banana (Musa sp.)(SB) or tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (ST). The control treatment was composed only of SCS. Twenty-five (25-L) plastic buckets were used to make the experimental silos, which were opened on the 90th day after their closure. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results: Gas losses and total DM losses were lower and DM recovery was higher in SB and SA than in the control (p>0.05). However, there was treatment effect for lactic and acetic acids, ammonia nitrogen contents, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and mold counts (p<0.05). Conclusion: The inclusion of 15% banana or acerola in SCS decreases losses and increases DM recovery. Furthermore, the inclusion of 15% banana improves the nutritional value of SCS.

Relationship between forage neutral detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates on ruminal fermentation products and neutral detergent fiber digestibility in goats

Abstract: Background: There is a comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary fiber as a nutrient and its function during digestion in cattle. On the other hand, the role of fiber digestion in goats has not received similar attention. Objective: To evaluate the effects of different ratios of forage neutral detergent fiber (fNDF) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) on ruminal fermentation products, and in vitro neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility in goats. Methods: A 3 × 5 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three fNDF levels (100, 190, and 290 g/kg) and five NFC levels (350, 400, 450, 500, and 550 g/kg) was used. The experiment was performed in vitro. Two ruminally fistulated goats were used as rumen liquid donors. Results: The ratios between fNDF and NFC affected all ruminal parameters (p 0.05) for pH values. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and their individual molar proportions were affected (p 0.05) by fNDF or NFC levels, except for diets containing 290 g/kg fNDF, which were fit to a quadratic model (p<0.05). Conclusion: The relationship between fNDF and NFC concentrations affect the fermentation end products and in vitro NDF digestibility. NFC plays a more consistent role than fNDF in the ruminal microbial ecosystem of goats during in vitro fermentation.

Effects of genetic group, pregnancy and age on carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid profile in female sheep

Abstract: Background: Little information is available on carcass quality in nulliparous and primiparous ewes of different breeds and genetic groups. Objective: To evaluate the effect of genetic group, pregnancy, age and their interactions on carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid profile in sheep. Methods: Eighty-five Santa Ines ewes and their crosses with Texel, Dorper and Ile de France, aged 12 month were bred with White Dorper rams to assess the influence of pregnancy on carcass composition and meat quality. After weaning, all ewes (nulliparous and primiparous) were fattened for slaughter at 21 months of age. A further 24 six to twenty one-month-old female lambs from the same genetic groups were included in the analysis to determine the fatty acid profile. Results: Genetic group affected muscle and fat weight as well as the eye muscle length. Fat weight, muscle and fat ratios, subcutaneous fat thickness and cooking loss were affected by pregnancy with nulliparous females being fatter. Meat purpose breeds such as Dorper, Texel and Ile de France showed better meat quality compared to the Santa Ines hair breed. Of the 19 identified fatty acids, saturated were present in greater quantities, especially stearic and palmitic. Omega-6 content was influenced by age and pregnancy. Conclusions: Younger and nulliparous females have better carcass quality in terms of fatty acid composition. Keywords: commercial cuts, fat content, meat breeds, ovines, Santa Ines, slaughter age. Resumen Antecedentes: Existe poca informacion sobre la calidad de la canal en ovejasjovenes nuliparas y primiparas de diferentes razas y grupos geneticos. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia del grupo genetico, de la prenez, de la edad y sus interacciones sobre la composicion de la canal, calidad de la carne y perfil de acidos grasos en la carne de ovejas. Metodos: Ochenta y cinco ovejas de 12 meses de edad de raza Santa Ines y sus cruces con Texel, Dorper y Ile de France fueron cruzadas con carneros White Dorper para evaluar la influencia de la gestacion sobre la composicion de la canal y la calidad de la carne. Despues del destete, todas las ovejas (nuliparas y primiparas) fueron engordadas y sacrificadas a los 21 meses de edad. Otras 24 ovejas de seis a veintiun meses de edad del mismo grupo genetico fueron incluidas en el analisis para determinar el perfil de acidos grasos. Resultados: El grupo genetico afecto el peso del musculo y de la grasa, como tambien la longitud del ojo del musculo. El peso de la grasa, porcentajes de musculo y grasa, el grosor de la grasa subcutanea y las perdidas por coccion fueron afectadas por la prenez, siendo mas gordas las hembras nuliparas. Los grupos geneticos especializados en producir carne como Dorper, Texel e Ile de France mostraron mejor calidad de carne comparado con la raza Santa Ines. De los 19 acidos grasos identificados, los saturados estaban presentes en mayores cantidades, especialmente estearico y palmitico. Los contenidos de Omega-6 fueron influenciados por la edad y la prenez. Conclusiones: Las ovejas mas jovenes y nuliparas tienen mejor calidad de carcasa en terminos de composicion de acidos grasos. Palabras clave: contenido de grasa, cortes comerciales, edad de sacrificio, ovinos, razas de carne, Santa Ines. Resumo Antecedentes: Existe pouca informacao sobre a qualidade da carcaca em ovelhas jovens nuliparas e primiparas de diferentes racas e grupos geneticos. Objetivo: Avaliar a influencia do grupo genetico, da prenhes, da idade e suas interacoes sobre as caracteristicas da carcaca, qualidade da carne e perfil de acidos graxos na carne de ovelhas. Metodos: Oitenta e cinco ovelhas Santa Ines e suas cruzas com Texel, Dorper e Ile de France com 12 meses de idade foram cruzadas com carneiros White Dorper para avaliar a influencia da prenhes sobre a composicao da carcaca e a qualidade da carne. Apos o desmame, todas as ovelhas (nuliparas e primiparas) foram engordadas para serem abatidas aos 21 meses de idade. Mais 24 ovelhas com idade variando entre seis a vinte e um meses do mesmo grupo genetico foram incluidas na analise para determinar o perfil de acidos graxos. Resultados: O grupo genetico influenciou os pesos do musculo e da gordura bem como o comprimento da area de olho de lombo. O peso da gordura, a relacao musculo e gordura, a espessura de gordura subcutânea e as perdas por coccao foram influenciadas pela prenhes,sendo asfemeas nuliparas as mais gordas. Os grupos geneticos especializados em producao de carne como o Dorper, o Texel e o Ile de France apresentaram melhor qualidade de carne comparado a raca Santa Ines. Dos 19 acidos graxos identificados, os presentes em maiores quantidades foram os saturados, principalmente o estearico e o palmitico. O Conteudo de omega 6 foi influenciado pela idade e pela prenhes. Conclusoes: As femeas jovens e nuliparas apresentam melhor qualidade de carcaca em termos de composicao de acidos graxos. Palavras-chave: conteudo de gordura, cortes comerciais, idade de abate, ovinos, racas de corte, Santa Ines.

Sunflower meal with and without phytase supplementation in diets for silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles

Abstract: Background: The cost of feed in fish farming can exceed 70% of the total costs. Thus, the feed industry have sought to formulate balanced diets including low-cost by-products. Objective: To evaluate sunflower meal as a partial substitute (0, 10, and 20%) for soybean meal, with or without phytase supplementation (1,500 FTU/kg) in isoproteic (27% crude protein (CP)) and isoenergetic diets (3,400 kcal/ED/kg of feed) for silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles. Methods: A total of 360 fish (weight: 15.77 ± 0.56 g) were randomly distributed in 24 tanks in a completely randomized design following a factorial scheme (3x2) with 4 replicates. The fish were evaluated on the following variables after 90 days: productive performance, hematological variables, histology of intestinal tissue, bromatological composition of carcass, and composition of bone mineral matter. Results: 20% dietary inclusion of sunflower meal improved weight gain and protein efficiency. No difference was observed in the other treatments and no interactions were observed between the other factors. Conclusion: 20% sunflower meal can be included in the feed of silver catfish as a substitute for soybean meal. Phytase inclusion (1,500 FTU/kg) did not improve the nutritional value of the treatments.

Eye-Related Neoplasms in Dogs: a Retrospective Study

Abstract: Background: Eye-related neoplasms in dogs have a significant impact on visual ability, comfort, and longevity. Therapeutic alternatives and prognosis vary according to type of neoplasm and its anatomical location. Objective: To describe the frequency and distribution of eye-related neoplasms affecting dogs in Aburra valley (Antioquia province, Colombia). Methods: A retrospective collection of eye-related neoplasms in dogs, diagnosed at the Animal Pathology Laboratory of Universidad de Antioquia (Colombia), was conducted. Data spanning from years 2005 to 2017 were used. Records included age, sex, breed, neoplasm type and location, and cellular origin of neoplasm. A total of 250 eye-related-neoplasm reports affecting 246 dogs were analyzed -one report per animal, with the exception of four animals with both eyes simultaneously affected by the same type of neoplasm. Results: Animals between 8 and 11 years of age were more frequently affected by eye-related neoplasms (43.9%). Labrador retriever (19.1%), mixed-breed dogs (13.4%), and Poodle (12.2%) were the most frequently affected breeds. Neoplasms affected the eyelid in 76.8% of cases. Meibomian gland adenoma was the most frequent neoplasm (22.8%), followed by Meibomian gland epithelioma (20.0%), squamous cell carcinoma (8.8%), and melanocytoma (7.2%). The cellular origin of neoplasms [i]was epithelial in 73.6% of the cases. Conclusion: Meibomian gland adenoma was the most common eye-related neoplasm. To our knowledge, this is the first retrospective report aimed to eye-related neoplasms in dogs published in Colombia.

Coffee pulp supplementation prior to breeding improves oxidative status without affecting fertility of primiparous ewes

Abstract: Background: Coffee pulp has a high content of antioxidants capable of modifying the oxidative status in small ruminants. However, high amounts for a prolonged time can reduce fertility. Objective: To determine the effect of two inclusion levels of coffee pulp during estrous synchronization on reproductive variables and oxidative status of primiparous ewes. Methods: Sixty Suffolk x Dorset primiparous ewes were distributed into three treatments in a completely randomized design; T0: (n=20) 1.5 kg balanced diet, Tl: (n=20) 1.5 kg balanced diet and 5% coffee pulp, T2: (n=20) 1.5 kg balanced diet and 10% coffee pulp. Supplementation was given for 16 days before estrus synchronization and until the beginning of the breeding season. A progestogen (CIDR®) was inserted for ll days and a dose of PGF2a was applied two days prior to its withdrawal. Estrus detection started 12 hours after CIDR withdrawal. Blood samples were obtained during the supplementation period to measure oxidative status, antioxidant capacity, glucose and insulin, and up to 9 days after breeding to determine progesterone concentration. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed at 30 and 60 days post-breeding. An analysis of repeated measures of mixed effects and frequency analysis were carried out. Results: Inclusion of coffee pulp for a short period prior to breeding did not affect reproductive parameters, nor progesterone, glucose or insulin concentrations (p>0.05); however, antioxidant capacity increased, while lipid oxidation showed an opposite trend (p<0.05). Conclusion: Inclusion of up to 10% coffee pulp in the diet of ewe lambs for 16 days prior to breeding improves oxidative status without causing adverse effects on pregnancy, estrus or prolificacy.

Effect of castration and vitamin E supplementation on carcass and meat quality of Santa Inês lambs

Abstract: espanolAntecedentes: La calidad de la canal y de la carne de ovino puede ser influenciada por varios factores, como raza, edad, peso de sacrificio, tipo de dieta y suplementacion. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la castracion y de la suplementacion con vitamina E sobre el desempeno, la calidad de la canal y la carne de corderos Santa Ines sacrificados a los 45 kg de peso. Metodos: Fueron utilizados treinta y dos corderos: dieciseis castrados y dieciseis no castrados, alimentados con dietas con o sin inclusion de vitamina E. Los animales tenian una edad promedio de 180 ± 20 dias y un peso promedio de 25,1 ± 4,6 kg. Fue evaluado el desempeno durante 56 dias y, al llegar a los 45 kg de peso fueron sacrificados. El diseno experimental fue en bloques aleatorizados con base en el peso inicial, y las variables analizadas mediante un modelo factorial 2x2 (castrado o no castrado y suplementado o no con vitamina E, con una probabilidad del 5%). Resultado: Se encontro mayor proporcion (p portuguesA qualidade da carcaca e da carne ovina pode ser influenciada por varios fatores como raca, idade, peso de abate tipo de dieta e suplementacao. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da castracao e da suplementacao de vitamina E sobre o desempenho e qualidade de carcaca e carne de cordeiros Santa Ines abatidos a 45 kg de peso. Metodos: Foram utilizados trinta e dois cordeiros, dezesseis castrados e dezesseis nao castrados alimentados com dietas com ou sem inclusao de vitamina E. Os animais tinham idade media de 180 ± 20 dias e peso medio de 25,1 ± 4,6 kg. Foi avaliado o desempenho durante 56 dias, e ao chegarem aos 45 kg foi realizado o abate. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com base no peso inicial, e as variaveis analisadas por modelo fatorial 2x2 (castrado ou nao castrado e suplementado ou nao com vitamina E, ao nivel de 5%). Resultado: Foi encontrada maior proporcao (p EnglishBackground: Carcass and sheep meat quality are influenced by several factors, such as race, age, slaughter weight, type of diet, and dietary supplementation. Objective: To evaluate the effect of castration and vitamin E supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics and meat of lambs slaughtered at 45 kg. Methods: Thirty-two male lambs (16 castrated and 16 not castrated) were fed diets with or without the inclusion of vitamin E. The animals had an average age of 180 ± 20 days and a mean weight of 25.1 ± 4.6 kg. Performance was evaluated for 56 days, and the animals were slaughtered when reaching a weight of 45 kg. The experimental design was randomized blocks based on initial weights, and variables were assessed by a 2x2 factorial design (castrated and intact, supplemented or not with vitamin E, with a probability of 5%). Results: Higher proportion (p

Influence of different protein supplements on the recovery and in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes

Abstract: espanolAntecedentes: La calidad y maduracion de los ovocitos son influenciados por la suplementacion proteica. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de concentraciones de suero fetal bovino (FBS) y albumina serica bovina (BSA) en la recuperacion y maduracion in vitro (IVM) de ovocitos bovinos. Metodos: El estudio se dividio en Etapa 1 (recuperacion de ovocitos) y Etapa 2 (IVM). En la primera etapa, tres experimentos se realizaron de acuerdo con el medio de recuperacion: (R1) 10 vs. 20% FBS; (R2) 5 vs. 10% BSA; y (R3) los mejores resultados de R1, R2 y la combinacion de FBS+BSA (5+5%). En la segunda etapa, el medio de maduracion fue suplementado para tres experimentos: (M1) 5 vs. 10% FBS; (M2) 0,4 vs. 0,8% BSA; y (M3) mejores resultados de M1, M2 y la combinacion de FBS+BSA (5+0,8%). Resultados: En la Etapa 1 (R1 y R2), los medios con 10% FBS y 10% BSA mostraron mejores resultados de calidad oocitaria y fueron definidos para el experimento R3. En R3, 10% FBS y la combinacion de FBS+BSA (5+5%) permitieron la recuperacion de ovocitos de mejor calidad. En la Etapa 2 (M1 y M2), los medios con ambos niveles de FBS (5 y 10%) y 0,8% de BSA se definieron como mejores de acuerdo con las tasas de maduracion y viabilidad de las celulas del cumulus, por lo que se definieron para el experimento M3. En M3, no se observo diferencia entre los suplementos. Conclusiones: Para la recuperacion de ovocitos, se puede utilizar 10% de FBS y la combinacion de FBS+BSA (5+5%) para obtener ovocitos inmaduros. Para la maduracion in vitro, FBS (ambos niveles, 5 y 10%) y BSA (0,8%) se pueden usar solos o en combinacion. portuguesAntecedentes: A qualidade e a maturacao de oocitos sao influenciadas pela suplementacao proteica. Objetivo: Avaliar a influencia de concentracoes de soro fetal bovino (FBS) e albumina serica bovina (BSA) sobre a recuperacao e maturacao in vitro (IVM) de oocitos bovinos. Metodos: O estudo foi dividido em Etapa 1 (recuperacao de oocitos) e Etapa 2 (IVM). Na primeira etapa, tres experimentos foram realizados de acordo com o meio de recuperacao: (R1) 10 vs. 20% FBS; (R2) 5 vs. 10% BSA; e (R3) melhores resultados de R1, R2 e a combinacao de FBS+BSA (5+5%). Na segunda etapa, o meio de maturacao foi suplementado de acordo com tres experimentos: (M1) 5 vs. 10% FBS; (M2) 0,4 vs. 0,8% BSA; e (M3) melhores resultados de M1, M2 e a combinacao de FBS+BSA (5+0,8%). Resultados: Na Etapa 1 (R1 e R2), os meios com 10% FBS e 10% BSA mostraram melhores resultados de qualidade oocitaria e foram definidos para o experimento R3. Em R3, 10% FBS e a combinacao de FBS+BSA (5+5%) permitiram a recuperacao de oocitos de melhor qualidade. Na segunda etapa (M1 e M2), meios com ambos os niveis de FBS (5 e 10%) e 0,8% BSA foram definidos como os melhores de acordo com as taxas de maturacao e viabilidade de celulas do cumulus, entao foram definidos para o experimento M3. No M3, nao houve diferenca entre os suplementos. Conclusoes: Para a recuperacao oocitaria, 10% FBS e a combinacao de FBS+BSA (5+5%) podem ser usados para obter oocitos imaturos. Para maturacao in vitro, FBS (ambos os niveis, 5 e 10%) e BSA (0,8%) podem ser usados sozinhos ou em combinacao. EnglishBackground: Oocyte quality and maturation are influenced by protein supplementation. Objective: To evaluate the influence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentrations on the recovery and in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes. Methods: The study was divided into Stage 1 (oocyte recovery), and Stage 2 (IVM). In the first stage, three experiments were conducted according to the recovery (R) medium used: (R1) 10 vs. 20% FBS; (R2) 5 vs. 10% BSA; and (R3) the best results from R1, R2, and the combination of FBS+BSA (5+5%). Within the second stage, the maturation medium was supplemented according to three experiments: (M1) 5 vs. 10% FBS; (M2) 0.4 vs. 0.8% BSA; and (M3) better results of M1, M2, and the combination of FBS+BSA (5+0.8%). Results: In Stage 1 (R1 and R2), the media with 10% FBS and 10% BSA showed better oocyte quality results and were defined for experiment R3. In R3, the 10% FBS and the combination of FBS+BSA (5+5%) allowed recovery of better-quality oocytes. In Stage 2 (M1 and M2), media with both levels of FBS (5 and 10%) and 0.8% BSA were defined as better according to the maturation and viability rates of cumulus cells, so they were defined for experiment M3. In M3, no difference was noted among the supplements. Conclusions: For oocyte recovery, 10% FBS and the combination of FBS+BSA (5+5%) can be used to obtain immature oocytes. For the in vitro maturation, FBS (both levels, 5 and 10%) and BSA (0.8%) can be used alone or in combination.

Genetic and environmental relationships among milk yield, persistency of milk yield, somatic cell count and calving interval in Holstein cows

Abstract: Background: Fertility and health traits, other than production traits, have a major role in the profitability of dairy cattle. Therefore, it seems necessary to include the afore mentioned traits in breeding programs. Hence, genetic parameters are needed to establish breeding plans. Objective: To estimate heritabilities as well as genetic and environmental relationships among total milk yield (TMY), persistency of milk yield (PMY), mean somatic cell count (SCC), mean log e somatic cell count (LnSCC), standard deviation of somatic cell count (stdSCC), and calving interval (CI) using two-trait and multi-trait analyses in Iranian Holstein. Methods: The dataset consisted of 25,883 first lactation records collected from 2002 to 2007 in 97 Holstein dairy herds in Iran. Four criteria of persistency of milk yield (PMY) were calculated using the Wood's gamma function. The WOMBAT1.0 software was used to estimate the (co)variance components using the Average Information Restricted Maximum Likelihood algorithm. Results: Total milk yield (TMY) resulted in the highest heritability estimate (0.29). Heritability estimates for different criteria of persistency of milk yield (PMY) ranged from 0.05 to 0.10. The unfavorable genetic correlation between TMY and calving interval (CI) was 0.71, while that of PMY with CI was 0.46. The estimated environmental correlations were lower than the genetic correlations for all traits, but the trends were generally similar. Conclusion: The results indicate that including PMY in the breeding goals could increase TMY and CI, and decrease somatic cell count (SCC). Keywords: breeding goal, correlation, fertility, heritability, Wood's gamma function. Resumen Antecedentes: Las caracteristicas de fertilidad y salud, ademas de las de produccion, tienen un papel importante en la rentabilidad de los hatos lecheros. Por lo tanto, parece necesario incluir los rasgos mencionados en los sistemas de mejoramiento. Por ende, los parametros geneticos son necesarios para establecer planes de cria. Objetivo: Estimar la heredabilidad, asi como las relaciones geneticas y ambientales entre el rendimiento total de leche (TMY), la persistencia del rendimiento lechero (PMY), el recuento medio de celulas somaticas (SCC), el recuento de celulas somaticas de log e promedio (LnSCC), la desviacion estandar del recuento de celulas somaticas (stdSCC) y el intervalo de partos (CI) en vacas Holstein mediante analisis de dos rasgos y analisis multiples. Metodos: Se analizaron registros de primera lactancia de 25.883 vacas Holstein, recolectados entre 2002 y 2007 en 97 rebanos lecheros de Iran. Se calcularon cuatro criterios de persistencia del rendimiento lacteo utilizando la funcion gamma de Wood. El software Wombat1.0 se utilizo para estimar los componentes de (co)varianza que emplean el algoritmo de maxima verosimilitud restringida de informacion promedio. Resultados: El rendimiento de leche (TMY) obtuvo la mayor heredabilidad estimada (0.29). Las estimaciones de heredabilidad para diferentes criterios de persistencia del rendimiento de la leche variaron de 0,05 a 0,10. La correlacion genetica desfavorable entre TMY e intervalo entre partos fue 0,71, mientras que la de PMY con el CI fue de 0,46. Las correlaciones ambientales estimadas fueron inferiores a las correlaciones geneticas para todos los rasgos, pero las tendencias fueron, en general, similares. Conclusion: Incluir el PMY en la meta de cria podria aumentar el TMY y CI, ademas de disminuir el recuento de celulas somaticas (SCC). Palabras clave: correlacion, fertilidad, funcion gamma de Wood, heredabilidad, objetivo de cria. Resumo Antecedentes: As caracteristicas de fertilidade e saude, alem das caracteristicas de producao, temum papel importante narentabilidade das vacas leiteiras. Por isso, parece necessario incluir as caracteristicas ja mencionadas nos sistemas de melhoramento genetico. Assim, sao necessarios parâmetros geneticos para estabelecer planos de melhoramento genetico. Objetivo: Estimar herdabilidade, bem como as relacoes geneticas e ambientais entre a producao total de leite (TMY), persistância da producao de leite (PMY), contagem mediade celulas somaticas (SCC), contagem media de celulas somaticas log e (LnSCC), desviopadrao da contagem media de celulas somaticas (stdSCC) e intervalo de pertosem (CI) vacas Holstein por duas analises de caracteristicas e tracos multiplos. Metodos: O conjunto de dados consistiuem registros de 25.883 vacas Holstein de primeira lactacao coletadas de 2002 a 2007 em 97 rebanhos leiteiros em Iran. Foram calculados quatrocriterios de persistencia da producao de leite utilizando a funcao gama de Wood. O software Wombat1.0 foi usado para estimar os componentes de (co)variância que empregam o algoritmo de maxima verossimilhanca com informacoes restritas. Resultados: A maior herdabilidade (0.29) foi estimada para producao de leite. As estimativas de herdabilidade para diferentes criterios de persistencia da producao de leite variaram 0,05 a 0,10. A correlacao genetica desfavoravel entre o intervalo TMY eo intervalo de parto foi de 0,71 enquanto que a de PMY com CI foi de 0,46. As correlacoes ambientais estimadas foram inferiores as correlacoes geneticas para todos os tracos, mas as tendencias foram geralmente semelhantes. Conclusao: Os resultados indicaram que a inclusao de PMY na meta de reproducao poderia aumentar TMY e CI, no entanto, diminuir a contagem de celulas somaticas. Palavras chave: correlacao, fertilidade, funcao gama do Wood, herdabilidade, objetivo de criacao.

Characterization of ruminal bacteria in grazing Nellore steers

Abstract: Background: Rumen microorganisms have developed a series of complex interactions, representing one of the best examples of symbiosis between microorganisms in nature. Conventional taxonomic methods based on culture techniques are being replaced by molecular techniques that are faster and more accurate. Objective: To characterize rumen bacterial diversity of Nellore steers grazing on tropical pastures by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene using Illumina sequenctng. Methods: Three rumen-cannulated Nellore steers were used. The liquid and solid fractions of the rumen contents were processed to extract metagenomic DNA, and the VI and V2 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced using Illumina sequencing. Results: A total of 11,407,000 reads of adequate quality were generated, and 812 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found at the species level. Twenty-seven phyla were identified, and the predominant phyla were Firmicutes (23%), Bacteroidetes (14%), Proteobacteria (10%), Spirochaetes (9%), Fibrobacteres (7%), Tenericutes (5%), and Actinobacteria (2%), which represented 70% of the total phyla identified in the rumen content. Conclusion: Rumen environment in grazing Nellore steers showed high bacterial diversity, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Fibrobacteres as the predominant phyla.

Influence of genetic markers on the feeding behavior of yearling bulls

Abstract: Background: The search for gene and marker effects on economically important traits is aimed not only to understanding the genetic architecture of complex traits but also to applying the information to breeding schemes. Objective: To analyze the effect of two temperament-related SNPs (rs109576799 located in the DRD3 gene, and rs43696138 in the HTR2A gene) on feeding performance of Mexican beef cattle. Methods: One hundred and thirty-six young beef bulls were included in a centralized feed efficiency performance test based on residual feed intake (RFI), with 20 d for adaptation and 70 d of feed efficiency testing. In addition to feeding traits, temperament was assessed at the beginning of the trial using pen score (PS) and exit velocity (EV). All animals were genotyped with two markers located in the HTR2A and DRD3 genes, and an association analysis was conducted between these genotypes and the measured traits. Results: For Brangus breed, a significant association was obtained between average daily gain (ADG; p=0.019), and the rs43696138 marker, resulting in higher gains for homozygous genotype GG (1.69 ± 0.04 kg), when compared to the heterozygous genotype GA (1.54 ± 0.04 kg). Conclusion: The previously reported association of these markers with temperament was not confirmed in the evaluated breeds; however, the rs43696138 marker showed an effect on a feeding performance trait. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of this and other markers on both RFI and temperament.

Hematological, parasitological and biochemical parameters in sheep during the peripartum period

Abstract: Background: Pregnancy in all animal species requires special care and attention. During this period there is great variation in hematological and biochemical parameters. Many times these parameters are misinterpreted as being obtained from nonpregnant animals with unknown parasite status. Objective: To characterize the hematological, biochemical, and parasitological values within the peripartum period of Santa Ines sheep naturally infected. Methods: For this purpose, 45 ewes were used, with an average body weight of 50 kg. Data were collected during pregnancy, birth and, lactation. Measurements included body weight, body condition score (BCS), evaluation of conjunctive staining, and collection of blood and feces. Results: All variables changed throughout physiological stages. Weight and BCS were different between periods (p 0.05). Conclusion: The influence of peripartum on the parameters studied should be considered and its use as a reference value. Regarding the physiological variations observed during peripartum, proper animal management could help minimizing the negative effects of parasitic infections on productivity.

Inclusion of kaolin in the feed of Japanese quails during the production phase

Abstract: Background: Kaolin may improve quail performance by maintaining intestinal integrity and improving nutrient absorption. Objective: To evaluate the overall performance, egg quality, moisture, nitrogen and calcium content in the excreta, intestinal morphology and financial analysis of kaolin in Japanese quail feed during the production phase. Methods: A total of 192 Japanese quails, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six repetitions with eight birds each, were used. Kaolin levels added to the diet were 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5%. Results: Kaolin reduced feed consumption. Additionally, egg production, feed conversion and viability increased. Moisture, nitrogen and calcium in the excreta decreased. Height and width of the intestinal villi increased with increasing levels of kaolin in the diet. Kaolin had no effect on egg quality. Inclusion level of 1.5% kaolin allowed for greater economic gains. Conclusion: Kaolin improved performance, intestinal morphology, and reduced the moisture, nitrogen and calcium contents in the excreta. Egg quality remained unchanged with the addition of kaolin, and the best economic response resulted with the addition 1.5% kaolin.

Fermentative characteristics and nutritional value of sugarcane silage added with two types of urea

Abstract: Background: Dry matter (DM) loss is high in sugarcane silage due to its high content of soluble carbohydrates which favors yeast growth and ethanol production, thus reducing the nutritional value of the preserved forage. Objective: To determine the effect of adding two types of urea at two concentration levels to sugarcane silage on the nutritional value and fermentative characteristics of the silage. Methods: A completely randomized 2×2+1 factorial design was used, based on two types of urea (conventional and protected), two urea concentration (0.5 and 1.0% of the natural matter), and a control (sugarcane silage with no additives). Six replicates were used. The mixture was placed in PVC silos and opened after 60 days. Results: There was no difference in DM content or effluent losses by the addition of urea. In regards to neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin, decreased levels were observed compared to the control, regardless of urea type. Urea type and concentration had an effect on ammoniacal nitrogen content, with higher values for conventional urea, but not affecting the pH. The addition of urea to sugarcane silage reduced gas losses and raised the levels of crude protein, ether extract, and effective degradability. Conclusion: Adding protected or conventional urea at 1% of natural matter at the time of sugarcane ensiling reduces gas losses and improves nutritional composition of the silage.

Nutritional value and inclusion levels of residual annatto seed meal in diets for Japanese quails

Abstract: espanolAntecedentes: La harina de la semilla de achiote (RASM) es un subproducto de la extraccion de bixina por la industria cosmetica y puede ser usada en alimentacion animal. Objetivo: Se realizaron dos experimentos para determinar el valor nutritivo y los efectos de la inclusion de RASM en dietas para codorniz. Metodos: Para el experimento de digestibilidad, 160 codornices japonesas fueron distribuidas en un estudio al azar con dos tratamientos y 10 repeticiones con ocho aves cada uno. Los tratamientos consistieron en una dieta referencia y una dieta de prueba, la cual estuvo compuesta por 75% de la dieta referencia y 25% de RASM. Para el ensayo de desempeno, 192 codornices japonesas fueron usadas en un estudio al azar con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones con ocho aves cada uno. Los tratamientos consistieron en una dieta control a base de maiz (Contr1) y otra a base de sorgo + cantaxantina (Contr2) y cuatro dietas a base de sorgo con niveles de inclusion de RASM (0, 3, 6 y 9%). Resultados: Los coeficientes de digestibilidad de materia seca y proteina bruta, el coeficiente de metabolizacion de la energia bruta y la retencion de calcio y fosforo fueron 41,05; 43,12; 47,97; 25,49 y 30,35%, respectivamente. La inclusion de RASM no influyo la productividad de las aves; entretanto la conversion alimenticia empeoro debido a los tratamientos con 0-6% RASM comparado con el tratamiento Contr1. El color de la yema aumento debido a la RASM. Conclusion: RASM puede ser incluido en dietas a base de sorgo para codornices en un 9%, debido a la mejora en el color de la yema, ademas de no tener ningun efecto negativo en el desempeno productivo y calidad del huevo. portuguesAntecedentes: O farelo residual da semente de urucum (RASM) e um subproduto da extracao da bixina pela industria cosmetica e pode ser usado na alimentacao animal. Objetivo: Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar o valor nutritivo e os efeitos de inclusao do FRSU em dietas para codornas Japonesas. Metodos: Para o experimento de digestibilidade, 160 codornas Japonesas foram distribuidas em um estudo casualizado com dois tratamentos e 10 repeticoes com oito aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta referencia e uma dieta teste, a qual era composta por 75% da dieta referencia e 25% de RASM. Para o ensaio de desempenho, 192 codornas Japonesas foram usadas em estudo ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repeticoes com oito aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta controle a base de milho (Contr1) e outra a base de sorgo com cantaxantina (Contr2) e quatro dietas a base de sorgo com niveis de inclusao de RASM (0, 3, 6 e 9%). Resultados: Os coeficientes de digestiblidade de materia seca e proteina bruta, coeficiente de metabolizacao da energia bruta e retencao de calcio e fosforo foram 41,05; 43,12; 47,97; 25,49 e 30,35%, respectivamente. A inclusao do FRSU nao influenciou a produtividade das aves; entretanto, a conversao alimentar piorou devido aos tratamentos com 0-6% FRSU comparado com o tratamento Contr1. A cor da gema aumentou devido ao FRSU. Conclusao: RASM pode ser incluido em dietas baseadas em sorgo para codornas em 9%, devido a mehoria na cor da gema e nenhum efeito negativo no desempenho produtivo e qualidade de ovo. EnglishBackground:Residual annatto seed meal (RASM) is a byproduct after extraction of bixin in the cosmetic industry and may be used in animal diets. Objective: Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritive value and effect of RASM inclusion levels in the diets of Japanese quails. Methods: For the digestibility experiment, 160 Japanese quails were distributed in a randomized study with two treatments and 10 replicates with eight birds each. The treatments consisted of a reference diet and a test diet containing 75% of the reference diet and 25% of RASM. For the performance assay, 192 Japanese quails were used in a randomized study with six treatments and four replicates with eight birds each. Treatments consisted of a control corn-based diet (Contr1) and another diet based on sorghum + canthaxanthin (Contr2), and four diets based on sorghum with increasing inclusion levels of RASM (0, 3, 6, and 9%). Results: Digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, metabolization coefficient of gross energy, and retention of calcium and phosphorus were 41.05, 43.12, 47.97, 25.49, and 30.35%, respectively. RASM inclusion did not influence bird productivity; however, feed conversion worsened in treatments with 0–6% RASM inclusion relative to that in Contr1. Yolk color increased due to RASM treatment. Conclusion: RASM may be included in sorghum-based diets for quails at 9%, with improvement in yolk color and no negative effects on productivity and egg quality.

Histopathologic characterization of the reproductive organs of heifers experimentally infected with Campylobacter fetus venerealis

Abstract: espanolAntecedentes: La campilobacteriosis bovina es una enfermedad venerea causada por el Campylobacter fetus venerealis, que produce principalmente fallas reproductivas ocasionando grandes perdidas economicas. Objetivo: Describir las caracteristicas histopatologicas de la mucosa de organos reproductores de vaquillonas infectadas experimentalmente con Campylobacter fetus venerealis.Metodos: Doce vaquillonas Aberdeen Angus (15 a 18 meses de edad) con celo sincronizado, recibieron servicio natural, e inmediatamente se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos: A (n=9), inoculadas con Campylobacter fetus venerealis; B (n=3; control), inoculadas con placebo. El diagnostico de prenez se realizo por ultrasonografia a los 29, 38 y 42 dias post-servicio; los niveles plasmaticos de progesterona fueron determinados por ELISA. Las vaquillonas del grupo A con niveles de progesterona plasmaticos menores a 1 ng/mL y/o diagnosticadas no prenadas, fueron consideradas para eutanasia y divididas en tres subgrupos: A1-eutanasia dia 30 (n=4); A2-dia 40 (n=3); y A3-dia 55 (n=2) post-servicio. Las vaquillonas del grupo B, diagnosticadas prenadas, fueron eutanasiadas a los 30, 40 y 55 dias. Se tomaron muestras de oviductos, utero y vagina. Resultados: Se observo inflamacion linfocitaria en la totalidad de muestras del grupo A. Celulas trofoblasticas fueron encontradas en muestras correspondientes a los grupos A2 y A3. Probablemente, el proceso inflamatorio altero el equilibrio de las celulas linfoides maternas y la expresion genica del trofoblasto, afectando la supervivencia embrionaria. Conclusion: Este trabajo contribuye a la comprension del proceso histopatologico involucrado en la infeccion poscoital por Campylobacter fetus bovino. portuguesAntecedentes: A campilobacteriose bovina e uma doenca venerea originada pelo Campylobacter fetus venerealis, quem produz principalmente falha reprodutiva e porem grandes perdas economicas. Objetivo: Descrever as caracteristicas histopatologicas da mucosa dos orgaos reprodutores de novilhas infetadas no modo experimental com Campylobacter fetus venerealis. Metodos: Doze novilhas Aberdeen Angus de 15 ate 18 meses com cio sincronizado, receberam servico natural. Logo apos, foram aleatoreamente separados em grupos: A (n=9) inoculados com Campylobacter fetus venerealis e grupo B (n=3; controle) inoculadas com um placebo. O diagnostico da gestacao foi realizado por ultrasom nos dias 29, 38 y 42 pos-servico. Os niveis plasmaticos da progesterona foram determinados por ELISA. As novilhas do grupo A, com niveis plasmaticos de progesterona menores a 1 ng/mL e/ou diagnosticadas nao gravidas, foram consideradas para eutanasia e foram divididas em tres subgrupos: A1-eutanasia aos 30 dias pos- servico (n=4); A2-dia 40 (n=3); A3-dia 55 (n=2). Foram realizada eutanasia as novilhas do grupo B diagnosticadas prenhadas, aos 30, 40 e 55 dias e a amostragem de ovidutos, utero e vagina. Resultados: A presenca de inflamacao linfocitaria foi observada na totalidade das amostras do grupo A. Foram achadas celulas trofoblasticas nas amostras correspondente aos grupos A2 e A3. Provavelmente, pelo processo inflamatorio tenha sido alterado o equilibrio das celulas linfoides maternas, assim tambem como a expressao genica do trofoblasto, afetando a supervivencia embrionaria. Conclusao: Este trabalho contribue a compreensao do processo histopatologico na infeccao com Campylobacter fetus bovino pos-acasalamento. EnglishBackground: Bovine campylobacteriosis is a venereal disease due to infection with Campylobacter fetus venerealis. It causes mainly reproductive failures that lead to considerable economic losses. Objective: To perform a histopathological description of the mucosa from reproductive organs of heifers experimentally infected with Campylobacter fetus venerealis. Methods: Twelve 15-18-months-old Aberdeen Angus heifers were treated for estrous synchronization and exposed to natural breeding. They were then randomly divided into two groups: group A (n=9) was inoculated with C. fetus venerealis; group B (n=3, control) was inoculated with a placebo. Ultrasonography was performed at days 29, 38, and 42 post-breeding, and plasmatic progesterone levels were quantified using ELISA to confirm pregnancies. Animals in group A with plasma progesterone levels below 1 ng/mL and/or diagnosed as non-pregnant were further divided into three subgroups: A1 (n=4), euthanized at day 30 post-breeding; A2 (n=3), euthanized at day 40 post-breeding and A3 (n=2), euthanized at day 55 post-breeding. Heifers from group B, all diagnosed as pregnant, were euthanized each at day 30, 40, and 55 days post-breeding as well. Histological sections from every group were taken from oviducts, uterus, and vagina. Results: Lymphocytic inflammation was the most common lesion in all infected heifers. Trophoblast cells were found in the non-pregnant heifers euthanized at days 40, and 55 post-breeding. The inflammatory process with the presence of lymphoid cells probably altered the balance in the activity of maternal lymphoid cells, as well as gene expression of the trophoblast, finally affecting the embryo survival. Conclusion: This work contributes to the understanding of the histopathological process involved in post-mating infection of Campylobacter fetus bovine.

Agricultura de precisión: una contribución a la gestión de los agronegocios desde la modelación

Abstract: Nueva agricultura, ?nuevas tecnologias? La incursion de nuevas tecnologias esta cambiando constantemente la industria agropecuaria en el mundo. De hecho, muchas de las tecnologias usadas en los sistemas de produccion son variaciones de: 1) “tecnologias duras” usadas en otros sectores como la automovilistica, la robotica, la electronica y de empresas dedicadas a la automatizacion y al sensoramiento remoto y 2) “tecnologias blandas” de las ciencias sociales y politicas, d el benchmarking y del empresarismo. Si se logra la articulacion de estas tecnologias se ria posible el crecimiento del sector agropecuario, buscando la sostenibilidad economica, ambiental, productiva y social. Por lo tanto, en los sistemas de produccion y de su entorno cobran fuerza los conceptos de agricultura de precision, de antropologia rural y la gestion empresarial. El objetivo de esta conferencia es mostrar una mirada a las ciencias agrarias frente a los desafios del siglo XXI, desde la visi on del analisis estructural de la agricultura de precision mediante el uso de tecnologias duras y blandas, sin desconocer el papel que juega el “ser” y el “recurso natural”.

Genetic effects of season on the preweaning growth of beef cattle: a first approach to Retinta calves

Abstract: espanolAntecedentes: El estres termico derivado del calentamiento global esta causando perdidas economicas en la industria ganadera. Objetivo: Desarrollar un enfoque metodologico para estimar la influencia de algunos factores climaticos sobre la estimacion de parametros geneticos en las variables de crecimiento de la raza bovina Retinta. Metodos: Se analizaron registros de peso vivo (n=7.753) de 3.162 terneros hijos de 1.249 vacas y 85 toros, criados en la region de Andalucia (Espana). El efecto del estres termico se midio mediante un indice de temperatura-humedad obtenido a partir de los datos de cuatro estaciones meteorologicas. Se uso un modelo bivariado de regresion aleatoria de “norma-reaccion” para estimar la (co)varianza del peso hasta el destete en dos diferentes epocas climaticas correspondientes a los meses calidos y frios. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias en el patron de heredabilidad de individuos criados en diferentes ambientes durante los primeros 90 dias de vida. Sin embargo, tales diferencias no fueron significativas al final del periodo de crecimiento. Los terneros destetados en la epoca fria mostraron un mayor crecimiento entre 70 y 160 dias en comparacion con los criados en la temporada calida. Conclusiones: Se encontro una evidencia altamente significativa de la interaccion genotipo-condicion climatica durante los primeros tres meses de crecimiento del ternero. portuguesAntecedentes: O estresse termico devido ao aumento da temperatura media esta produzindo grandes perdas economicas na industria pecuaria. Objetivo: Realizar uma nova abordagem metodologica para estimar a importância dos fatores climaticos em parâmetros geneticos em variaveis de crescimento da populacao da raca Retinta. Metodos: Foram analisados registros de peso vivo (n=7.753) de 3.162 Retinta bezerros, nascidos de 1.249 vacas e 85 touros criados na regiao da Andaluzia (Espanha). O efeito do estresse termico foi medido utilizando o indice de temperatura-umidade obtido com dados climatologicos de quatro estacoes meteorologicas. Um modelo de regressao aleatoria bivariado de norma-reacao foi usado para estimar os componentes da (co)variância do peso a desmama em duas estacoes climaticas com correspondencia aos meses quentes e frios. Resultados: Diferencas foram encontradas no padrao de herdabilidade de individuos criados em diferentes ambientes nos primeiros 90 dias de idade. No entanto, essas diferencas nao foram significativas no final do periodo de crescimento. Os bezerros desmamados globalmente na estacao fria apresentaram um crescimento maior dos 70 aos 160 dias em comparacao com os individuos criados na estacao quente. Conclusoes: Uma evidencia altamente significativa da interacao genotipo-ambiente foi encontrada durante os primeiros tres meses de crescimento do bezerro. EnglishBackground:Heat stress derived from global warming is causing major economic losses in the livestock industry. Objective: To develop a novel methodological approach for determining the influence of climatic factors on the estimation of genetic parameters for growth traits in Retinta cattle breed by using reaction-norm models. Methods: Live weight records (n=7,753) from 3,162 Retinta calves born from 1,249 dams and 85 sires and raised in the Andalusian region (Spain) were analyzed. The effect of heat stress was measured using the temperature-humidity index, calculated with climatological data obtained from four weather stations. A bivariate-random-regression reaction-norm model was used to estimate the (co)variance components of weight until weaning in two different climatic seasons corresponding to warm and cold months. Results: The heritability pattern of individuals reared under diverse environments during the first 90 days of age was different. However, differences were not significant at the end of the growing period. Weaned calves reared during the cold season showed greater growth from 70 to 160 days in comparison with those reared during the warm season. Conclusions: Overall, this assessment did not show significant effects of the genotype-environment interaction. However, highly significant evidence of genotype-climatic condition interaction was found during the calf s first three months of age.

Oleoresins from chili pepper and turmeric could substitute for salinomycin in broilers

Abstract: Background: Coccidiosis is the infectious disease with the greatest economic impact in poultry production. Additionally, chemotherapeutic growth promoters are being substituted for safer alternative strategies. Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding oleoresins from chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on the performance, survival rate, and the Productive Efficiency Index of broilers from 1 to 21d challenged by Eimeria sp. Methods: A total of 700 male 1-dayold chicks (Cobb 500) challenged with Eimeria sp, were assigned to a completely randomized design with four treatments: (1) negative control diet, without anticoccidial agent or growth promoters; (2) control diet+0.05% salinomycin; (3) negative control diet+100g/ton; and (4) negative control diet +140g/ton of test product (Curcuma longa L. plus Capsicum annuum oleoresins). Results: Body weight, weight gain, feed conversion and Productive Efficiency Index did not differ between broilers fed anticoccidial chemotherapeutics and oleoresins. In addition, there was no difference in feed intake and survival rate between dietary treatments. Conclusion: Broilers supplemented with chili pepper and turmeric oleoresins from 1 to 21d present similar body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, and Productive Efficiency Index compared to broilers supplemented with chemotherapeutic anticoccidials without affecting feed intake or survival rate.

Relación microbioma, salud y producción en las ciencias pecuarias

Abstract: El Microbioma (o la microbiota,) la coleccion de microorganismos que colonizan y habitan las cavidades, superfcies y epitelios de la anatomia mamifera, juega roles fundamentales en el estado fsiologico animal. Este sistema microbiano, compuesto por trillones de celulas y sus genes, codifca funciones imprescindibles, que extienden las capacidades fsiologicas de los animales, y que garantizan la efciencia de procesos nutricionales, inmunes y de bienestar. Aunque la importancia del microbioma en la salud y la produccion animal ha sido historicamente reconocida en el contexto de las ciencias pecuarias, nuevas tecnicas en biologia molecular, secuenciacion masiva, ciencias meta-OMICAS, bioinformatica, mineria de datos y aprendizaje automatico para estudiar microbiomas (tecnicas microbiOMICAS), han revelado que la complejidad estructural y funcional de estas comunidades microbianas es mucho mayor de lo que nos imaginabamos, y que el microbioma impacta multiples procesos fsiologicos animales de diversas maneras, y de forma simultanea. Adicionalmente, la aplicacion de estas tecnicas microbiOMICAS en diferentes sistemas de produccion, ha dado cuenta del potencial de intervenciones nutricionales y de manejo que puedan modular el microbioma animal para mejorar la efciencia de estos sistemas. Estrategias para modular el microbioma animal cobran una importancia critica, en vista de los retos en sostenibilidad, seguridad alimentaria, equilibrio ambiental y produccion limpia, que como investigadores en ciencias pecuarias, afrontamos hoy en dia. Esta conferencia tiene como objetivo principal presentar una perspectiva actual sobre la influencia del microbioma en los sistemas de produccion animal. Se hara enfasis en los mecanismos moleculares que sostienen el eje animal-microbio-dieta, y en la relacion indisoluble entre nutricion, inmunidad (salud) y produccion. Igualmente, con base en evidencia recopilada hasta la fecha, se analizan diferentes escenarios de manipulacion nutricional y/o ambiental para modular el microbioma, donde ha sido posible influenciar fenotipos productivos y de salud, en favor de sistemas mas efcientes.

Genetic diversity of Piracanjuba populations in fish stocking programs in the Tietê River, Brazil

Abstract: espanolResumen Antecedentes: Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) es una especie de pez fuertemente impactada por acciones antropicas como sobrepesca, contaminacion del agua y proyectos hidroelectricos. Esta especie esta considerada en peligro de extincion. Objetivo: Analizar la diversidad genetica de una poblacion natural (NP) y de dos lotes de reproductores (SA y SB) de B. orbignyanus en cautiverio. Metodos: Se colectaron 84 muestras de aleta caudal (NP: 24, SA: 30 y SB: 30). El ADN fue extraido y amplificado para seis cebadores RAPD y cuatro loci microsatelites. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 60 fragmentos polimorficos y 17 alelos microsatelites. Se observo alta heterocigosidad intra-poblacional (NP: 0,692; SA: 0,724 y SB: 0,686). Treinta y ocho fragmentos y seis alelos fueron compartidos entre NP, SA y SB. Los valores de FIS e indice de Shannon mostraron ausencia de endogamia entre los grupos. Los analisis de ANOVA y FST indicaron alta (NP vs SA y SB) y pequena (SA vs SB) diferenciacion genetica; resultados confirmados por la distancia e identidad genetica, numero de migrantes y dendograma, evidenciando la formacion de dos grupos geneticos. Conclusiones: Los grupos poseen adecuada variabilidad genetica, con alta diferenciacion entre NP vs SA-SB y similitud entre los lotes de reproductores. portuguesResumo Antecedentes: Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) e uma especie peixe fortemente impactada por acoes antropicas como sobrepesca, poluicao e construcao de hidreletricas. Atualmente, essa especie engloba a lista de peixes que correm perigo de extincao. Objetivo: Analisar a diversidade genetica de uma populacao natural (NP) e de dois estoques de reprodutores em cativeiro (SA e SB) de B. orbignyanus. Metodos: Foram coletadas amostras de nadadeira caudal de 84 individuos (NP: 24, SA: 30 e SB: 30). O DNA foi extraido e amplificado para seis primers RAPD e quatro loci microssatelites. Resultados: Foram obtidos 60 fragmentos polimorficos e 17 alelos microssatelites. Foi observada uma alta heterozigosidade intra-populacional (NP: 0,692; SA: 0,724 e SB: 0,686). Trinta e oito fragmentos e seis alelos foram compartilhados entre NP, SA e SB. Os valores de FIS e indice de Shannon demonstraram ausencia de endogamia entre os grupos. As analises de AMOVA e FST indicaram alta (NP vs SA e SB) e pequena (SA vs SB) diferenciacao genetica, resultados confirmados pela distância e identidade genetica, numero de migrantes e dendrograma, que evidenciaram a formacao de dois grupamentos geneticos. Conclusoes: Os grupos possuem adequada variabilidade genetica, com alta diferenciacao entre NP e SA-SB e similaridade entre os estoques de reprodutores. EnglishAbstract Background: Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) is a fish species highly affected by anthropogenic actions such as overfishing, water pollution, and hydroelectric developments. This species is currently considered in danger of extinction. Objective: To analyze the genetic diversity of a natural population (NP) and two captive broodstocks (SA and SB) of B. orbignyanus. Methods: Samples of caudal fins (NP: 24, SA: 30, and SB: 30) were collected. DNA was extracted and amplified for six RAPD primers and four microsatellite loci. Results: Sixty polymorphic fragments and 17 microsatellite alleles were detected. High intrapopulation heterozygosity (NP: 0.692, SA: 0.724, and SB: 0.686) was observed. Thirty-eight fragments and six alleles were shared among NP, SA, and SB. The FIS and Shannon’s Index of diversity revealed a lack of inbreeding within groups. AMOVA analyses and FST indicated very high (NP vs SA and SB) and small (SA vs SB) genetic differentiation, confirmed by genetic distance and identity, number of migrants and a dendrogram, which revealed the formation of two genetic groups. Conclusions: The two marker types showed similar variability. The groups have adequate genetic variability, with high differentiation between NP and SA-SB, and similarity between broodstocks.

Silage from heart-of-palm waste produced from Alexander palm tree

Abstract: Background: Production of heart-of-palm from Alexander palm tree generates a waste that could be used as silage for feeding ruminants. Objective: To evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation parameters, and quality of silage made from waste of heart-of-palm production using Alexander palm. Methods: Three types of silage made from waste of heart-of-palm production were evaluated: 1) leaf silage, 2) sheath silage, and 3) compound (leaf + sheath) silage. The processed waste was packed in experimental silos and distributed in a completely randomized design with 10 replications. Means were compared pairwise using Tukey’s test at the 5% significance level. Results: Leaf silage had the highest pH (p 0.05) for lactic and butyric acids, whereas acetic acid was higher (p<0.05) in the sheath and compound silages. Dry matter and crude protein contents were the highest (p<0.05) in leaf silage. Neutral detergent fiber was higher (p<0.05) in sheath silage, followed by leaf and compound silages, respectively. The highest lignin content (p<0.05) was observed in sheath silage. Conclusions: Based on the fermentative parameters, waste from heart-of-palm from Alexander palm tree has potential for silage production. However, differences in silage composition at the time of feeding ruminants should be considered.

Genetic parameters for milk yield and lactation persistency in the three first parities of Iranian Holstein cows

Abstract: Antecedentes : La persistencia de la lactancia tiene una gran influencia en la salud, la reproduccion y los costos de alimentacion de las granjas lecheras. Objetivo : Estimar los componentes de (co)varianza y los parametros geneticos de la produccion de leche a 100 y 305 d, asi como la persistencia de la lactancia en vacas Holstein en Iran. Metodos : Se utilizaron registros recopilados entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2012 por el Centro de cria de animales de Iran (Karaj, Iran). Se utilizaron las siguientes cuatro medidas de persistencia de la lactancia: P 21 : Proporcion de produccion de leche en los segundos 100-d en leche (DIM) dividida por la de los primeros 100-d. P 31 : Proporcion de produccion de leche en los terceros 100-d dividido por el de los primeros 100-d. P W : medida de persistencia derivada de la funcion gamma incompleta. P J : diferencia entre el rendimiento de leche en el 60 y el 280 dia de lactancia. Resultados : La heredabilidad estimada de la persistencia de la lactancia para los tres primeros partos (primera, segunda y tercera lactancia) vario de 0,01 a 0,06; 0,02 a 0,10; y 0,01 a 0,12, respectivamente. Las correlaciones geneticas entre las medidas de persistencia de lactancia para los tres primeros partos variaron de 0,77 a 0,98; 0,65 a 0,98; y 0,58 a 0,98, respectivamente; mientras que los valores correspondientes para las correlaciones geneticas entre la persistencia de la lactancia con la produccion de leche a 305 d variaron de 0,18 a 0,63; 0,32 a 0,75; y 0,41 a 0,71, respectivamente. La repetibilidad estimada para las medidas de persistencia de la lactancia vario de 0,06 a 0,20. Conclusion : La correlacion genetica positiva moderada entre la persistencia de la lactancia y la produccion de leche a 305-d indica que la seleccion para aumentar la produccion de leche puede mejorar ligeramente la persistencia de la lactancia.

Pregnancy and delivery rates after vitrification of in vitro -produced Nelore ( Bos indicus ) embryos under field conditions

Abstract: Background: Cryopreservation preserves cellular viability under low temperatures, resulting in diminished intracellular enzymatic activity and reduced cellular metabolism that ultimately allows preserving genetic material for indefinite periods of time. Embryos submitted to cryopreservation suffer from considerable morphological and functional damage, resulting in reduced survival and development rates. Objective: To evaluate pregnancy and delivery rates of in vitro-produced (IVP) Nellore (Bos indicus) embryos after vitrification under field conditions. Methods: The IVP embryos at blastocyst (Bl) and expanded blastocyst (Bx) were transferred fresh (n= 137) or after vitrification (n= 127). Results: Pregnancy rates at 35 d for fresh embryos were lower in Bl (41.6) than in Bx (60.9) (p0.05). Pregnancy loss at 60 d were similar (p>0.05) for both fresh (Bl: 3.1 and Bx: 4.8) and vitrified embryos (Bl: 1.9 and Bx: 4.7). Delivery rates were similar between groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Both pregnancy and delivery rates of Bos indicus IVP embryos vitrified under field conditions are indistinguishable from fresh embryos.