Showing papers in "Revista Internacional De Sociologia in 2008"

¿A qué llamamos participar en democracia? Diferencias y similitudes en las formas de participación

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to deliberate about the means and the context involved in individual’s participation. For this respect, we make up two models about participation that we present regarding the political and cultural background bound to them. The first one is related to participation by institutionalized ways as such social organitations or direct contact with politicians, while the other one is related to participation by not regulated ways as such demonstrations, shopping boycott, that is, conventional and non conventional ways of participation. The aim is to know which features we can find being linked to both models to be able to think of citizenship participatory. Our analysis conclude that either conventional and non conventional ways of participation are reciprocal, so they reinforced each other, although it stress on that the non conventional participation support, better than the first one, the civic values we can expect from participation and democracy.

El voto religioso en España y Portugal

Abstract: This article explores the relationship between religiosity and voting decisions in Spain and Portugal. We study whether religion (measured as church attendance and opinions about moral issues) influences voting for the two main political parties. Results show a different relationship between religion and voting in both countries: only in Spain religious beliefs play an important role in electoral behaviour. We claim that to account for this finding several factors need to be considered, namely the different configuration of the party systems and religious maps, the distinctive mechanisms linking religious identities with voting and, above all, the important role played by political leaders in activating religiosity within the electoral competition.

Hacia un nuevo sistema de la moda. El modelo Zara

Abstract: This article analyzes how, following the impact of globalization and the appearance of information technologies, the textile and clothing sector has undergone a dramatic transformation. Specifically, the distance has been cut between the various agents that intervene in the manufacturing and distribution processes, reducing the time from the design of an article to its arrival in the store, thereby creating the short circuit distribution concept. This change has allowed for the appearance of a business model capable of responding to demand in a matter of weeks: fast fashion . The principal hypothesis of this research is as follows: Is the speed of response a decisive variable in order to compete on the international fashion market? We aim to respond to this question by firstly analysing the set of changes that have taken place in the textile and clothing sector, which has led to a new business model in which information and time are key factors in company-customer relations. We will then reconstruct the organisational mechanisms of the Zara model, in which the time factor is one of the keys to success.

El reducido empleo femenino en los Estados del bienestar del sur de Europa. Un análisis comparado

Abstract: The analysis is contextualized in the theoretical framework referred to the comparative studies on welfare regimes and gender. The researches carried out for this purpose point out that the low female employment that characterizes the countries of the Mediterranean area (mainly Spain and Italy) is linked with the family policies, labour policies and gender policies developed by the welfare States. In this study it is presented a compared analysis on the institutional, labour and socio-demographic factors that explain the differences observed in the labour strategies adopted by the women in the different European countries. The aim of this paper is to present new empirical evidences regarding recent trends in women´s employment in the Southern Welfare States in a compared perspective.

Los barrrios artísticos como base local de la cultura global. El caso del Raval de Barcelona

Abstract: Artistic neighborhoods, one of the urban phenomenons most characteristic of the beginning century, are beoming an important object of study in the social sciences. However the analysis is overly centered on their economic impact or the cultural policies that have contributed to their creation. In this article, we propose to center the study of artistic neighborhoods in the urban, social and artistic dynamics that explain their emergence and rationale for their development. In this sense, we show how the Raval is symbollicaly charged, having an important presence of artists and small cultural businesses, makes up the core of emerging,hybrid and multicultural art in Barcelona and in addition counts on the presence of two cultural institutions oriented towards cultural governance.

La apropiación asistemática de las nuevas tecnologías. Informalización y contextualización entre los jóvenes alemanes

Abstract: How are new techniques appropriated and used by the youths? The use of mobile phone and Internet has become usual. Which social consequences have this flexible and “loose” dealing with the modern communication techniques? Since today it is taken for granted that we live with the network technique, it is important to know more about the way in which children and youths deal with it. It is clear that the contextualization of the “Web” and its options play a relevant role. It has to do with how software and Internet options are chosen and how they are integrated in everyday life. The embedding is a specific and subjective ability. To a degree unknown up to now, the use of technical worlds is oriented by motivations, since it mainly depends on the individual interest that precedes the use of the multimedia world. German youths appropriate the supply for surfing on the data highways in a playful way. The social forming that goes with this kind of appropriation of technique has been scarcely researched, even when it implies new risks. Here it is intended to reflect about this process and its possible effects, such as social inequity and exclusion (the so called “digital divide”).

Turismo rural en Cataluña. Estrategias empresariales

Abstract: In the present article we expose the findings of a research that aims to reveal the nature of the strategies of rural business creation. These strategies are situated according to the unequal social position and the connection with the rural world of rural tourism entrepreneurs. In accordance with their social and professional position in the rural habitat, we have identified three types of owner operators: a) farmers, b) professionals with no agricultural activity and c) neo-rurals. These types are explained by the processes of deagriculturalisation and a differentiation between agriculture and tourism. We emphasize that the motive for the development of rural tourism is property ownership and fundamentally originates from those who have been able to take advantage of the deagriculturalisation process and the new distribution of property resulting from the rural exodus that has occurred in the region during the last few decades.

Estrategias campesinas de reproducción social. El caso de las Tierras Altas Jujeñas, Argentina

Abstract: This article analyzes peasantry persistence in a context of deepening of the capitalist relations of production, as given by the diffusion of neoliberal policies in periphery countries. The case study focuses on crisis and recreation of peasant’s social reproduction strategies in the Puna and Quebrada de Humahuaca, Argentina. The article analyzes the new economic strategies of peasantry, focusing on its logics of accumulation and conversion of capitals. Results suggests that the productive conversion was oriented towards strengthening typical peasant activities such as farming and handicraft production —whereas the main followed mechanism against decapitalisation was the accumulation of social capital for its further conversion in other types of capitals. Nevertheless, the implementation of these strategies has been conditioned by structural and social factors that make difficult the consolidation of a commercial agriculture in peasant systems in these regions.

Perfiles sociales de la opinión pública española sobre la inmigración

Abstract: Immigration and its sharp increase in Spain in the last years, as has been stated by experts, is an important social, economic and also political phenomenon. Immigration has social consequences of different kinds such as demographic, economic, cultural, fiscal and political for the hostess society. The feelings (opinion and attitudes) towards immigration in November 2005 are analysed in this study, based on information from the CIS 2625 Barometer. Questions of interest include: What social profiles make people the most open towards the phenomenon of immigration? And the most restrictive? In this paper significant interrelationships found among socio-political attitudes (ideology), quantity of cultural capital (education) and economic interests (class); regarding attitude and public opinion towards immigration in the Spanish context at beginning of the 21st century are described and analysed.

Una defensa de la preferencia revelada

Abstract: The paper defends revealed preference analysis against the attack of Dan Hausman that RPA is unclear and has not empirical advantages. RPA is consistent with externalist accounts of the theory of mind where preference is interpreted and gets its meaning through our understanding of the actions of those studied. The paper argues that Hausman assumes the conclusion he is maintaining by assuming preference means “desire”. RPA is unavoidable in empirical research where we interpret outcomes through the intentional actions of human beings and is especially important in aggregate-data analysis. One of the confusions of philosophical critiques of RPA is to treat aggregate “type” explanations as though they refer to each token individual within the type. It concludes with some thoughts on the ethical considerations of using RPA.

Management y sociedad en la obra de Peter Drucker

Abstract: This article tries to highlight, from a critical perspective, the sociological aspects in the works by the famous management guru Peter Drucker. Therefore, it is proposed a discourse analysis which makes reference to the evolution of his thought, especially in two issues. Firstly, there is a focus on the changes in the relationship between corporation and society, which highlight how the author has moved from a organicist perspective of society to a denial of the social itself in his last works. Secondly, there is an analysis of the vision of the current society as a post-capitalist society, in which the State plays a minor role and knowledge reveals itself as the key socially differential factor.

Comunicación, cultura e ideología en la obra de Stuart Hall

Abstract: Stuart Hall has been one of the main figures in the development of cultural studies This paper examines the cultural and communicational theory of Stuart Hall Firstly, the article provides an overview of the basis of his theoretical framework Then, the communication process is described using his well known encoding-decoding model The paper tries to provide a brief explanation of how culture and subculture concepts are linked with the hegemony notion and the description of the communication process Finally, the article analyses the impact of Stuart Hall theory in Cultural Studies and the Sociology of Culture

Comunicación intercultural. Un estudio de caso sobre la prensa local extranjera en España

Abstract: Through the analysis of a case study (weekly paper Costa Blanca Nachrichten) we tried to accede in an indirect way to the guidelines of cultural interaction of a foreign community in Spain. In a global context that determines the local strategies of communication (glocalization), the contents of the media shows the vision of the local culture of the German residents, and the efforts of uncertainty reduction and increase cultural competence in this new social-cultural space. The structure of the contents presents the studied weekly paper as a mediator in the sense of an intermediate space between two cultures, and in the sense of a performer of the social realities in an asymmetric system of interchange of meaning.

El Tercer Sector y las administraciones públicas. Relaciones en el ámbito de la atención social en los niveles regional y local

Abstract: The organizations of the Third Sector have experienced in the last years a great expansion and have reached a notable social recognition. Public administrations consider often these entities as interlocutors and foment their expansion as a social good. The present work centres on the relations that are established between them and the Administration in a specific, but relevant area, since it is that of the social attention. From an investigation on the organizations that operate in Castile and Leon is analyzed and confirmed the heterogeneity of the organizations in the area of social attention, the way and the scope of the relations that they establish with the social public services and the role that they play in the well-being and in the participation of the citizens.

Inmigrantes y autóctonos en el ámbito local. El caso de Jimena de la Frontera

Abstract: Through this work we intend to emphasize the importance of approaching the study of immigration from the local level Our study centres on the municipality of Jimena de la Frontera (Cadiz) In the first part of the article we describe the evolution of immigration to this municipality: its origins, the settling of immigrants, which factors have contributed to the settlement, and its repercussions on social and economic life in Jimena The second part is a reflection upon the need of taking the diversity of situations at the local level into account when planning an immigration policy, stressing the difficulties that may arise when trying to apply general policies to the peculiarities of a particular territory

Acciones y creencias religiosas. Regularidades españolas

Abstract: This paper explores a number of regularities in religious behaviour, among subjects and their personal features. We use the 1998 wave of the International Social Survey Program dataset. Through principal components analysis we obtain two indexes (practise and religious beliefs) that are used as dependent variables in several estimations with socio-demographics as exogenous determinants. Our main results are: 1) practise and religious beliefs are positively correlated; 2) childhood religious experiences (attendance and parental practise) are positive determinants of current religious practise; 3) women, married and older people are more prone to be religious; 3) education is negatively correlated with religiosity; 4) there is no correlation among fertility and current religious activity.

El trabajo de campo experiencial y el replanteamiento de la periferia metropolitana. Una interpretación socio-espacial de la economía popular periférica

Abstract: This paper has two central and interrelated objectives: the first one is to show that, starting from an empirical case, the possibility of not mutilating the complexity of the phenomenon under research thanks to the kind of analysis followed, is not only a conceptual problem but also related to the empirical information production process. The second objective is to present some of the various facets of this complexity –particularly the unexpected ones– through a fragment of social life of the marginal periphery from East Mexico City. Approaching this theme, we integrate some instrumentals and other subjective aspects, but all considered from a spatial point of view.

Durkheim y Simmel, ¿Las dos vías de la sociología?

Abstract: Simmel and Durkehim, whose 150 anniversary of their births we celebrate this year, represent apprently two opposing modes of doing sociology, and two conceptions of society Precisely for that reason, they invite contrast and comparison Though differences between Simmel and Durkheim in style, findings, method and subject matter remain obvious, there are also considerable coincidences and a substantial degree of convergence in their approach This commemorative essay attemps to identify these elements and top show how both classical thinkers can, indeed must, be integrated into the common ground upon which contemporary sociology thrives and advances

Del preescolar a las puertas de la universidad. Un análisis de las trayectorias escolares de los estudiantes inmigrantes en Francia

Abstract: This article analyses the educational differentials between immigrant and native students from preschool education until the selection of traks in higher secondary schooling that clears the access to higher education. Using several dependent variables —the number of years in preschool programs, the grades obtained in Mathematics and French language, and the track chosen in non-compulsory schooling—, the paper shows that the immigrants’ disadvantage is already visible in primary school (immigrants take more years to finish than natives) and it is very evident in the grades obtained in secondary schooling. This poorer level of attainment is enough to explain the unequal access to the academic track in upper secondary education. The educational disadvantage of immigrant students does not seem to be associated with their ethnic ascription, but rather with their migrant status.

Inequality Aversion Among Spanish Gypsies. An Experimental Approach

Abstract: This paper presents a first attempt to measure inequality aversion among gypsies. We conducted an experiment among adult gypsies living at slums outside Vallecas (Madrid). To analyze this variable we use the mechanism provided by Kroll & Davidovitz (2003) among 38 voluntary participants. Results indicate that: i) 52.6% of the individuals are inequality averse; ii) there is a positive relationship between inequality aversion and some features of the population such as individual religious practice, marital status, family size, position in the hierarchy of the family or club association and, iii) neither wealth, nor participation in voluntary activities affect inequality aversion.

Left-Wing Voters on the Portuguese Socialist Party

Abstract: in this paper i aim to show the difficulties faced by socialist parties when retaining an electorate that is closest to their ideological line. i will use the case of the socialist Party of Portugal (Ps-Partido Socialista) to show how leftist citizens are more demanding and pragmatic with Ps governments than right-wing citizens with social Democratic Party (PsD-Partido Democrático Social) governments when economic circumstances are adverse. additional KeywoRds ideology, economic vote, Political Parties, Portugal. Revista inteRnaCional de soCiología (Ris) Vol. lXVi, no 51, septiemBre-DiciemBre, 55-78, 2008 issn: 0034-9712 56 • BraULio gÓMeZ fortes ris, voL. LXvi, no 51, sePtieMBre-DicieMBre, 55-78, 2008. issn: 0034-9712 intRoduCCión Diversos estudios han demostrado la existencia en Portugal de una progresiva desafección de los ciudadanos hacia su sistema político (Magalhaes, 2004; freire y Lobo, 2003). La crisis de representación de la que se viene hablando en europa desde mediados de los ochenta se observa en Portugal con preocupación. existe la evidencia empírica que demuestra la baja intensidad de la identificación partidista en Portugal (gunther y Montero, 2001) y la desconfianza hacia los partidos políticos (torcal y Montero, 2002). también se ha mostrado la existencia de un electorado que atiende más a las consideraciones de corto plazo (evaluación de los líderes políticos, desempeño de la economía, corrupción) que a los factores sociales (Jalalí, 2004). Por último, se ha identificado a un grupo social en el que los niveles de desconfianza hacia la clase política son más elevados que en el resto: urbanos, de elevado capital social y cultural y que manifiestan posiciones críticas en relación a cómo se sienten representados políticamente (villaverde cabral, 2004). todos estos trabajos no hacen distinciones ideológicas entre los descontentos o los insatisfechos. no aportan datos que nos permitan saber si los ciudadanos de izquierda están más satisfechos con sus partidos que los de derecha o si por el contrario muestran el mismo comportamiento. recientes trabajos publicados en españa (Barreiro, 2003; sánchez cuenca, 2004) han puesto de manifiesto que en este país los electores de izquierda se sienten peor representados por sus partidos y que son los ciudadanos con menos propensión a votar, por ideología. en Portugal, se han presentado resultados con datos agregados por distritos donde se demostraba que la abstención beneficiaba más al partido más orientado a la derecha, el Partido socialdemócrata (PsD), que al Partido socialista (aguiar, 1994), que no serían confirmados en otro estudio sobre la abstención en Portugal (freire y Magalhaes, 2001). el objetivo principal de este artículo es ofrecer la reacción electoral de los ciudadanos de izquierda ante la oferta electoral del Partido socialista (Ps) en Portugal. Mostraré la evolución de la composición ideológica de sus votantes y cómo han reaccionado a los movimientos ideológicos del Ps. comprobaré cómo la capacidad de retener a sus votantes más próximos ideológicamente ha disminuido en los últimos años en relación a su competidor, el Partido socialdemócrata (PsD). y por último, demostraré como el votante que se considera de izquierdas juzga con más dureza a un gobierno del Ps que 1 este artículo es una versión desarrollada de “os votantes do Ps: Duros e pragmáticos”, publicado en portugués como capítulo del libro de P. Magalhaes (edit.): Eleiçoes e cultura política, en imprensa de ciencias sociais. agradezco los valiosos comentarios de ignacio sánchez-cuenca a las versiones anteriores de este trabajo. 2 sí que se ha demostrado, en repetidas ocasiones, como entre la derecha existían tradicionalmente más desafectos al régimen democrático que entre el resto de las ideologías. sin embargo, en las últimas elecciones de 2002, habían desaparecido estas diferencias significativas (Magalhaes, 2004: 347). Los votantes De iZQUierDa ante eL PartiDo sociaLista... • 57 ris, Vol. LXvi, no 51, sePtieMBre-DicieMBre, 55-78, 2008. issn: 0034-9712 los votantes de derechas a los gobiernos del PsD, cuando los resultados económicos son malos. en la primera parte del artículo utilizaré los datos del eurobarómetro desde 1985 al 2002 para ver la evolución ideológica de los votantes del Partido socialista. en la segunda parte del trabajo, tanto para presentar las tablas de cercanía ideológica como para analizar el efecto de la ideología en el voto económico, utilizaré las bases de datos del proyecto “comportamiento eleitoral e atitudes Políticas dos Portugueses em Perspectiva comparada” que cubren los años: 1985, 1993, 1999 y 2002. he utilizado estas bases de datos porque son las únicas que contienen información sobre la posición ideológica que asignan los ciudadanos a los principales partidos portugueses. bReve ReCoRRido PoR la histoRia eleCtoRal del Ps el Ps portugués siempre ha sido la primera o la segunda fuerza en todas las elecciones legislativas desarrolladas en Portugal desde 1976. el apoyo al Ps ha oscilado entre el 20,82% logrado en 1985 y el 45% que alcanzó en 2005. De las once elecciones realizadas hasta la fecha el Ps logró vencer en cinco de ellas. Puede decirse que ha pasado casi tantos años en el gobierno como en la oposición. sin embargo, nunca ha sido capaz de alcanzar el 50% de los votos, algo que el partido conservador, el PsD, ha logrado en dos ocasiones. en los años iniciales de la transición portuguesa, el Ps se convirtió en el partido más votado en Portugal. ganó las dos primeras elecciones, tanto las de 1975, desarrolladas bajo la tutela militar, como las de 1976, bajo el liderazgo de Mario soares. en 1979 cosecharía su primera gran derrota, con la pérdida del 20% del voto. no existen encuestas para fundamentar con datos empíricos las causas que llevaron a una cantidad tan importante de ciudadanos a retirar el apoyo al Ps. Los analistas achacaron la primera gran derrota del Ps a la crisis económica que impidió la materialización de los sueños revolucionarios. Las luchas institucionales con el Presidente de la república fueron otro de los motivos de desgaste del Ps. 3 La finalización de este trabajo de investigación coincidió con la celebración de las elecciones anticipadas en el año 2005. Para fortalecer o refutar alguno de los argumentos presentados he utilizado algunos datos de estas elecciones. 4 sani, giacomo; Julián santamaría et al., The political culture of the southern Europe: a four nation study – dataset, 1985. Bacalhau, Mário and thomas Bruneau, continuidade e mudança no sistema de partidos em Portugal (continuity and change in the Portuguese party system) dataset, June 1993. worLD vaLUes sUrvey, 1990 – 1993, icPsr study number 6160 and eUroPean vaLUes stUDy, 1999/2000, april 2003 / release 1, Za/cologne/germany. freire, Lobo y Magalhaes, as eleiçoes legislativas de 2002. inquerito Póseleitoral, Lisboa, ics. 5 esta lucha institucional entre el Presidente eanes y el Primer Ministro soares tendría más adelante peores consecuencias para el Partido socialista. el general ramalho eanes creó un partido, el PrD, para 58 • BraULio gÓMeZ fortes ris, voL. LXvi, no 51, sePtieMBre-DicieMBre, 55-78, 2008. issn: 0034-9712 el Ps, a pesar de sus programas políticos maximalistas, se presentó siempre a las elecciones como un partido con vocación mayoritaria y con pretensiones de representar a todos los sectores de la sociedad. La primera experiencia de gobierno de Mario soares, a pesar de lo que pudiera decir el programa ideológico del Ps, fue un ejemplo de pragmatismo. el congreso del Partido socialista de 1982, siguiendo la tradición de congresos abiertos y fraticidas, se saldó con una amarga victoria de soares. a pesar de las guerras internas, el líder socialista fue capaz de mantener bajo la disciplina parlamentaria a los perdedores del congreso que no estaban de acuerdo con la revisión constitucional de 1982 (gómez, 2003). el aislamiento de soares dentro de su partido, motivó el acercamiento al PsD, una decisión que ha sido subrayada como una de las causas de la escasa relevancia del cleavage izquierda-derecha en Portugal (gunther, 2004: 75). La explicación sería el pragmatismo y la moderación del gobierno de coalición Ps-PsD que duró hasta 1985. La formación de una coalición con su máximo competidor, el PsD, formaba parte de la estrategia para la carrera presidencial de soares. el Ps ganó las elecciones, pero necesitaba compartir la responsabilidad de la gestión de una crisis económica que iba a implicar duras políticas de ajuste. al final, el Ps pagó en solitario los costes de una competir en el mismo espacio electoral que el Ps. en 1985 este partido alcanzaría más del 20% del voto, para desvanecerse en las siguientes elecciones de 1987. gráfico 1. Resultados electorales Portugal (1975-2005). fuente: Ministerio interior Portugal Los votantes De iZQUierDa ante eL PartiDo sociaLista... • 59 ris, Vol. LXvi, no 51, sePtieMBre-DicieMBre, 55-78, 2008. issn: 0034-9712 grave crisis económica de la que fue exonerado su socio de coalición. Los votantes de izquierda abandonaron al Ps, mientras el PsD vio incrementado su voto en las elecciones de 1987. como demostraré a continuación, los votantes de izquierda no tienen reparos en reconocer la falta de eficacia de los gobiernos socialistas. en cambio, el partido conservador consiguió mantener e incrementar su base de apoyo tradicional, a pesar de haber compartido responsabilidades de gobierno con el Ps. este resultado, el peor de la historia, llevó a un cambio de líder en la dirección del partido socialista. La victoria de Mario soares en las presidenciales de 1986 no ayudó a su partido a volver al gobierno. Bajo la presidencia socialista de Mario soares se sucederían dos mayorías absolutas del PsD, que se llevarían por delante tanto a victor constancio, como a su sucesor, Jorge sampaio. en 1992, el líder parlamentario del Ps, antonio guterres, se haría con la dirección del partido y conseguió el mejor resultado electoral d

Percepción social de los derechos de propiedad agroambiental. El caso de Andalucía

Abstract: This paper uses the 2005 “Survey on Individuals’ Opinion on Rurality and Agriculture in Andalusia Agrobarometre 2005 ” to empirically investigate the relevance of agri-environmental property rights as dynamic social institutions upon which the agriculture-environment-society relationship is based Gaining a better understanding on individuals’ perceptions of agri-environmental property rights will be of particular relevance to contribute agri-environmental policy evaluation and development Results indicate the existence of an increasing environmental awareness among individuals in Andalusia who support the implementation of eco-compatible practices among farmers

Aversión a la desigualdad entre gitanos españoles: un enfoque experimental

Abstract: This paper presents a first attempt to measure inequality aversion among gypsies. We conducted an experiment among adult gypsies living at slums outside Vallecas (Madrid). To analyze this variable we use the mechanism provided by Kroll & Davidovitz (2003) among 38 voluntary participants. Results indicate that: i) 52,6% of the individuals are inequality averse; ii) there is a positive relationship between inequality aversion and some features of the population such as individual religious practice, marital status, family size, position in the hierarchy of the family or club association and, iii) neither wealth, nor participation in voluntary activities affect inequality aversion.