Showing papers in "Science in 1968"
TL;DR: The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality.
Abstract: The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality.
22,421 citations
TL;DR: The psychosocial conditions and mechanisms underlying the Matthew effect are examined and a correlation between the redundancy function of multiple discoveries and the focalizing function of eminent men of science is found—a function which is reinforced by the great value these men place upon finding basic problems and by their self-assurance.
Abstract: This account of the Matthew effect is another small exercise in the psychosociological analysis of the workings of science as a social institution. The initial problem is transformed by a shift in theoretical perspective. As originally identified, the Matthew effect was construed in terms of enhancement of the position of already eminent scientists who are given disproportionate credit in cases of collaboration or of independent multiple discoveries. Its significance was thus confined to its implications for the reward system of science. By shifting the angle of vision, we note other possible kinds of consequences, this time for the communication system of science. The Matthew effect may serve to heighten the visibility of contributions to science by scientists of acknowledged standing and to reduce the visibility of contributions by authors who are less well known. We examine the psychosocial conditions and mechanisms underlying this effect and find a correlation between the redundancy function of multiple discoveries and the focalizing function of eminent men of science—a function which is reinforced by the great value these men place upon finding basic problems and by their self-assurance. This self-assurance, which is partly inherent, partly the result of experiences and associations in creative scientific environments, and partly a result of later social validation of their position, encourages them to search out risky but important problems and to highlight the results of their inquiry. A macrosocial version of the Matthew principle is apparently involved in those processes of social selection that currently lead to the concentration of scientific resources and talent ( 50 ).
5,689 citations
TL;DR: Hundreds of thousands of copies of DNA sequences have been incorporated into the genomes of higher organisms and used in medicine, science, and engineering.
Abstract: Hundreds of thousands of copies of DNA sequences have been incorporated into the genomes of higher organisms.
2,699 citations
TL;DR: The planum temporale (the area behind Hesch's gyrus) is larger on the left in 65 percent of brains; on the right it is larger in only 11 percent.
Abstract: We have found marked anatomical asymmetries between tile upper surfaces of the human right and left temporal lobes. The planum temporale (the area behind Hesch's gyrus) is larger on the left in 65 percent of brains; on the right it is larger in only 11 percent. The left planum is on the average one-third longer than the planum. This area makes up part of the temporal speech cortex, whose importance is well established on the basis of both anatomical findings in aphasic patients ans cortical stimulation at operation.
2,137 citations
TL;DR: Rat glial tumors, induced by injections of N-nitrosomethylurea, were plated and propagated in culture, and among a few cell strains obtained, one clone contains S-100 protein, which is unique to brain in vertebrates.
Abstract: Rat glial tumors, induced by injections of N-nitrosomethylurea, were plated and propagated in culture. Among a few cell strains obtained, one clone contains S-100 protein, which is unique to brain in vertebrates. Stationary-phase cultures contain approximately ten times more S-100 protein per cell than exponentially growing cells. When injected into newborn rats, cells producing S-100 grew as a glial tumor, which contained S-100 protein.
1,454 citations
879 citations
TL;DR: Rats had a memory loss of a fear response when they received an electroconvulsive shock 24 hours after the fear-conditioning trial and preceded by a brief presentation of the conditioned stimulus, which throws doubt on the assertion that electro Convulsive shock exerts a selective amnesic effect on recently acquired memories.
Abstract: Rats had a memory loss of a fear response when they received an electroconvulsive shock 24 hours after the fear-conditioning trial and preceded by a brief presentation of the conditioned stimulus. No such loss occurred when the conditioned stimulus was not presented. The memory loss in animals given electroconvulsive shock 24 hours after conditioning was, furthermore, as great as that displayed in animals given electroconvulsive shock immediately after conditioning. This result throws doubt on the assertion that electroconvulsive shock exerts a selective amnesic effect on recently acquired memories and thus that electroconvulsive shock produces amnesia solely through interference with memory trace consolidation.
820 citations
786 citations
TL;DR: Biopsy material taken from the brain of a patient with CreutzfeldtJakob disease with status spongiosus induced a similar fatal encephalopathy in a chimpanzee 13 months after inoculation.
Abstract: Biopsy material taken from the brain of a patient with CreutzfeldtJakob disease with status spongiosus induced a similar fatal encephalopathy in a chimpanzee 13 months after inoculation.
TL;DR: Weak alternating magnetic fields outside the human scalp, produced by alpha-rhythm currents, are demonstrated and a course distribution shows left-right symmetry for the particular averaging technique used here.
Abstract: Weak alternating magnetic fields outside the human scalp, produced by alpha-rhythm currents, are demonstrated. Subject ard magnetic detector were housed in a multilayer magnetically shielded chamber. Background magnetic noise was reduced by signal-averaging. The fields near the scalp are about 1 x 10-9 gauss (peak to peak). A course distribution shows left-right symmetry for the particular averaging technique used here.
TL;DR: Fluorescence spectroscopy of proteins, analyzing polarity, distances between groups, flexibility and conformational transitions, and its applications in medicine and materials science.
Abstract: Fluorescence spectroscopy of proteins, analyzing polarity, distances between groups, flexibility and conformational transitions
TL;DR: The classical sleep disorders of nocturnal enuresis, somnambulism, the nightmare, and the sleep terror occur preferentially during arousal from slow-wave sleep and are virtually never associated with the rapid-eye-movement dreaming state.
Abstract: In summary, the classical sleep disorders of nocturnal enuresis, somnambulism, the nightmare, and the sleep terror occur preferentially during arousal from slow-wave sleep and are virtually never associated with the rapid-eye-movement dreaming state. Original data are reported here which indicate that physiological differences from normal subjects, of a type predisposing the individual to a particular attack pattern, are present throughout the night. The episode, at least in the case of enuresis, appears to be simply a reinforcement of these differences to a clinically overt level. A number of features are common to all four sleep disorders. These had been shown previously to be attributable to the arousal itself. New data obtained by means of evoked potential techniques suggest that these common symptoms of the confusional period that follows non-REM sleep are related to alterations of cerebral reactivity, at least of the visual system. The symptoms which distinguish the individual attack types (that is, micturition, prolonged confusional fugues, overt terror) appear to be based upon physiological changes present throughout sleep which are markedly accentuated during arousal from slow-wave sleep. These changes may in some way be related to diurnal psychic conflicts. But, to date, it has proved impossible to demonstrate potentially causal psychological activity, dreaming or other forms of mental activity, or even a psychological void in sleep just preceding the attacks. The presence of all-night or even daytime predisposing physiological changes and the difficulty in obtaining any solid evidence of a preceding psychological cause explain, no doubt, why the results of efforts to cure the disorders at the moment of their occurrence (for example, by conditioning procedures in nocturnal enuresis) have been far from satisfactory. I stress the points that the attacks are best considered disorders of arousal and that the slow-wave sleep arousal episode which sets the stage for these attacks is a normal cyclic event. Indeed it is the most intense recurrent arousal that an individual regularly experiences. The most fruitful possibilities for future research would appear to be more detailed studies of those physiological changes that predispose individuals to certain types of attacks when they undergo intense arousal or stress; the reversal of these changes by psychological or pharmacological means; and more refined investigations of the physiological and psychological characteristics of the process of cyclic arousal from non-REM sleep.
TL;DR: Hepatic microsomes contain an ethanol-oxidizing system distinct from alcohol dehydrogenase that has characteristics comparable to those of microsomal drug-detoxifying enzymes and, in vivo, it is capable of adaptation to the administration of ethanol.
Abstract: Hepatic microsomes contain an ethanol-oxidizing system distinct from alcohol dehydrogenase. In vitro, it has characteristics comparable to those of microsomal drug-detoxifying enzymes and, in vivo, it is capable of adaptation to the administration of ethanol. The existence of this microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system may explain ultrastructural, pharmacological, and biochemical effects of ethanol.
TL;DR: In this article, the pattern of organic bases in DNA which functions as a genetic code is defined as a boundary condition irreducible to physics and chemistry and further controlling principles of life may be represented as a hierarchy of boundary conditions extending, in the case of man, to consciousness and responsibility.
Abstract: Mechanisms, whether man-made or morphological, are boundary conditions harnessing the laws of inanimate nature, being themselves irreducible to those laws. The pattern of organic bases in DNA which functions as a genetic code is a boundary condition irreducible to physics and chemistry. Further controlling principles of life may be represented as a hierarchy of boundary conditions extending, in the case of man, to consciousness and responsibility.
TL;DR: Catastrophic declines of three raptorial species in the United States have been accompanied by decreases in eggshell thickness that began in 1947 and amounted to 19 percent or more, and were identical to phenomena reported in Britain.
Abstract: Catastrophic declines of three raptorial species in the United States have been accompanied by decreases in eggshell thickness that began in 1947, have amounted to 19 percent or more, and were identical to phenomena reported in Britain. In 1967, shell thickness in herring gull eggs from five states decreased with increases in chlorinated hydrocarbon residues.
TL;DR: Biospheric, hydrospheric, lithospheric and atmospheric evolution on primitive earth, discussing secular accretion and biological and geochemical processes effect on volatile envelope.
Abstract: Biospheric, hydrospheric, lithospheric and atmospheric evolution on primitive earth, discussing secular accretion and biological and geochemical processes effect on volatile envelope
TL;DR: A sea-level curve of the past 35,000 years for the Atlantic continental shelf of the United States is based on more than 80 radiocarbon dates, suggesting that it is approximately the eustatic curve for the period.
Abstract: A sea-level curve of the past 35,000 years for the Atlantic continental shelf of the United States is based on more than 80 radiocarbon dates, 15 of which are older than 15,000 years. Materials include shallow-water mollusks, oolites, coralline algae, beachrock, and salt-marsh peat. Sea level 30,000 to 35,000 years ago was near the present one. Subsequent glacier growth lowered sea level to about -130 meters 16,000 years ago. Holocene transgression probably began about 14,000 years ago, and continued rapidly to about 7000 years ago. Dates from most shelves of the world agree with this curve, suggesting that it is approximately the eustatic curve for the period.
TL;DR: The observed critical parameters indicate that a laminar flow in the core, due to the earth's precession, would have weak hydrodynamic instabilities at most, but that finite-amplitude hydromagnetic instability could lead to fully turbulent flow.
Abstract: I have proposed that the precessional torques acting on the earth can sustain a turbulent hydromagnetic flow in the molten core. A gross balance of the Coriolis force, the Lorentz force, and the precessional force in the core fluid provided estimates of the fluid velocity and the interior magnetic field characteristic of such flow. Then these numbers and a balance of the processes responsible for the decay and regeneration of the magnetic field provided an estimate of the magnetic field external to the core. This external field is in keeping with the observations, but its value is dependent upon the speculative value for the electrical conductivity of core material. The proposal that turbulent flow due to precession can occur in the core was tested in a study of nonmagnetic laboratory flows induced by the steady precession of fluid-filled rotating spheroids. It was found that these flows exhibit both small wavelike instabilities and violent finite-amplitude instability to turbulent motion above critical values of the precession rate. The observed critical parameters indicate that a laminar flow in the core, due to the earth9s precession, would have weak hydrodynamic instabilities at most, but that finite-amplitude hydromagnetic instability could lead to fully turbulent flow.
TL;DR: By outbreeding Wistar rats and selecting for breeding animals that differ in their alcohol consumption, two genetically different lines are raised and marked differences between the sexes and the strains were evident by the eighth generation.
Abstract: By outbreeding Wistar rats and selecting for breeding animals that differ in their alcohol consumption, we have raised two genetically different lines. Marked differences between the sexes and the strains were evident by the eighth generation. Selection is reflected in the regression coefficient .754, which accounts for 65.9 percent of the variance. The heritabilities differ significantly in the two sexes, h2 for the males being .263, and for the females .371; this difference seems mainly ascribable to sex-linkage of some of the genetic factors controlling voluntary consumption of alcohol.
TL;DR: The two monocyte receptors exert a cooperative effect on ingestion by monocytes of erythrocytes coated with γG antibody in the presence of inhibitory amounts of free γE, which is independent of complement.
Abstract: Human monocytes contain two distinct receptor sites, one specific for the third component of complement (C'3), the other for immunoglobulin G(gammaG). The two receptors may function either independently or cooperatively in the induction of phagocytosis. Ingestion of erythrocytes coated with immunoglobulin M antibody requires a relatively large number of bound C'3 molecules per cell. Ingestion of erythrocytes sensitized with gammaG antibody is independent of complement; however, the reaction is inhibited by concentrations of gammaG far below those in normal serum. Inhibition by gammaG-globulin is overcome by a relatively small number of bound C'3 molecules per cell. The two monocyte receptors exert a cooperative effect on ingestion by monocytes of erythrocytes coated with gammaG antibody in the presence of inhibitory amounts of free gammaG.
TL;DR: Methylxanthines and catecholamines both inhibit antigenically induced histamine release from human leukocytes, but must be present when antigen is added; preincubation is not effective.
Abstract: Methylxanthines and catecholamines both inhibit antigenically induced histamine release from human leukocytes. They act synergistically to inhibit the reaction, but must be present when antigen is added; preincubation is not effective. Since both increase cellular levels of cyclic 3 ', 5'-adenosine monophosphate it is postulated that this compound plays a role in the regulation of allergic histamine release.
TL;DR: Lunar Orbiter tracking data have been processed to supply a qualitatively consistent gravimetric map of the lunar nearside and the results indicate that there are large mass concentrations under the lunar ringed maria.
Abstract: Lunar Orbiter tracking data have been processed to supply a qualitatively consistent gravimetric map of the lunar nearside. While a simplified model was employed, the results indicate that there are large mass concentrations under the lunar ringed maria. These mass concentrations may have important implications for the various theories regarding lunar history.
TL;DR: The primitive state of knowledge of the drug, the research problems encountered in designing a replicable study, and the results of the investigations are described.
Abstract: In the spring of 1968 we conducted a series of pilot experiments on acute marijuana intoxication in human subjects. The study was not undertaken to prove or disprove popularly held convictions about marijuana as an intoxicant, to compare it with other drugs, or to introduce our own opinions. Our concern was simply to collect some long overdue pharmacological data. In this article we describe the primitive state of knowledge of the drug, the research problems encountered in designing a replicable study, and the results of our investigations. Marijuana is a crude preparation of flowering tops, leaves, seeds, and stems of female plants of Indian hemp Cannabis sativa L.; it is usually smoked. The intoxicating constituents of hemp are found in the sticky resin exuded by the tops of the plants, particularly the females. Male plants produce some resin but are grown mainly for hemp fiber, not for marijuana. The resin itself, when prepared for smoking or eating, is known as “hashish.” Various Cannabis preparations are used as intoxicants throughout the world; their potency varies directly with the amount of resin present.’ Samples of American marijuana differ greatly in pharmacological activity, depending on their composition (tops contain most resin ; stems, seeds and lower leaves least) and on the conditions
TL;DR: The severity of sleep suppression was found to be related to the size and localization of lesions placed specifically within the preoptic area and not to transient disturbances in feeding and temperature regulation.
Abstract: Large bilateral preoptic lesions produced complete sleeplessness in two cats. In eight additional cats, similar but smaller lesions resulted in a significant reduction of quiet (slow-wave) sleep by 55 to 73 percent, and active (paradoxical) sleep by 80 to 100 percent. These values were determined by pre- and postlesion 22-hour continuous observations. Complete sleeplessness was followed by lethal exhaustion within a few days, whereas incomplete sleeplessness persisted at maximum levels for 2 to 3 weeks. The suppression of sleep was characterized by a gradual onset during the first 1 to 2 weeks, and a complete or partial recovery after 6 to 8 weeks. The severity of sleep suppression was found to be related to the size and localization of lesions placed specifically within the preoptic area and not to transient disturbances in feeding and temperature regulation.
TL;DR: The biochemical defect of cultuired skin fibroblasts from Hurler or Hunter patients (faulty degradation of sulfated mucopolysaccharide, resulting in excessive intracellular accumulation) may be corrected if cells of these two genotypes are mixed with each other or with normal cells.
Abstract: The biochemical defect of cultuired skin fibroblasts from Hurler or Hunter patients (faulty degradation of sulfated mucopolysaccharide, resulting in excessive intracellular accumulation) may be corrected if cells of these two genotypes are mixed with each other or with normal cells. The effect is mediated by substances released into the medium.