Showing papers in "Scientometrics in 1987"
TL;DR: A crucial question is whether Zipf's law of word occurrence should be considered a part of this particular sub-discipline of ‘bibliometrics’.
Abstract: The definitions of the term ‘bibliometrics’ as used in the literature are examined and evaluated. Most such definitions are held to be too broad. A new definition is proposed; then its advantages and possible defects pointed out. A crucial question is whether Zipf's law of word occurrence should be considered a part of this particular sub-discipline.
776 citations
TL;DR: A detailed study of a co-citation map, its core documents' citation patterns and the related journal structures, is presented and an attempt is made to reflect on the results in terms of further substantial questions for the study of the dynamics of science.
Abstract: The dynamic mapping of science using the data in theScience Citation Index was put on the research agenda of science studies byDe Solla Price in the mid 1960s. Recently, proponents of ‘co-citation cluster analysis’ have claimed that in principle their methodology makes such mapping possible. The study examines this claim, both methodologically and theoretically, in relation to other means of mapping science. A detailed study of a co-citation map, its core documents' citation patterns and the related journal structures, is presented. At these three levels of possible study of aggregates of citations, an analysis is pursued for the years 1978 to 1984. The many different statistical methods which are in use for the analysis of the respective datamatrices—such as cluster analysis, factor analysis and multidimensional scalling—are assessed with a view to their potential to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics at the different levels in relation to each other. This will lead to some recommendations about methods to use and to avoid when we aim at a comprehensive mapping of science. Although the study is pursued at a formal and analytical level, in the conclusions an attempt is made to reflect on the results in terms of further substantial questions for the study of the dynamics of science.
188 citations
TL;DR: It is asserted that citation data are not merely flawed in one or another respect but that they are so incomplete and so biased, in principle, that they should not be used in empirical studies of intellectual influence.
Abstract: The problem of tracing intellectual influences in the development of science and learning has a long history of much discussion and some investigation, a history that cannot be examined here. But, by way of historical perspective on the \"evolving grammar of citation analysis,\" it is useful to recognize that from its emergence, citation analysis has been just one, hardly the sole procedure, used to trace intellectual influence flowing from designated works in science and scholarship by designated authors. Just as the Science Citation Index was begun in 1963, its originator, Eugene Garfield, 1 was taking note of the need for supplementing citation analysis with other type.s of correlative evidence in an effort to track the extent and directions of such influence. Ever since, there has been a continuing critical appraisal of citation data as imperfect indicators of intellectual influence in science, some of this resulting in more differentiated modes of analysis than simple counts) -7 MacRoberts and MaeRoberts 8 now assert that citation data are not merely flawed in one or another respect but that they are so incomplete and so biased, in principle, that they should not be used in empirical studies of intellectual influence. In arriving at this conclusion, they focus on their use in studies of the Ortega Hypothesisthe notion that science advances \"thanks in great part\" to the contributions of average, or as Ortega calls them, \"mediocre\" scientists.9,10
126 citations
TL;DR: The paper introduces the citation strategy indicator which relates impact factors of cited periodicals with the mean impact factor of periodicals in the corresponding research subfield and introduces theitation threshold concept which tries to characterize the effect of citing motivations quantitatively.
Abstract: On the basis of investigating author's opinion on citing motivations of chemistry papers aquasi-quantitative model for citing is suggested. The model selects professional and nonprofessional motivations of citing and introduces thecitation threshold concept which tries to characterize the effect of citing motivations quantitatively. Possible reasons for missing citations are also treated. Mean ages of real and of self-citations were calculated by subtracting the average of the publication years of cited papers from the publication year of the citing publication. The difference between the mean ages may characterize thesynchronity of the author's research in comparison with those working on similar topics. The paper introduces thecitation strategy indicator which relates impact factors of cited periodicals with the mean impact factor of periodicals in the corresponding research subfield.
119 citations
TL;DR: The total publication output of a given subject field can be arranged into groups according to its citation distribution, and these scores were used to group papers into five categories of citedness.
Abstract: The total publication output of a given subject field can be arranged into groups according to its citation distribution.Characteristic scores are defined independently of any preconceived rule or law. The scores were used to group papers into five categories of citedness. Comparative assessments of reserach performance can be based on these citation scores.
79 citations
TL;DR: The assumptions and data base used by researchers who have tested the Ortega hypothesis are not supported by the data and the data are faulty, and any policy implemented on the basis of this research should be suspended.
Abstract: We examine the assumptions and data base used by researchers who have tested the Ortega hypothesis. We find that the assumptions are not supported by the data and that the data are faulty. We conclude that the results are artifactual. We recommend that any policy implemented on the basis of this research be suspended.
61 citations
TL;DR: The results offer little evidence for the Matthew effect and the Ortega hypothesis, but support the validity of both peer review outcomes and bibliometric impact assessments of scientific performance.
Abstract: Quality judgments of predominantly local senior scientists regarding the scientific performance of candidates for a doctorate degree in physics were compared to the non-local short-term and long-term impact of the work published by these candidates before and after graduation. It was hypothesized that publications of cum laude degree-holders (‘cumlaudes’), both shortly before and shortly after the award of the degree, would be higher cited both on the short and long run than publications of ‘ordinary’ degree-holders. Before graduation, cumlaudes were significantly more productive, as well as authors of more highly cited publications than ordinary doctorates. Publications authored by cumlaudes some years before their graduation received on the average more than twice as many citations as publications authored by non-cumlaudes. However, in particular for cumlaudes, productivity and impact decreased sharply in years after graduation. After graduation, cumlaudes continued to be more productive than non-cumlaudes, but the impact of their publications equalled those produced by non-cumlaudes. The results offer little evidence for the Matthew effect and the Ortega hypothesis, but support the validity of both peer review outcomes and bibliometric impact assessments of scientific performance.
57 citations
TL;DR: Recently a modification of correspondence analysis has been developed, quasi-correspondence analysis, which seems quite suitable for the analysis of citation-based transaction matrices which are incomplete or in which the incorporation of certain transactions may seem inappropriate.
Abstract: In principle, a scientometric transaction matrix can be modelled by assuming that the number of transactions is the result of independent row and column contributions. More often one is primarily interested in the cross-structural relations between the participating entities, whereas the row and column margin~tls are of lesser or no importance. The values of the residuals after fitting an independence model to a complete transaction matrix can be analyzed by correspondence analysis to investigate the structure of the transactions between the rows and columns, after correcting for their marginal t~equencies. Recently a modification of correspondence analysis has been developed, quasi-correspondence analysis, which seems quite suitable for the analysis of citation-based transaction matrices which are incomplete or in which the incorporation of certain transactions may seem inappropriate, An illustration of both data analysis-techniques will be given using a journal-to-journal citation matrix.
55 citations
TL;DR: Donnees statistiques exploitees a partir de la base de donnees du Science Citation Index pour la periode consideree et organisees en tableaux par ordre de pays, du plus producteur au moins producteur, pour l'ensemble des disciplines scientifiques.
Abstract: Donnees statistiques exploitees a partir de la base de donnees du Science Citation Index pour la periode consideree et organisees en tableaux par ordre de pays, du plus producteur au moins producteur, pour l'ensemble des disciplines scientifiques
44 citations
TL;DR: A bibliography of entomological research in Nigeria, 1900–1973 totally 1720 publications was analysed to study the author productivity patterns and to test the applicability of Lotka's law for the obtained distributions.
Abstract: A bibliography of entomological research in Nigeria, 1900–1973 totally 1720 publications was analysed to study the author productivity patterns and to test the applicability of Lotka's law for the obtained distributions. Four different files were generated, one for the publications of all the authors, second for the publications by first authors, third for single authors and fourth for coauthors. Lotka's law in its original form as inverse square law does not apply to any of the four data sets. However, it does apply in its generalised form with the calculated values of characteristic exponent α. The values of α were found to be 1.9, 1.8, 2.2 and 2.4 for the four different data sets. K-S statistical test was aplied to test the applicability of generalised form of Lotka's law. The maximum difference in the observed and estimated values of the proportions of authors was found to be highly insignificant at 0.01 level of significance in each of the four cases.
39 citations
TL;DR: Taking into account both the publications that have a direct influence and those that have an indirect influence, the total influence measure on a fixed paper is obtained.
Abstract: This paper gives a mathematical technique to study influences, using citations. Taking into account both the publications that have a direct influence and those that have an indirect influence, we obtain the total influence measure on a fixed paper.
TL;DR: A modified index of journal standing in a stratified journal to journal citation network is proposed, an eiginvector of the inverted matrix used in the input-output analysis that has improved validity and better distributional properties than the original index.
Abstract: A modified index of journal standing in a stratified journal to journal citation network is proposed. The original index, generated through an application of input-output analysis, is used as the first step of an iterative procedure that converges on the new index. This index, an eiginvector of the inverted matrix used in the input-output analysis, has improved validity and better distributional properties than the original index.
TL;DR: Reflexion sur l'analyse de citations comme methode d'evaluation de the recherche scientifique de la recherches scientifiques de l'hypothese d'Ortega.
Abstract: Rappel de la controverse a propos de l'hypothese d'Ortega et des critiques qui lui ont ete faites. Reflexion sur l'analyse de citations comme methode d'evaluation de la recherche scientifique
TL;DR: L'analyse des citations: les references citees sont-elles revelatrices de l'influence subie par l'auteur qui les cite?
Abstract: L'analyse des citations: les references citees sont-elles revelatrices de l'influence subie par l'auteur qui les cite?
TL;DR: In this paper, the main aim of the study is to estimate to what extent the productivity of researchers is influenced by their mobility, based on emperical data of Dutch scientists, it is shown that job mobility is a characteristic of productive scientists rather than a means to enhance productivity.
Abstract: The main aim of this study is to estimate to what extent the productivity of researchers is influenced by their mobility. Based on emperical data of Dutch scientists it is shown that job mobility is a characteristic of productive scientists rather than a means to enhance productivity. Field mobility appears to stimulate productivity in the long run.
TL;DR: A rigorous analysis of Bradford's law is made using an index for the observed values of the variables, and the shape of Bradford-type curves can be described in terms of three distinct regions and two shape parameters.
Abstract: A rigorous analysis of Bradford's law is made using an index for the observed values of the variables. Three important properties relating size and frequency are identified. Using this approach, the shape of Bradford-type curves can be described in terms of three distinct regions and two shape parameters.
TL;DR: Validite des mesures quantitatives du transfert des connaissances scientifiques and de l'analyse des citations comme indicateur du role des chercheurs.
Abstract: Validite des mesures quantitatives du transfert des connaissances scientifiques et de l'analyse des citations comme indicateur du role des chercheurs
TL;DR: Commentaire de l'article de Macroberts, critiquant l'hypothese d'Ortega sur les liens entre l'influence des scientifiques et le nombre de fois ou leurs articles sont cites.
Abstract: Commentaire de l'article de Macroberts, critiquant l'hypothese d'Ortega sur les liens entre l'influence des scientifiques et le nombre de fois ou leurs articles sont cites
TL;DR: A mathematical relationship of θ in function of α and the parameter μ (the mean number of papers per author) is proved and the relation betwwen the 80/20-rules and Price's law is shown.
Abstract: Price's law asserts — in its simpliest version — that\(\sqrt N \) authors produce half of the papers made by the total ofN authors. More generally: the topNα(0<α<1) authors produce a fraction θ (0<θ<1) of the papers made by the total ofN authors and the Price's law says that θ≈α. In this paper — using Lotka's law — we prove a mathematical relationship of θ in function of α and the parameter μ (the mean number of papers per author) and investigate when θ≈α. More-over our reasoning uses the theory of the 80/20 rule as developed in: L. EGGHE, On the 80/20-rule,Scientometrics, 10 (1986) 55–68, thereby also showing the relation betwwen the 80/20-rules (being an arithmetical form of measuring elitarism) and Price's law (being a geometric form of measuring elitarism).
TL;DR: A partir des references figurant la base de donnees SCI (Science Citation Index) pour les annees 1978 a 1980, on a etabli les tableaux suivants, d'abord pour les sciences physiques puis pour les mathematiques.
Abstract: A partir des references figurant la base de donnees SCI (Science Citation Index) pour les annees 1978 a 1980, on a etabli les tableaux suivants, d'abord pour les sciences physiques puis pour les mathematiques: liste par pays selon le nombre de publications, taux de contribution de ces pays par rapport a l'ensemble des publications, variations d'une annee a l'autre du pourcentage de publications emanant d'un pays, taux de citation des publications, taux de citation rapporte au nombre de publications d'un pays
TL;DR: The argument here is that publication and citation data obtained within a specific country can hardly be compared to those offered by international databases such as that of ISI.
Abstract: This article is a reply to Moravcsik's interpretation of my results on Brazilian agricultural research The argument here is that publication and citation data obtained within a specific country can hardly be compared to those offered by international databases such as that of ISI Furthermore, publication and citation data must be interpreted in the light of qualitative information if they, are to be of any use for science policy Finally, the conclusions drawn in my previous paper are reinforced here by the supplying of additional information
TL;DR: An article by article analysis produced by ISI highlights the different roles of two medical journals and allows a parallel examination of the citation pattern of other items besides the standard scientific research articles.
Abstract: An article by article analysis produced by ISI has been investigated to see whether this form of feedback might be useful to the editors. The data highlight the different roles of two medical journals, which are often regarded as similar. They also allow a parallel examination of the citation pattern of other items besides the standard scientific research articles.
TL;DR: Szilard: I am going to write down all that is going on these days in the project, not for anyone to read, just for God.
Abstract: Szilard: I am going to write down all that is going on these days in the project. I am just going to write down the facts, not for anyone to read, just for God. Bethe: Don't you think God knows the facts? Szilard: May be he does, but not this version of the facts. (Leo Szilard: His Version o f the Facts. Selected Recollections and Correspondence. Ed.: Spencer R. Weart and Gertrud Weiss Szilard, MIT Press, Cambridge, M a, 1978, p. 149.)
TL;DR: The essence of M&M's argument seems to be that, because of uncertainty as to what a citation really means, the pattern of the elite citing the elite should not be interpreted to mean that the elite depend on the work of the Elite without depending on theWork of the underlings, but rather that the Elite are using their citations to other elite more to bolster their position than to show the true underpinings of their research.
Abstract: The position of MaeRoberts and MacRoberts (M&M) boils down to essentially whether a) one should believe the citation data, b) one should believe the conventional interpretation of it, and the implications with respect to refuting the Ortega hypothesis, and c) one should believe that any significant amount of policy has ever been implemented on the basis of this anyway. I am sure M&M and most others certainly believe the data-citations from highly cited papers people, institutions, tend to go to other highly cited papers, people, institutions, and that relatively large number of the highly cited papers are written by a relatively small number of people. The question then is whether one believes that this data proves, or at least strongly implies, that the Ortega hypothesis is false. The essence of M&M's argument seems to be that, because of uncertainty as to what a citation really means, the pattern of the elite citing the elite should not be interpreted to mean that the elite depend on the work of the elite without depending on the work of the underlings, but rather that the elite are using their citations to other elite more to bolster their position than to show the true underpinings of their research. M&M's argument for interpreting the data in this way and suggestion for alternatives appears tenuous, at best, for a number of reasons. First, they really do not show that a significant fraction of the citations are not true measures of linkage. For example, the various tracing studies all show citation linkages representing sequential steps in important scientific advances. Second, citation is so heavily concentrated that, even if two-thirds of the citations were perfunctory or irrelevant or biased, there would still be a very strong relation-
TL;DR: It is shown that the most rapid development in this field took place in the pre-war years, it was at high level up to 1960 and then began to decrease.
Abstract: A new method for author groups formation and decay processes is proposed. With the help of a special mathematical model time distribution of authors and their publications was established and group productivity, composition and stability, annual change of the total number of short-term and long-term authors, their renovation etc. as well as the time dependence of these quantities was determined. Particularities of activity of authors working in nuclear physics are investigated. It is shown that the most rapid development in this field took place in the pre-war years, it was at high level up to 1960 and then began to decrease. The method used permits to forecast the development of science and to analyse the activity of author units in particular scientific centers.
TL;DR: During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), scientific work came to a halt in China and the number of papers appearing in the core 2300 journal stood at approximately 1000 in 1983 and 1984, and this exponential growth of papers leveled off at this point.
Abstract: During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), scientific work came to a halt in China. Universities closed, primary and secondary school education shut down, and intellectuals (including scientists and engineers) were sent to the countryside or to factories to work. The effects of the Cultural Revolution are reflected in China's output of scientific literature. In 1973, for example, only one Chinese paper appeared in any of the world's 2300 most central journals covered by theScience Citation Index. After restrictive policies were loosened, however, scientific papers grew exponentially. By 1982, only six years after the Cultural Revolution ended, Chinese scientists produced 932 papers. This exponential growth of papers leveled off at this point and the number of papers appearing in the core 2300 journal stood at approximately 1000 in 1983 and 1984.
TL;DR: Different applications of various bibliographic data bases to bibliometric and scientometric research such as identifying the leading journals in certain fields, investigating the structure and development of particular fields including trend analysis and forecasting, as well as the study of the contribution of various countries to world science as reflected in scientific literature presented in information files are reviewed.
Abstract: The paper is a review of different applications of various bibliographic data bases to bibliometric and scientometric research such as identifying the leading journals in certain fields, investigating the structure and development of particular fields including trend analysis and forecasting, as well as the study of the contribution of various countries to world science as reflected in scientific literature presented in information files. The paper also covers the results of investigation of Polish scientific literature, as presented in the foreign data bases, in the fields of information science (LISA, ISA, INSPEC, 1977–1983), chemistry (CASearch, 1978–1985), physics (INSPEC, 1979–1985), science-various disciplines (SCISEARCH, 1980–1984). Along with many advantages of using bibliographic data bases for scientometric research some limitations are also described which may originate in data bases content, and have to be taken into account while designing such a type of investigation.
TL;DR: Applied and basic approaches to scientific inquiry were compared through a bibliometric analysis of two Canadian journals in plant biology, finding no differences in the distribution of citations across different sections of research articles.
Abstract: Applied and basic approaches to scientific inquiry were compared through a bibliometric analysis of two Canadian journals in plant biology. No differences were found between the journals in the distribution of citations across different sections of research articles (that is, Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion). Moreover, no contrasts were found in the frequency of multiple authorships or in the age distribution of cited works. However, the journals differed significantly on three other bibliometric measures: author affiliation, number of references per article, and publication format of cited works.
TL;DR: A historical analysis of exploration technology shows that a scientific development engendered by the requirements of an early phase of the industry was key to later expansion in exploration and resources discovery.
Abstract: The nuclear industry was used as a case history to examine the influences between science and industry. The nuclear resources aspect of the industry was chosen for study. A correlation is found among indicators of geoscience research, exploration for uranium ores, production of uranium, and the general state of the industry. Some of the science-industry interfaces were identified as fruitful areas for further study, and a historical analysis of exploration technology shows that a scientific development engendered by the requirements of an early phase of the industry was key to later expansion in exploration and resources discovery.
TL;DR: It is argued that the method presented is more useful for library and research evaluation policies than the ISI impact factor.
Abstract: A method is presented to display the comparative impact of scientific publications relative to their ‘environment’ (e.g., journals). Furthermore, the method gives a new approach to the establishment of a journal's impact as measured by received citations. Moreover, in this impact measurement a differentiation between various types of publications (editorials and letters, ‘normal’ papers, reviews, etc.) can be made. It is argued that the method presented is more useful for library and research evaluation policies than the ISI impact factor.