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Showing papers in "Security Studies in 2003"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a rotary drum of light transmitting nature having a plurality of menus to be cooked imprinted on it, a timer scale and a pointer needle associated with a timer, and an illuminating lamp enclosed in the rotating drum was used for cooking time indication in a microwave oven.
Abstract: A cooking time indication arrangement for use in a microwave oven which includes a rotary drum of light transmitting nature having a plurality of menus to be cooked imprinted on it, a timer scale and a pointer needle associated with a timer, and an illuminating lamp enclosed in the rotary drum. The drum is rotatably supported by bearings through end members provided at its opposite ends for smooth rotation, while the illuminating lamp having high vibration resistance is adjustably supported by a securing plate, and the menu indication on the drum being prevented from becoming wrinkled due to temperature variations.

191 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
F. Gause1
TL;DR: In other words, how do states choose against whom to balance? This question is at the core of the research agenda on alliances as discussed by the authors, and it has been studied extensively in the literature.
Abstract: HOW DO STATES IDENTIFY threats when choosing alliance partners? In other words, how do states choose against whom to balance? This question is at the core of the research agenda on alliances. Rober...

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Hypotheses on Reputation: Alliance Choices and the Shadow of the Past as mentioned in this paper is a recent work that deals with the shadow of the past in the field of reputation.
Abstract: (2003). Hypotheses on Reputation: Alliance Choices and the Shadow of the Past. Security Studies: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 40-78.

57 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Central Powers and Triple Entente: Alliance Cohesion and Coalition Warfare: The Central Powers as discussed by the authors, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 79-113, 2003.
Abstract: (2003). Alliance Cohesion and Coalition Warfare: The Central Powers and Triple Entente. Security Studies: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 79-113.

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The European Union and the Security Dilemma: Towards a Post-Brexit Europe?
Abstract: (2003). The European Union and the Security Dilemma. Security Studies: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 114-156.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors study the problem of how to work out conflicts between countries' interests in international politics, and how then do those conflicts get worked out; this is perhaps the most basic problem in the study of international politics.
Abstract: Different countries want different things; sometimes those desires conflict; how then do those conflicts get worked out? This is perhaps the most basic problem in the study of international politic...

37 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The pace of technological change is so fast that sometimes it seems the world will be completely different from one day to the next as discussed by the authors, which is the case in many areas of life.
Abstract: The pace of technological change is so fast that sometimes it seems the world will be completely different from one day to the next. Bill Gates

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of political ideology in the formation of alliances has been extensively examined in the literature as mentioned in this paper, with the most prominent studies focusing on either the effects of only one ideology (liberalism) on outcomes, or for those who go beyond this restriction, the interactions of autocratic regimes.
Abstract: WHAT ROLE do political ideologies play in the formation of alliances? Many of the most prominent examinations of this subject are clear in their answer: a relatively insignificant one. Although there are important differences among neorealist, balance-of-threat, and buck-passing arguments, proponents of each agree that “when great powers confront a serious threat . . . they pay little attention to ideology as they search for alliance partners.” The most prominent studies that challenge this consensus and attribute great powers’ alliance preferences to an important extent to ideological concerns tend to examine either the effects of only one ideology—liberalism—on outcomes, or for those who go beyond this restriction, the interactions of autocratic

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, civil-military relations and the end of conscription in France are discussed. But they do not consider the role of women in the French military, and do not discuss women's participation in conscription.
Abstract: (2003). Civil-Military Relations and the End of Conscription in France. Security Studies: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 157-187.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper the author states that appearances to the mind are of four kinds: "either what they appear to be, neither are, nor appear to appear, or they are, and do not appear, and yet appear to...
Abstract: Appearances to the mind are of four kinds. Things either are what they appear to be; or they neither are, nor appear to be; or they are, and do not appear to be; or they are not, and yet appear to ...

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL (GCC) presents an interesting puzzle for scholars of both international security and international political economy as discussed by the authors, which was founded in 1981 by six countries on the Arabian peninsula.
Abstract: THE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL (GCC) presents an interesting puzzle for scholars of both international security and international political economy. Founded in 1981 by six countries on the Arabian (o...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The impact of nuclear proliferation on South Asian security has become a leading subject of international concern, prompting President Bill Clinton famously to dub the region the most dangerous place in the world as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: THE IMPACT OF nuclear proliferation on South Asian security has become a leading subject of international concern, prompting President Bill Clinton famously to dub the region “the most dangerous place in the world.” Despite extensive debate in the international relations literature, however, current scholarship does not offer a clear assessment of proliferation’s effects on the subcontinent. Some scholars argue that nuclear weapons make war in South Asia extremely unlikely. Kenneth Waltz, for example, claims that both India and Pakistan “will be deterred [from aggression] by the knowledge that aggressive actions may lead to [their] own destruction.” According to Devin Hagerty, “Indo-Pakistani nuclear dynamics lend further support to our cumulative evidence that . . . nuclear weapon states do not fight wars.” Other scholars, by contrast, maintain that the spread of nuclear weapons will

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Concert of Europe was the first peacetime multilateral crisis management forum as discussed by the authors, founded by the victors of the Napoleonic Wars, and it had a strong influence in the 19th century.
Abstract: Formed by the victors of the Napoleonic Wars, the Concert of Europe was the first peacetime multilateral crisis management forum. Its influence waned by the 1830s, but its example still exerts a po...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The security dilemma is one of the foremost tasks for a state in the international system as discussed by the authors, and states are ultimately responsible for providing their own security, and therefore understandably hesitant to trust one another.
Abstract: ALLEVIATING THE security dilemma is one of the foremost tasks for a state in the international system. If the pressures of the security dilemma dominate relations between two states—that is if the level of bilateral trust is so low that two states fear each other so greatly that any action one takes to secure its own defense is necessarily seen as eroding the second’s security— friendly relations are nearly impossible. States are forced to worry about relative gains, and many of the potential benefits from international cooperation, such as trade, are lost. If these pressures can be eased, however, then the adversarial, zerosum nature of international politics can be transformed to allow cooperation and comity. Achieving such a transformation requires more than friendly words and reassurances. Given the anarchic nature of international politics, states are ultimately responsible for providing their own security, and therefore understandably hesitant to trust one another. Additionally, the price of being wrong about the intentions of another state can be extremely high, and may include loss of treasure, land, the lives of citizens, and in rare cases, national destruction. The problem is states and their leaders cannot simply be asked to reveal their intentions and preferences. Even if states do release statements as to their preferences, states have incentives to dissemble. A revisionist state bent on exploiting and attacking its neighbors could adopt no better strategy than to convince others that it is indeed a friendly, status quo state, thereby convincing them to lower their guard. The absence of information as to the preferences, or type, of other states leads directly to the creation of a security dilemma. Even if all states are indeed status quo states that seek only to ensure their own security, they can never be sure, due to imperfect information and the incentive to lie, of the preferences of others. This leads to states being hesitant to trust one another for fear of being exploited.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Unrealized Promise of International Institutions: The Test Ban Treaty and India's Nuclear Breakout as mentioned in this paper is a seminal work in the field of international security studies, focusing on the test-ban Treaty.
Abstract: (2003). The Unrealized Promise of International Institutions: The Test Ban Treaty and India's Nuclear Breakout. Security Studies: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 116-151.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The United States is developing counter proliferation options to prevent, protect against, or destroy threatening weapons reserving the right to use preemptive force in order to retain freedom of action abroad and protect the homeland.
Abstract: Faced with America's conventional military superiority, many countries are turning to weapons of mass destruction as a means to deter U.S. intervention in their affairs. At the same time, 11 September 2001 awakened the United States to a degree of vulnerability it had never experienced before, making it increasingly unwilling to tolerate such weapons in the hands of unstable and unpredictable regimes, particularly those with connections to terrorist organizations. These twin fears of American encroachment and American vulnerability create a modern security dilemma, forming a vicious cycle of insecurity that challenge straditional notions of deterrence. It is unquestionable that the United States possesses the strategic capabilities to retaliate with devastating effect to any attack, but regional asymmetries of interest may tip the scales of brinksmanship in favor of potential adversaries, thereby dissuading American involvement in responding to global security threats. While this might be a welcome change to some, the United States is developing Counter proliferation options to prevent, protect against, or destroy threatening weapons reserving the right to use preemptive force in order to retain freedom of action abroad and protect the homeland. This is a worthwhile objective, but deterrence will never be guaranteed by American strength, and unprovoked wars of disarmament will inevitably spark yet further proliferation and hatred toward the United States. Ultimately, the only reliable road to peace lies in nurturing and broadening friendly relations with nations that share the goal of destroying the threat posed by catastrophic weapons of mass murder and terror.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper showed that military intervention to bring about lasting peace in a violent communal conflict fails or even backfires far more often than it succeeds, and that policymakers and military officials commonly ignore the ch...
Abstract: Military intervention to bring about lasting peace in a violent communal conflict fails or even backfires far more often than it succeeds. Policymakers and military officials commonly ignore the ch...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present Rational Idealism: The Political Economy of Internationalism in the United States and Great Britain, 1870-1945, with a focus on rational idealism.
Abstract: (2003). Rational Idealism: The Political Economy of Internationalism in the United States and Great Britain, 1870–1945. Security Studies: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 1-39.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The case of Britain's appeasement of Germany in the 1930s, climaxing in the Munich Crisis of September 1938, presents one of the most challenging and interesting cases for international relations (IR) theory as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Britain's appeasement of Germany in the 1930s, climaxing in the Munich Crisis of September 1938, presents one of the most challenging and interesting cases for international relations (IR) theory. ...