Showing papers in "Self and Identity in 2018"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present two studies focusing on the link between psychological functioning and self-compassion as measured by the SelfCompassion Scale (SCS), especially in terms of SCS compone...
Abstract: This paper presents two studies focusing on the link between psychological functioning and self-compassion as measured by the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), especially in terms of SCS compone...
118 citations
TL;DR: This article found that intellectual humility is associated with openness during disagreement, and that a growth mindset of intelligence may increase intellectual humility, leading to a greater proportion of opposing political perspectives during imagined disagreements.
Abstract: Strong disagreements have stymied today’s political discourse. We investigate intellectual humility – recognizing the limits of one’s knowledge and appreciating others’ intellectual strengths – as one factor that can make disagreements more constructive. In Studies 1 and 2, participants with higher intellectual humility were more open to learning about the opposition’s views during imagined disagreements. In Study 3, those with higher intellectual humility exposed themselves to a greater proportion of opposing political perspectives. In Study 4, making salient a growth mindset of intelligence boosted intellectual humility, and, in turn, openness to opposing views. Results suggest that intellectual humility is associated with openness during disagreement, and that a growth mindset of intelligence may increase intellectual humility. Implications for current political polarization are discussed.
114 citations
TL;DR: There has been an exponential increase in research into the psychological health benefits of self-compassion as mentioned in this paper, and the first two studies on the topic were published by Neff (2003a, 2003b).
Abstract: There has recently been an exponential increase in research into the psychological health benefits of self-compassion. Since the first two studies on the topic were published by Neff (2003a, 2003b)...
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have far-reaching effects on adult mental health yet questions remain how these effects are transmitted psychologically, because ACEs are rooted in disr...
Abstract: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have far-reaching effects on adult mental health yet questions remain how these effects are transmitted psychologically. Because ACEs are rooted in disr...
62 citations
TL;DR: Self-compassion is consistently associated with psychological well-being, but most research has examined their relationship at only a single point in time as mentioned in this paper, and this study employed a longitudinal design.
Abstract: Self-compassion is consistently associated with psychological well-being, but most research has examined their relationship at only a single point in time. This study employed a longitudinal design...
59 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, identity-based motivation theory is used to motivate children to focus on their schoolwork, but this does not necessarily happen. But it can be used to encourage children to be more interested in their studies.
Abstract: Adults ask children what they want to be when they grow up, hoping that this will motivate children to focus on their schoolwork- this does not necessarily happen. Identity-based motivation theory ...
55 citations
TL;DR: This paper used a singular identity framework for investigating how social identity shapes behavior, but they largely ignored the role that having multiple, simultaneous identities played in shaping behavior. But they did not consider the role of multiple, simu...
Abstract: To date, research has primarily used a singular identity framework for investigating how social identity shapes behavior. Thus, research has also largely ignored the role that having multiple, simu...
52 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that humility is an epistemically and ethically aligned state of awareness, the experience of ourselves as a small part of a larger universe and as one among a host of other morally relevant beings.
Abstract: What does it mean to be humble? We argue that humility is an epistemically and ethically aligned state of awareness – the experience of ourselves as a small part of a larger universe and as one among a host of other morally relevant beings So conceived, humility can be operationalized and measured along the dual dimensions of low self-focus and high other-focus and is distinct from other related constructs (eg, modesty and open-mindedness) We discuss our newly developed scale (Study 1 and 2), and provide preliminary validation using self-report (Study 3) and behavioral measures (Study 4), showing that humility is related to people’s general ethical orientation (eg, empathy, universalism/benevolence, and civic responsibility), their well-being (eg, sense of autonomy, life-purpose, and secure attachment), mature religious beliefs/practices, and reactions to disagreement – specifically, people high in humility sat closer and less angled away from their conversation partner with whom they disa
40 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that the frequently assumed privileged role of the self as a habitual reference point in social judgments is often hindered by the fact that, unlike other persons, the self is typically re...
Abstract: We argue that the frequently assumed privileged role of the self as a habitual reference point in social judgments is often hindered by the fact that, unlike other persons, the self is typically re...
39 citations
University of Toulouse1, University of Sussex2, Istanbul Şehir University3, University of Los Andes4, University of Iceland5, Federal University of Paraíba6, Hong Kong Polytechnic University7, University of Ghana8, Complutense University of Madrid9, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru10, Hokkaido University11, Osaka University12, University of Buea13, Northwestern University14, Uludağ University15, Ankara University16, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart17, University of Jena18, Hungarian Academy of Sciences19, Ateneo de Manila University20, University of Colorado Colorado Springs21, Thammasat University22, University of Agder23, University of Wisconsin-Madison24, Université catholique de Louvain25, American University of Beirut26, University of Cambridge27, National Research University – Higher School of Economics28, Sultan Qaboos University29, University of Surrey30, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul31, Addis Ababa University32, Victoria University of Wellington33, Barry University34, University of Malaya35, University of Namibia36, Makerere University37, North China University of Science and Technology38, University of Miami39, West University of Timișoara40, Leipzig University41, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile42
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tested a tripartite theoretical model of bases of self-continuity, including stability, sense of narrative, and associative links to one's past, to predict the extent to which people derived a sense of self continuity from different aspects of their identities.
Abstract: Self-continuity – the sense that one’s past, present, and future are meaningfully connected – is considered a defining feature of personal identity. However, bases of self-continuity may depend on cultural beliefs about personhood. In multilevel analyses of data from 7287 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations, we tested a new tripartite theoretical model of bases of self-continuity. As expected, perceptions of stability, sense of narrative, and associative links to one’s past each contributed to predicting the extent to which people derived a sense of self-continuity from different aspects of their identities. Ways of constructing self-continuity were moderated by cultural and individual differences in mutable (vs. immutable) personhood beliefs – the belief that human attributes are malleable. Individuals with lower mutability beliefs based self-continuity more on stability; members of cultures where mutability beliefs were higher based self-continuity more on narrative. Bases of self-conti...
36 citations
TL;DR: In the first experimental test of the potential of natural disasters to produce identity fusion, the authors asked residents of Christchurch, New Zealand, to recall their experience of the city's devastatin...
Abstract: In the first experimental test of the potential of natural disasters to produce identity fusion, we asked residents of Christchurch, New Zealand, to recall their experience of the city’s devastatin...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tested whether an empirical distinction between national disidentification and identification can be made, and whether higher perceived group discrimination of Muslims (reactive religiosity path) and stronger Muslim self-centrality are associated with stronger host national disIdentification, to the extent that they were associated with a stronger commitment to religious identity content Disidentification was found to be a separate construct.
Abstract: Host national disidentification in which immigrants explicitly distance themselves from society is problematic for a cohesive national community and is likely to hamper immigrants’ successful host society integration Among Sunni Muslim immigrants of Turkish origin living in Germany and the Netherlands we tested whether (a) an empirical distinction between national disidentification and identification can be made, (b) whether higher perceived group discrimination of Muslims (“reactive religiosity path”) and (c) stronger Muslim self-centrality (“intrinsic religiosity path”) are associated with stronger host national disidentification, to the extent that they are associated with a stronger commitment to religious identity content Disidentification was found to be a separate construct and both the reactive religiosity path and the intrinsic religiosity path were found to be related to higher levels of disidentification, mediated by religious identity
TL;DR: The authors found evidence that feeling nostalgic about a host culture contributes to repatriation success, and that self-continuity mediated the positive relation between host-culture nostalgia and psychological adjustment (self-esteem, approach motivation, job satisfaction).
Abstract: Repatriation (returning home after having lived abroad) can be psychologically distressing. We theorized and found evidence that feeling nostalgic about a host culture contributes to repatriation success. We tested a sample of over 700 international teachers who worked in the United States (host culture) and then returned to their home countries. As hypothesized, nostalgia for the host culture was positively associated with repatriates’ self-continuity (a sense of connection between one’s past and present selves). Self-continuity, in turn, mediated the positive relation between host-culture nostalgia and psychological adjustment (self-esteem, approach motivation, job satisfaction). The findings have implications for the literatures on (a) multicultural experience and repatriation, and (b) the emotion of nostalgia and its relation to psychological adjustment.
TL;DR: In this paper, poor sleep quality is highly prevalent in modern societies and can be associated with a multitude of problems for individuals and organizations, and also for society at large, and there is a dema...
Abstract: Poor sleep quality is highly prevalent in modern societies and can be associated with a multitude of problems for individuals and organizations, and also for society at large. Thus, there is a dema...
TL;DR: The Dualistic Model of Passion (DMP) as mentioned in this paper proposes two types of passion, namely harmonious passion and obsessive passion, and assesses these types of identity processes as determinants of passion.
Abstract: The Dualistic Model of Passion (DMP) proposes two types of passion, namely harmonious passion and obsessive passion. The DMP posits that the activity becomes part of one’s identity. However, little research assessed how the two types of passion relate to identity. Two important facets of identity hypothesized to be associated with passion are identity integration and identity styles. In two studies, we assessed these types of identity processes as determinants of passion. We expected the presence of positive associations between on the one hand informational identity style, identity integration, and their interaction term and HP on the other, and positive associations between normative identity style and OP. Participants in both studies (N1 = 107 and N2 = 135) completed the Identity Style Inventory-3, the Identity Integration subscale of the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory, and the Passion Scale. In addition, in Study 2 we also looked at the relationships between passion and five indicators...
TL;DR: In this article, romantic partners must develop a conceptualization of their self in the relationship, or an understanding of their couple identity, drawing from the theory of identity and self-identity.
Abstract: When forming a relationship, romantic partners must develop a conceptualization of their self in the relationship, or an understanding of their couple identity. Drawing from the theory of identity ...
TL;DR: This paper investigated the dynamics of identity fusion and prosocial behavior within political groups in the four weeks preceding and following the 2016 U.S. presidential election and found that identity fusion robustly predicted prosocial ingroup giving, especially before the election, and even when accounting for selfreported identification and previous political commitment behaviors.
Abstract: We investigated the dynamics of identity fusion and prosocial behavior within political groups in the four weeks preceding and following the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. The primary questions were whether a negative event (losing) would lead to a more pronounced increase in identity fusion, and whether identity fusion would predict prosocial giving. We found that while fusion gradually increased in the run-up to the election, there was no significant increase after the event for supporters of either party. We also found that identity fusion robustly predicted prosocial ingroup giving, especially before the election, and even when accounting for self-reported identification and previous political commitment behaviors. Implications for theories of identity fusion are discussed.
TL;DR: This paper investigated the influence of recurring experiences of stereotype threat at school, and how adolescent immigrants' cultural identity and stereotype vulnerability affect their educational achievement, and found that higher stereotype vulnerability predicted a stronger decline in GPA, and lower levels of academic belonging.
Abstract: Research has shown that stereotype threat can inhibit immigrant students to unlock their full potential. Individual differences in cultural identity could be associated with immigrants’ stereotype vulnerability. This longitudinal study (n = 516) investigates the influence of recurring experiences of stereotype threat at school, and how adolescent immigrants’ cultural identity and stereotype vulnerability affect their educational achievement. The results show a stronger decline of immigrants’ (vs. non-immigrants’) GPA, domain identification, and sense of academic belonging, as well as higher dropout rates. Higher stereotype vulnerability predicted a stronger decline in GPA, and lower levels of academic belonging. Stronger ethnic identity was related to higher stereotype vulnerability. An experimental belonging treatment failed to improve students’ educational achievement. This research combines stereotype threat and acculturation research within the educational context.
TL;DR: Conceptual metaphor theory offers a perspective on how and when people find meaning in life as mentioned in this paper, whereas life's meaning can be difficult to grasp, metaphor compares life to a relatively more concrete a...
Abstract: Conceptual metaphor theory offers a perspective on how and when people find meaning in life. Whereas life’s meaning can be difficult to grasp, metaphor compares life to a relatively more concrete a...
TL;DR: The authors reviewed a program of research on identity orientations, the relative importance or value that individuals place on various identity attributes when constructing their self-definitions. But their focus was on identity orientation.
Abstract: We review a program of research on identity orientations – the relative importance or value that individuals place on various identity attributes when constructing their self-definitions. We first ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that when a group connection is strong, personal and social identities fuse such that activation of one activates the other and they synergistically influence behavior (e.g. fighting and dying for the group).
Abstract: The social-categorization framework views the salience of personal and social identity as functionally antagonistic such that activation of one entails muting the other. Identity fusion theory, in contrast, suggests that when a group connection is strong the personal and social identities fuse such that activation of one activates the other and they synergistically influence behavior (e.g. fighting and dying for the group). We reasoned that such synergy should yield a reciprocal (not antagonistic) promotion of group-serving and individual-serving goals whereby fusion promotes willingness to sacrifice the self for the group and sacrifice the group for the self. Two studies yield evidence consistent with fusion theory in terms of a reciprocal sacrifice of self and group via fighting but not dying.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that strongly fused persons seek ingroup victory at any cost when they believe that a competition's outcome affects the group's essence and that fused persons who believed one's national sport constituted part of the nation's essence were especially likely to maximize their ingroup's advantage over the outgroup, even when doing so came at a personal cost and harmed the out group.
Abstract: From verbal abuse to physical intimidation of opponents, some ingroup members seek to maximize their group’s competitive edge regardless of personal repercussions. What motivates such extreme commitment? Based on identity fusion theory, we argue that strongly fused persons seek ingroup victory at any cost when they believe that a competition’s outcome affects the group’s essence. Two studies, conducted across four countries and in two sports contexts, revealed that fused persons who believed one’s national sport constituted part of the nation’s essence were especially likely to maximize their ingroup’s advantage over the outgroup, even when doing so came at a personal cost and harmed the outgroup. Together, our findings shed new light on the motives of fused persons in intergroup conflict.
TL;DR: This paper extended the model of identity as a dynamic non-linear system in the context of identity crisis and found that the model can be used to model the role of the damaged identities in most refugees' trauma studies.
Abstract: One of the relatively ignored variables in most refugees’ trauma studies is the role of the damaged identities. We extended the model of identity as a dynamic non-linear system in the context of id...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the role of "chunking" - mentally bundling individual moments of experience under broad categories (e.g., work, family) and show that people led to chunk their past year perceived it as passing faster.
Abstract: Time seems to speed up as one ages, and it affects how people find meaning in life and plan their future. What creates this perception? We examine the role of “chunking” – mentally bundling individual moments of experience under broad categories. With age, people group experiences into progressively bigger chunks (e.g., work, family). Consequently, fewer things seem to have occurred in a given period, so it seems to have passed faster in retrospect. Supporting this account, three studies (overall N = 324) show that people led to chunk (vs. not chunk) their past year perceived it as passing faster. The effect of chunking emerged reliably across converging operations and specifically accelerated the chunked period, not other periods. Furthermore, chunking increased the appeal of nostalgia, suggesting that processes that accelerate time instigate a compensatory urge to reflect on momentous occasions of one’s life. Implications for the “self across time” are discussed.
TL;DR: Mindful self-compassion (MSC) provides strategies for coping with suffering including: self-reliance for emotional support, common humanity within the YACS community, gratitude, self-kindness, and acceptance, and the body scan practice initially triggered distress for some; implications are discussed.
Abstract: Young adult cancer survivors (YACS) are a vulnerable population that reports high anxiety, social isolation, and feelings of inadequacy after cancer treatment completion. Mindful self-compassion (M...
TL;DR: The authors examined how strongly fused individuals react when they learn the motivations driving other strongly-fused individuals' pro-group behaviors, and found that identity fusion is capable of predicting pro-groups' behaviors.
Abstract: Identity fusion is capable of predicting pro-group behaviors. We examine how strongly fused individuals react when they learn the motivations driving other strongly fused individuals’ pro-group beh...
TL;DR: In this paper, a secondary analysis of survey data from two suburban high schools in a Midwestern state (n = 1872) found significant differences in rates of exposures to stigma processes in accordance to rates of marginalization as estimated by sexual and/or gender status and racial category (minority vs majority).
Abstract: Informed by the minority-stress hypothesis and intersectionality theory, this study examines differences in dispositional self-compassion across diverse youth subject to varying levels of structural and interpersonal discrimination. A secondary analysis of survey data from two suburban high schools in a Midwestern state (n = 1872) found significant differences in rates of exposures to stigma processes in accordance to rates of marginalization as estimated by sexual and/or gender status and racial category (minority vs majority), with a large effect. Sexual and/or gender minority students of color (SGmin) reported the highest rates of stigma experiences including exposure to economic hardship, having an incarcerated parent, not trusting the police, assignment of an IEP and exclusionary discipline. However, white SGmin students reported the highest rates of mental health concerns. Sexual gender majority (SGmaj) students of color reported the highest rates of self-compassion while white SGmin student...
TL;DR: The authors examine young children's strong desire to wear gender-stereotypical clothing suggests that physical appearance may be early reflections of developing gender identities, and they test implicati...
Abstract: Our work examining young children’s strong desire to wear gender-stereotypical clothing suggests that physical appearance may be early reflections of developing gender identities. We test implicati...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tested how group membership and social contexts were associated with run performance and found that running is an inherently independent form of exercise, but it is often a social endeavor conducted in groups.
Abstract: Whereas running is an inherently independent form of exercise, it is often a social endeavor conducted in groups. We tested how group membership and social contexts were associated with run...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors test how moral principles encourage prosocial behavior by binding people together into tight-knit groups, and they test how these moral principles influence prosocial behaviour at the psychological level.
Abstract: Past research suggests that some moral principles encourage prosocial behavior by binding people together into tight-knit groups. In the present research, we test (1) how – at the psychological pro...