Showing papers in "Social Forces in 1993"

American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass.

Abstract: This article argues that racial segregation is crucial to explaining the emergence of the urban underclass during the 1970s. A strong interaction between rising rates of poverty and high levels of residential segregation explains where, why and in which groups the underclass arose. This argument is developed with simulations that replicate the economic conditions observed among blacks and whites in metropolitan areas during the 1970s but assume different conditions of racial and class segregation. These data show how a simple increase in the rate of minority poverty leads to a dramatic rise in the concentration of poverty when it occurs within a racially segregated city. Increases in poverty concentration are, in turn, associated with other changes in the socioeconomic character of neighborhoods, transforming them into physically deteriorated areas of high crime, poor schools, and excessive mortality where welfare-dependent, female-headed families are the norm. Thus, policies to solve the socioeconomic pr...

Frontiers in social movement theory

Abstract: Social protest movements such as the civil rights movement and the gay rights movement mobilize and sustain themselves in ways that have long been of interest to social scientists. In this book some of the most distinguished scholars in the area of collective action present new theories about this process, fashioning a rich and conceptually sophisticated social psychology of social movements that goes beyond theories currently in use. The book includes sometimes competing, sometimes complementary paradigms by theorists in resource mobilization, conflict, feminism, and collective action and by social psychologists and comparativists. These authors view the social movement actor from a more sociological perspective than do adherents of rational choice theory, and they analyze ways in which structural and cultural determinants influence the actor and generate or inhibit collective action and social change. The authors state that the collective identities and political consciousness of social movement actors are significantly shaped by their race, ethnicity, class, gender, or religion. Social structure--with its disparities in resources and opportunities--helps determine the nature of grievances, resources, and levels of organization. The book not only distinguishes the mobilization processes of consensus movements from those of conflict movements but also helps to explain the linkages between social movements, the state, and societal changes.

The Churching of America 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy.

Abstract: In The Churching of America, 1776-2005 Roger Finke and Rodney Stark once again revolutionize the way we think about religion in America. Extending the argument that the nation's religious environment acts as a free market economy, this extensively revised and expanded edition offers new research, statistics, and stories that document increased participation in religious groups in the twenty-first century. Adding to the thorough coverage of \"\"mainline\"\" religious groups, new chapters chart the remarkable development and growth of African American churches from the early nineteenth century forward. Finke and Stark show how, like other \"\"upstart sects,\"\" these churches openly competed for adherents and demonstrate how American norms of religious freedom allowed African American churches to construct organizational havens with little outside intervention. This edition also includes new sections on the ethnic religious communities of recent immigrants - stories that echo those told of ethnic religious enclaves in the nineteenth century. Bringing together timely new information and evidence, this provocative book insists, more than ever, on a major reevaluation of established ideas about American religious institutions. Written with lively prose, it will stir debate within church and academic communities, as well as among laypersons interested in the history of religion in America.

Frame Disputes within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement

Abstract: Social movement organizations (SMOs) devote considerable effort to constructing particular versions of reality, developing and espousingalternativevisions, and attempting to affect various audiences' interpretations. Conflicts regarding such interpretive matters, referred to as 'frame disputes," are ubiquitous within movements. Using a multimethod strategy, this study analyzes the dynamics of interorganizationalframe disputes within the nuclear disarmament movement, including their organizational and ideological contexts, conditions conducive to theiremergence, patterns observed, and their effects. Three generic types of disputes are identified and elaborated: diagnostic, prognostic, andframe resonance disputes. Of the 51 disputes observed, all but two involved SMOs from two or more different movement factions. More disputes occurred between the movement's most moderate and radicalfactions than between otherfactions. Intramural conflicts were both detrimental andfacilitative of the disarmament movement and its SMOs. In the most extensive review to date of social movement literature, McAdam, McCarthy and Zald (1988) conclude that we know little about "the dynamics of collective action past the emergence of a movement" (728). Until recently, even less was known about grievance interpretation and communication processes, the essence of movement dynamics. Scholars have begun to address this lacuna by attending to various movement interpretive processes including public discourse (Gamson 1988; Gamson & Modigliani 1989; Steinberg 1989), frame alignment (Benford 1987; Snow & Benford 1988,1992; Snow et al. 1986), grievance interpretation and reality construction (Benford & Hunt 1992; Ferree & Miller 1985; Gusfield 1981; Klandermans 1992; Mauss 1975; Tarrow 1992; Turner & Killian 1987), and collective identity (Friedman & McAdam 1992; Gamson 1991; Hunt 1991; Hunt & Benford 1994; Melucci 1980, 1985, 1988, 1989; Pizzomo 1978; Taylor & Whittier 1992). *This is a revisedversion of apaperpresentedat the annual meetings oftheMidwestSociological Society,April6-9,1989, in St.Louis. Iamgrateful to ScottA.Hunt,MichelleHughesMiller,David A. Snow, and two anonymous reviewersfor their advice and comments on earlier drafts. Please direct correspondence to the author at the Department of Sociology, University of NebraskaLincoln, 703 OldfatherHall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0324. i) The University of North Carolina Press Social Forces, March 1993, 71(3):677-701 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.137 on Fri, 27 May 2016 05:34:23 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 678 / Social Forces 71:3, March 1993 Although often empirically grounded, the bulk of these developments have been theoretical. Few analyses examine how well these concepts stand up empirically. McAdam, McCarthy and Zald (1988) suggest that "what is needed is more systematic, qualitative fieldwork into the dynamics of collective action at the intermediate meso level . . . the level at which most movement action occurs and of which we know the least" (729). With these considerations in mind, this article analyzes empirically the negotiated and often contentious nature of grievance construction and communication processes within the nuclear disarmament movement by focussing on intramovement frame disputes.

Cultivating differences : symbolic boundaries and the making of inequality

Abstract: How are boundaries created between groups in society? And what do these boundaries have to do with social inequality? In this pioneering collection of original essays, a group of leading scholars helps set the agenda for the sociology of culture by exploring the factors that push us to segregate and integrate and the institutional arrangements that shape classification systems. Each examines the power of culture to shape our everyday lives as clearly as does economics, and studies the dimensions along which boundaries are frequently drawn. The essays cover four topic areas: the institutionalization of cultural categories, from morality to popular culture; the exclusionary effects of high culture, from musical tastes to the role of art museums; the role of ethnicity and gender in shaping symbolic boundaries; and the role of democracy in creating inclusion and exclusion. The contributors are Jeffrey Alexander, Nicola Beisel, Randall Collins, Diana Crane, Paul DiMaggio, Cynthia Fuchs Epstein, Joseph Gusfield, John R. Hall, David Halle, Richard A. Peterson, Albert Simkus, Alan Wolfe, and Vera Zolberg.

The Contact Hypothesis Revisited: Black-White Interaction and Positive Racial Attitudes

Abstract: The contact hypothesis the idea that contact between members of different races fosters positive racial attitudes has performed indifferently in research conducted over the past four decades, leading to a recommendation that the hypothesis be discarded and that attention turn to other sources of positive and negative racial attitudes. However, most of this research is now badly dated and focuses solely on the racial attitudes of whites. We present a new test of the contact hypothesis, drawing on a national survey of blacks and whites conducted in 1989. Analysis reveals that in several instances interracial contact is associated with more positive racial attitudes, especially among whites, and that some effects are appreciable. Although familiarity may breed contempt and absence make the heart grow fonder, students of race relations have long assumed that close contact between members of different races promotes positive racial attitudes and that the lack of such contact fosters prejudice and ill will (Allport 1954). Adherents of this contact hypothesis view racial segregation as a source of ignorance and ignorance as a breeding ground for derogatory stereotypes and racial hostility. If stronger social bonds could be forged between blacks and whites, they contend, racial attitudes would improve dramatically. Blacks are known to be more likely than whites to engage in various types of informal personal contact (Lee, Campbell & Miller 1991), but less is known about racial differences in the frequency and consequences of interracial contact. Although many researchers have observed lower levels of racial prejudice among whites who maintain closer contact with blacks (Aberbach & Walker 1973; Deutsch & Collins 1951; Meer & Freedman 1966; Robinson 1980; Wilner, Walkley & Cook 1955), the contact hypothesis has not always withstood rigorous testing (Ford 1973; Robinson & Preston 1976). In the classic "Robbers * Thanks are due to two anonymous reviewersfor their helpful suggestions. Direct correspondence to Lee Sigelman, Department of Political Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052. @ The University of North Carolina Press Social Forces, March 1993, 71(3):781-795 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.176 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 06:28:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 782 / Social Forces 71:3, March 1993 Cave" experiment by Sherif and his colleagues, prejudice lessened only when members of two hostile groups wereforced to cooperate with one another (Sherif et al. 1961). Subsequent experimental studies have generally concluded that only when intergroup contact occurs under highly auspicious circumstances should favorable attitude change be anticipated (see Desforges et al. 1991 and the studies cited therein). In a nonexperimental context, a major nationwide survey of whites conducted in the mid-1970s found that the racial views of whites whose circle of friends included a black person closely paralleled the views of whites with no black friends Uackman & Crane 1986). Only when blacks and whites of more or less equal status shared a wide variety of contacts did white hostility toward blacks abate an idea that hearkened back to Allport's (1954) original formulation but provided little basis for optimism, since blacks and whites often have only minimal contact and typically do not interact as social equals Jackman & Crane 1986). Based on their own findings and the results of prior research, Jackman and Crane conclude that the time has come to fashion a new explanation of interracial hostility. But it seems premature to either embrace or discard the contact hypothesis on the basis of the existing evidence. Though provocative, experimental tests of the contact hypothesis are of questionable external validity. In some cases such extreme intergroup antagonisms have been created for experimental purposes that probably not even the most fervent proponent of the contact hypothesis would expect closer intergroup contact under the same conditions to produce more positive intergroup relations. More generally, although researchers working in the experimental tradition have often couched their studies in terms of, or have extrapolated from their findings to, race relations, the experiments themselves have generally lacked a racial component. As for tests of the contact hypothesis conducted outside of the laboratory, many preceded the civil rights revolution of the late 1950s and early 1960s, and most others were undertaken during the turbulent late 1960s and early 1970s. Whites' racial attitudes have undergone considerable change since then (Schuman, Steeh & Bobo 1985), and in the dynamic context of race relations in the United States it is legitimate to ask whether conclusions based on research conducted a decade or more ago are still applicable. Because the contact hypothesis focuses generically on intergroup attitudes rather than specifically on the attitudes of one group (whites) toward another (blacks), it is also important to know whether interracial contact affects the racial attitudes of blacks toward whites. This question has received little attention, and again, a high proportion of the pertinent studies are now extremely dated. In early studies of the attitudinal impact of integrated public housing, a reduction in black prejudice following close contact with whites was sometimes observed (Works 1961), but there were also reports of an increase in black prejudice (Ford 1973; Robinson & Preston 1976). No clear patterns emerged in research conducted in other settings (Brown & Albee 1966; Tsukashima & Montero 1976). Schuman and Hatchett (1974), examining data from the 1968 Detroit Area Survey, found that blacks who socialized with white neighbors or coworkers harbored fewer feelings of alienation and distrust toward white society than blacks who lacked these experiences; however, simply having casual contact with whites as neighbors or coworkers had no This content downloaded from 207.46.13.176 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 06:28:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Positive Racial Attitudes / 783 appreciable effect on blacks' racial attitudes. More recently, Sigelman and Welch (1991), drawing on national surveys conducted in 1981 and 1986, included interracial friendship as one predictor in a multivariate model of blacks' and whites' perceptions of white prejudice against blacks, but they observed no appreciable effects. What psychological mechanisms might mediate the linkage between interracial contact and positive racial attitudes? One is availability (Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky 1982). For whites, having a black friend or living in an area where one comes into frequent contact with blacks serves as a source of information about blacks their outlooks, the problems they face, and so on. Such firsthand information almost inevitably influences one's perceptions of and feelings about blacks in general. Thus, for example, when whites are asked how many blacks harbor antiwhite feelings, they may think first of their own black friends, if they have any, and the very fact of their friendship should shape their response. Or they may think of blacks in the area where they live, and here again their impressions are likely to be fairly positive, because black-white relations are usually perceived as less problematic in one's local area than nationwide (Sigelman & Welch 1991). Lacking such firsthand information, whites must base their responses on whatever other information they may have at their disposal. Given the tendency of media coverage to focus on cases of intense, dramatic conflict, the secondhand information whites have about blacks is apt to accentuate the negative. This availability-based interpretation suggests, in short, that whites' perceptions and expressions of racial hostility should be materially affected by personal contact with blacks, because such contact is a key source of positive information about blacks; in the absence of this source, whites must fall back on other information sources, including long-standing racial stereotypes and media reports, which are more likely to be negative. For blacks, too, interracial contact presumably affects the availability of information about whites, though perhaps in a somewhat more muted fashion than for whites. Living in a white-dominated society, blacks have an easier time amassing a variety of firstand secondhand information about whites than the average white does about blacks. Thus, simply being in neighborhoods or school cachement areas with whites may have little bearing on perceptions of racial attitudes generally. However, interracial friendship may deter racial stereotyping by providing blacks with counterexamples to the stereotype of whites as prejudiced and hostile. Our purpose in this study is to subject the contact hypothesis to further testing. Drawing on a biracial national survey conducted in 1989, we examine two aspects of the hypothesis. Do blacks and whites who come into closer contact with members of the other race perceive less hostility between the races than do those who are more isolated from the other race? Second, do blacks and whites who come into closer contact with members of the other race express a deeper commitment to the maintenance of interracial social ties than do others? While the contact hypothesis suggests affirmative answers to both questions, prior studies have left these issues very much in doubt. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.176 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 06:28:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 784 / Social Forces 71:3, March 1993

The fine line : making distinctions in everyday life

Abstract: Eviatar Zerubavel argues that most of the distinctions we make in our daily lives and in our culture are social constructs. He questions the notion that a clear line can be drawn to separate one time or object or concept from another, and presents witty and provocative counterexamples in defense of ambiguity and anomaly.

Risk and Recreancy: Weber, the Division of Labor, and the Rationality of Risk Perceptions

Abstract: Most analyses of risk perceptions have focused on the characteristics of individual perceivers, but given the societal changes that have occurred since the early days of the industrial revolution, there is need for greater attention to the institutions that are reasponsible for risk management. Risks of death have been dropping significantly for more than a century, but during that time, there has been a dramatic growth societal interdependance and hence of the potential for recreancy. The recreancy concept may have significant applicability in contexts involving the potentiality problematic performance of specialized responsabilities.

Racial Segregation and Black Urban Homicide

Abstract: Social deprivation and social isolation perspectives provide grounds for expecting residential segregation to increase violent crime among oppressed minorities. The AA. examine the impact of racial residential segregation on rates of African-American homicide victimization for large U.S. central cities. The analyses demonstrate that black-white segregation leads to higher rates of black killing altough the relationship exists only for stranger and acquaintance homicides. This suggests that social isolation, rather than social deprivation, is the mechanism by which segregation leads to higher levels of homicide among African Americans.

Parents/Peers, and Delinquency

Abstract: Criminologists have long recognized the importance offamily and peers in the etiology of delinquency, but these two influences are commonly analyzed in isolation. However, if peers are treated as potential instigators of delinquency (following differential association theory) and parents as potential barriers to delinquency (following control theory), a crucial question emerges: Is parental influence capable of counteracting the influence of delinquent peers? Analysis of datafrom the National Youth Survey reveals that the amount of time spent with family is indeed capable of reducing and even eliminating peer influence. By contrast, attachment to parents (the affective relation between parents and offspring) apparently has no such effect. Instead, it appears to affect delinquency indirectly by inhibiting the initialformation of delinquentfriendships. Adolescents in the U.S. live their daily lives in two social worlds with two different masters. At school and in certain activities outside of school, they observe and participate in the culture of their peers, a culture with its own rules of dress, music, speech, and behavior, and an emphasis on popularity, physical attractiveness, and athletic success (Coleman 1961; Conger & Petersen 1984). From this culture they move regularly to the environment of home and family, which may complement or clash with that of school and peers. The transition between these two worlds is abrupt and frequent, typically occurring more than once each day. Criminologists have long recognized the importance of family and peers in the etiology of delinquency, but these two social influences are commonly analyzed in isolation. Proponents of differential association, for example, conventionally point to peer influences while discounting or ignoring the family, whereas control theorists and others concerned with the family do precisely the

Religious Involvement and Self-Perception among Black Americans

Abstract: This study focuses on the relationships between the religious involvement of black Americans and two important dimensions of self-perception : self-esteem and personal mastery. This article argues that participation in church communities may foster positive self-perception through the interpersonal supportiveness and positive reflected appraisals of coreligionists. Private devotional activities may also be linked with positive self-regard via processes of religious role taking. The results shed new lights on the contemporary psychosocial role of religious life among black Americans.

Testosterone and Men's Marriages

Abstract: We examine the relationship of testosterone to tendencies to marry and divorce, and to the quality of marriage, of a large representative sample of men. The analysis shows that men producing more testosterone are less likely to marry and more likely to divorce. Once married they are more likely to leave home because of troubled marital relations, extramarital sex, hitting or throwing things at their spouses, and experiencing a lower quality of marital interaction. Sociological models that might be informed by thisfinding are examined, and its implications for subsequent research are discussed. Studies of the relation between testosterone and marital relations have focused on coital frequency but little else. For example, Morris et al. (1987) showed that female testosterone is related to increases in sexual intercourse. One exception to this focus of testosterone studies is a study by Julian and McKenry (1989) of 39 middle-aged men which showed that testosterone and marital happiness have a negative relationship. Despite the paucity of research, there are important reasons to examine the relation between testosterone and marriage in more detail. Because testosterone has consistent and moderately strong links with aggression (see Meyer-Bahlburg 1981 for summary), dominance (Gray, Jackson & McKinlay 1991), sensation seeking (Daitzman & Zuckerman 1980), depressed occupational achievement (Dabbs 1992), and antisocial behavior such as fighting, nontraffic arrests, and drug use (Dabbs & Morris 1990), it would appear that elevated testosterone has the potential to affect marriages adversely. The purpose of the investigation reported here is to examine the relation between * We are indebted to Paul Amato, Lynn White, Harriet Presser, Philip Morgan, and David Johnson for their comments on an early version of this manuscript. A draft of this article was presented at the Population Association of America meeting in May, 1992. This research was supported in part by grantMMH442525from theAntisocial and Violent Behavior Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health, and the Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, with core support from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grant 1-HD28263. The data was originally gathered as part of the Vietnam military experience study, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Public Health Service, under a cooperative agreement with the Veterans Administration. Direct correspondence to Alan Booth, Sociology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

Contextual Effects in Models of Criminal Victimization

Abstract: Contextual analysis is widely endorsed as a research tool to bridge the macro-micro gap in studies of social phenomena. Using a multistage sample of 5,098 Seattle residents, we extend previous work by examining how individuals' risks of criminal victimization are influenced by their personal life-styles and by the characteristics of their neighborhood. Although several types of contextual effects were observed, a major.finding is that lower levels of guardianship and higher target attractiveness strongly increased the risks of burglary for residents of more affluent areas, whereas these factors had little net impact on the burglary risks of residents of more socially disorganized areas. There were no major differences in the predictors of violent victimization across different neighborhood contexts. We conclude with a discussion of the results as they relate to future research on theoretical integration and crime control policy.

Trends in Black/White Intermarriage

Abstract: I examine annual marriage license data for 33 states from 1968 to 1986 to assess how the role of the black/white color line in marriage choice has changed. The analyses generally show that black/white intermarriage has increased rapidly since the U.S. Supreme Court lifted the legal ban on intermarriage. I further show that this trend is especially pronounced among black males and that the status characteristics of these marriages have remained traditional in the sense that intermarriage still occurs primarily when the white woman marries up in socioeconomic status. In my conclusion I offer several interpretations of why the link between status and interracial marriage persists and discuss what this implies for the nature of racial differentiation in contemporary American society. (EXCERPT)

Social Context and Adolescent Behavior: The Impact of Community on the Transition to Sexual Activity

Abstract: This study explores the role of community characteristics in determining two critical features of adolescent nonmarital sexual activity: the timing of first intercourse and contraceptive use at that event. We specify a conceptual model describing the mechanisms by which the community context affects adolescent behaviors, focusing on the influence of community social and economic characteristics on teenagers' expectations about their adult lives. We test hypotheses derived from this model using a multilevel strategy incorporating both aggregate- and individual-level data for a national sample of white women. The results suggest that the behaviors of adolescents are shaped by the local opportunity structure and normative environment. Social disintegration, socioeconomic status, and the availability of employment opportunities for women emerged as particularly important influences on young women's reproductive choices. In the contemporary United States, the adolescent years represent a key transitional period during which individuals first confront choices that have implications for their roles and statuses later in the life course. It is during this period, for example, that young people make their initial decisions regarding education and work interests - decisions that will likely influence their status attainment as adults. Research widely recognizes that these choices, and the outcomes they influence, reflect both family background and the individual's own attributes. A well-developed body of empirical work describes the linkage

The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies.

Abstract: Preface. Introduction. 1. Everyday Experiments, Relationships, Sexuality. 2. Foucault on Sexuality. 3. Romantic Love and Other Attachments. 4. Love, Commitment and the Pure Relationship. 5. Love, Sex and Other Addictions. 6. The Sociological Meaning of Codependence. 7. Personal Turbulence, Sexual Troubles. 8. Contradictions of the Pure Relationship. 9. Sexuality, Repression, Civilisation. 10. Intimacy as Democracy. Index.

The Idea of Civil Society.

Abstract: Seligman examines the notion of the civil society. He argues that the combination of individal rights and interests with a social and political system based on a shared morality found its clearest concrete expression in 18th-century America. Since then, successive societies and social experiments have sought in vain to approximate to the society in which individual interests and the public good are identical. The problems of modern mass democracies which require intense centralization to be functional, and the growth of socialism and the notion of unearned entitlements have served to undermine the foundations of the civil society.

Race and Residential Mobility: Individual Determinants and Structural Constraints

Abstract: Data from over 25,000 respondents of the Annual Housing Survey are used to examine racial differences in the levels and determinants of residential mobility between 1979 and 1980. Cross racial differences in mobility are small, but adjusting for differences in home ownership and other sociodemographic characteristics reveals that, net of these factors, blacks are significantly less likely than nonblacks to change residence in a given year. Both black and nonblack mobility are influenced by life-cycle factors, housing characteristics, and features of the metropolitan area, but there are clear racial differences in the determinants of mobility. Home ownership is less of an impediment to the mobility of blacks than nonblacks, and blacks are less likely to convert neighborhood dissatisfaction into a move. High levels of residential segregation in the metropolitan area create barriers to the mobility of blacks, while large suburban populations and high vacancy rates enhance the mobility prospects of nonblacks.

Doing "women's work": Men in nontraditional occupations.

Abstract: Introduction - Christine L Williams Across the Great Divide - Harriet Bradley The Entry of Men Into 'Women's Jobs' The Pay of Men in 'Female' Occupations - Paula England and Melissa S Herbert Is Comparable Worth Only for Women? Men in Female-Dominated Fields - Jerry A Jacobs Trends and Turnover Seekers and Finders - L Susan Williams and Wayne J Villemez Male Entry and Exit in Female-Dominated Jobs Men in Female-Dominated Occupations - Kaisa Kauppinen-Toropainen and Johanna Lammi A Cross-Cultural Comparison Male Elementary Teachers - Jim Allan Experiences and Perspectives Male Secretaries - Rosemary Pringle Male Elder Caregivers - Jeffrey S Applegate and Lenard W Kaye Male Strippers - Richard Tewksbury Men Objectifying Men

The Gender and Race Composition of Jobs and the Male/Female, White/Black Pay Gaps

Abstract: Dans un premier temps l'A. passe en revue les explications de l'inegalite sexuelle et raciale des salaires en termes de capital humain, de barriere sociale et de « composition du statut » (sexe, race, profession). A partir de ces theories et d'une enquete menee aupres d'employes de Caroline du Nord en 1989, prenant egalement en compte des mesures en terme de type d'emploi et de composition raciale, il propose un modele empirique du processus de determination des salaires et utilise les resultats de ce modele afin d'estimer les origines raciales et sexuelle des ecarts de salaires.

Refugee communities : a comparative field study

Abstract: Perspectives on Refugee Adaptation Soviet Jews Background and Migration Experience Vietnamese Refugees Background and Characteristics The Soviet Jewish Enclave Recently Arrived Vietnamese Resettlement Agencies and Refugee Communities Self-Employment and Refugee Communities Patterns of Community Organization Conclusions Appendix Photographs

Theory on gender/feminism on theory

Abstract: How do various social theories explain gender inequality? In this collection of original essays, prominent sociologists discuss the strengths and the limitations of the theoretical traditions within which they have worked: Marxism, world system theory, macrostructural theories, rational choice theory, neofunctionalism, psychoanalysis, ethnomethodology, expectation states theory, poststructuralist symbolic interactionism, and network theory.

Neighborhood, Family, and Work: Influences on the Premarital Behaviors of Adolescent Males

Abstract: The authors report their findings from a study of the effects of neighborhood family and individual characteristics upon teenage males premarital sexual and contraceptive behaviors and upon their experiences with pregnancy or fatherhood The investigation also systematically compares the effects of related personal and neighborhood traits in multilevel analysis including employment income education welfare receipt family composition and race/ethnicity Micro-level data on respondents personal and family characteristics come from the 1988 National Survey of Adolescent Males a nationally-representative survey of 1880 never-married noninstitutionalized males aged 15-19 years Blacks and Hispanics were oversampled Each participant was interviewed for one hour on sexual and contraceptive behaviors family and personal background knowledge and attitudes about pregnancy AIDS and other risks Neighborhood data derive from the 1980 census Analysis found young men who worked more hours to be more sexually active and more likely to have caused a pregnancy Higher neighborhood unemployment rates were also independently associated with a greater risk of impregnation Greater financial resources at the personal level may therefore enable teen males to attract more partners thereby increasing their risk of impregnating a female sex partner Comparatively limited economic opportunities at the community level also seem to increase the risks of paternity

Southern Intolerance: A Fundamentalist Effect?

Abstract: For many years, social scientists have reported that southerners express lower levels of tolerance vis-ai-vis unpopular groups than nonsoutherners. Some researchers have suggested that these widely observed regional variations are due to the prominence of fundamentalist Protestantism in the South. In analyses of data from the 1988 General Social Survey, however, this hypothesis receives only partial support. Substantial regional differences in tolerance of left-wing groups, including communists, atheists, and homosexuals, persist despite controls for a range of religious variables. We suggest that future research on regional differences in public attitudes should consider contextual as well as individual religiousfactors. The willingness of American citizens to extend civil liberties to various unpopular groups has long been a topic of interest to social scientists. The recent resurgence of social science research on tolerance (Bollinger 1986; Corbett 1982; McClosky & Zaller 1984) dovetails with the sharpening cultural polarization of U.S. society after the mid-1970s (Hunter 1991). For roughly four decades, studies have consistently shown that southemers are more reluctant to extend civil liberties to unpopular groups than are residents of other regions (Abrahamson & Carter 1986; Middleton 1976; Nunn, Crockett & Williams 1978; Stouffer 1955; Tuch 1987; Wilson 1986). While this low level of tolerance partly reflects regional variations in rurality, education, and other factors, strong evidence of regional differences in tolerance persists even with statistical adjustments for these covariates. Further, despite earlier predictions that migration and economic development would gradually attenuate southern attitudinal distinctiveness (e.g., Key 1949), trend analyses indicate that regional variations in tolerance have remained relatively constant over time (Abrahamson & Carter 1986). * The authors thank Norval Glenn and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on earlier drafts and Sharon Sandomirsky for assistance with data management. Data for this study were made available via the Intertniversity ConsortiumforPolitical and Social Research (ICPSR), Ann Arbor. However, the authors are solely responsible for the analyses and interpretations presented here. Direct correspondence to Christopher G. Ellison, Dept. of Sociology, 336 Burdine Hall, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 i) The University of North Carolina Press Social Forces, December 1993, 72(2):379-398 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.35 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 05:05:56 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 380 / Social Forces 72:2, December 1993 These findings have invited a number of unflattering characterizations of a regional subculture, such as the following: Localism, defined as a marked preference for and identity with the locale of one's birth, is joined in the South with an insularity of mind that is slow to change, actively belligerent toward the new, and openly intolerant toward a diversity of viewpoints. (Nunn, Crockett & Williams 1978:105) To date, however, few researchers have attempted to explain the phenomenon of southern intolerance.' One promising exception to this general pattern of neglect is a brief analysis by Jelen (1982), who attributes the low levels of tolerance among southerners to the prevalence of fundamentalist Protestantism in the South. Though his analyses of data from the General Social Surveys offer tentative support for that hypothesis, Jelen emphasizes that his findings are "extremely tentative and speculative" (81). His study is characterized by several limitations, including (1) reliance on a single religious indicator, namely fundamentalist denominational preference; (2) failure to measure tolerance toward a range of ideologically diverse target groups; and (3) inadequate statistical controls for the potentially confounding effects of a number of background factors that are associated with region, tolerance, and/or religion. After briefly summarizing the social science literature on the southern religious environment and the prominence of fundamentalist Protestantism,2 we discuss the implications of conservative theological beliefs, religious practices, and fundamentalist organizational cultures for (in)tolerance. Using data from the 1988 General Social Survey, we then test the hypothesis that low levels of southern tolerance reflect the influence of fundamentalism. In contrast to Jelen (1982), we find only very mixed support for this hypothesis. We conclude by suggesting several directions for further research on southern attitudinal distinctiveness. Theoretical and Empirical Background

The Organization of Survival: Women's and Racial-Ethnic Voluntarist and Activist Organizations, 1955–1985

Abstract: Despite the centrality of formal organizations to efforts at social change, little is known about how survival prospects vary between different kinds of change-oriented organizations. The A. presents an event-history analysis of the disbanding of national women's and minority membership organizations between 1955 and 1985. The results suggest that membership groups that follow an accepted course of action based on moderate objectives and targeted to non political arenas are relatively secure. Moreover, there is no significant difference between woman's and minority organizatioons.