Showing papers in "Social Science & Medicine in 1991"
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TL;DR: The development and evaluation of a brief, multidimensional, self-administered, social support survey that was developed for patients in the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS), a two-year study of patients with chronic conditions is described.
5,617 citations
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TL;DR: It is suggested that only two methods--the slope index of inequality and the concentration index--are likely to present an accurate picture of socioeconomic inequalities in health.
1,597 citations
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TL;DR: It is argued that cultural bereavement, by mapping the subjective experience of refugees, gives meaning to the refugee's distress, clarifies the 'structure' of the person's reactions to loss, frames psychiatric disorder in some refugees, and complements the psychiatric diagnostic categories.
478 citations
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TL;DR: The findings emphasize the need to consider positive and negative aspects of support transactions conjointly in assessing their stress-reducing and health-protective potential.
416 citations
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TL;DR: Affective behavior seems to be the most important in determining patient's satisfaction, and especially nonverbal affective behaviour had the strongest predictive power in medical consultations.
410 citations
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TL;DR: It is argued that the amount of information physicians provide patients during medical consultations may be influenced by two sets of factors, patients' personal characteristics (age, sex, education, and anxiety) and patients' communicative styles (question-asking, opinion-giving, and expression of concern).
399 citations
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TL;DR: It is shown that people with high job strain have a significantly higher absence rate, that there is a clear association between sickness absence and perceived health and that absence is part of a pattern along with other coping strategies which are directed against stressing working conditions and perceived ill health.
384 citations
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TL;DR: Until an empirically proven solution has been found, it is recommended that answers in questionnaires concerned with quality of life, psychological distress and the like should be approached with due caution.
328 citations
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TL;DR: In the early twentieth century in the United States and other Western countries, women were much less likely than men to smoke cigarettes, due in part to widespread social disapproval of women's smoking, but during the mid-twentieth century, growing social acceptance ofWomen's smoking contributed to increased smoking adoption by women.
324 citations
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TL;DR: The intensifying competition between cultural influence and constructionist paradigms has been altered by the appearance of AIDS and the subsequent increased support for research on sexuality, and the expansion in funding threatens to strengthen essentialist models in biomedical contexts and cultural influence models in anthropology.
304 citations
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TL;DR: Although religious attendance does not directly reduce psychological distress, it buffers the deleterious effects of stress on mental health and in the face of stressful events and physical health problems, religious attendance reduces the adverse consequences of these stressors on psychological well-being.
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TL;DR: It is suggested that it is too easy to write off health selection as of little or no significance, and that reconceptualising the issue within a specifically sociological perspective owing much to labelling theory offers much greater potential for understanding the processes involved.
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TL;DR: The woman's social context, particularly contexts of friendship and work outside the home, are statistically important for survival, and two clinical factors were significantly associated with survival.
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TL;DR: A sample of over 25,000 men and women from the 1985 and 1986 British General Household Survey is used to show how both traditions of analysing differences in health need to be reformulated and integrated.
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TL;DR: Findings clearly suggest that issues concerning 'professional competence', together with the nature and quality of the patient-professional relationship, are the key predictors of overall consumer satisfaction with general practice, dental and hospital care.
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TL;DR: Questions are raised about the adequacy of current concepts and measures for studying sex/gender differences in health related behaviour and the salience of social role and related social status characteristics in accounting for variation in health, illness and sick role behaviour.
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TL;DR: The development and initial application of methods designed to detect attitudes towards decision control and benefits in patients who agree and those who refuse clinical trial entry are described.
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TL;DR: Assessment of health-related behaviours, beliefs concerning the importance of behaviours for health, and health knowledge using a standardized protocol suitable for translation and administration in different countries of Europe found little relationship was observed between health behaviour and awareness of the role of these same factors in disease.
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TL;DR: This study focused upon the relational aspects of communication, using Stiles' Verbal Response Mode coding system (VRM), and, to a limited extent, upon the content of patient's complaints--whether they were primarily somatic or of a psychosocial nature.
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TL;DR: An interaction between habit and intention was found such that women with larger numbers of previous mammogram were less likely to carry out their intentions than women with fewer previous mammograms.
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TL;DR: This article presents two models of the decision to become a potential organ donor, where the act of carrying or requesting an organ donor card is related to values and factual knowledge regarding organ donation, through intervening attitude and willingness constructs.
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TL;DR: Adding motivation to the discriminant function equation resulted in significant predictions in all six lifestyle areas, which strongly suggests that motivation is a very important intervening variable when evaluating health promotion and resulting behavior change.
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TL;DR: Findings indicate that the process of clinical decision making is likely influenced by patients' age, gender, socioeconomic status, and race, physicians' professional training and experience, as well as by larger structural features of organized clinical settings.
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TL;DR: There is a striking gap between the conditions which reduce the population's subjective perceived health and the ability to offer these conditions effective treatment through the health care system, which suggests differences in health concept between the medical society and the population.
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TL;DR: Future research should direct attention toward workers' health and working conditions as covariates of absenteeism, since they are strongly significant in this study and have been neglected by most absenteeism investigators.
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TL;DR: Overconfidence in clinicians was examined in two independently designed studies, each using a different research approach, and the difference between micro-certainty of individuals and macro-uncertainty within the clinical community may cast some light on the persistence of practice variation.
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TL;DR: This study supports the findings of other studies that patients want more specific disease and treatment information, but suggests that the provision of this information might lead to therapy decisions which diverge from physicians' recommendations.
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TL;DR: Fifty-two women who worked in a telecommunications organisation and a chicken processing factory and had been diagnosed as having RSI were interviewed about their perceptions and experiences of the illness, suggesting that the need to be believed and to establish their integrity dominated their 'pilgrimage'.
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TL;DR: Analysis of the research literature on accrual to cancer therapy trials shows that nonparticipation is influenced by physician and patient variables, as well as by characteristics of the specific protocols.
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TL;DR: A large part of the class differences in physical as well as mental illness can be understood as a result of systematic differences between classes in living conditions, primarily differences in working conditions.