Showing papers in "Sociology in 1975"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined why working class women have a greater prevalence of conditions with an onset in the year before interview and conditions that have lasted longer than one year than other groups.
Abstract: While an association between social status and prevalence of psychiatric disurbance has often been reported, little has been established about aetiology or its significance for social class differences. In a survey of a random sample of women living in south London a large class difference in the prevalence of psychiatric disturbance was found. This difference is particularly great among women with young children at home. This paper examines why working class women have a greater prevalence of (i) conditions with an onset in the year before interview and (ii) conditions that have lasted longer than one year. Severe life-events and major long term difficulties occurring in the year before onset play an important aetiological role. However although these aetiological agents are more common among working class women, they only explain a small part of the social class differences. The class difference is essentially due not to the greater frequency of events and difficulties but to the much greater likelihood...
706 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the replication of scientific experiments is discussed stressing the problem of communication between the originator of an experiment and a scientist intending to replicate it, and models of communication are set up, with reference to established fields.
Abstract: The replication of scientific experiments is discussed stressing the problem of communication between the originator of an experiment and a scientist intending to replicate it. Models of communication are set up, with reference to established fields. A more marginal field is then investigated in the light of these models and it is concluded that scientists in the latter field should not be seen as engaged in replicating original experiment, but in negotiating the rules of replication, and hence the nature of the phenomenon under investigation.
380 citations
TL;DR: The authors discusses a range of attempts that have been made to apply a particular theory of ritual (the Durkheimian theory) to the politics of modern societies, specifically the United States and Britain.
Abstract: The article is concerned with the role played by rituals in the politics of advanced industrial societies. First, after considering the disputes of the anthropologists, a working definition of ritual is offered. The central, critical part of the paper discusses a range of attempts that have been made to apply a particular theory of ritual—the Durkheimian theory—to the politics of modern societies, specifically the United States and Britain. These `neo-Durkheimian' analyses (of Shils and Young, Blumler et al., Lloyd Warner, Bellah and Verba) are criticized for using too simple a notion of social integration, and for making too narrow a selection and offering too narrow an analysis of political rituals. Their approach is further criticized for closing off a whole range of significant and critical questions about political rituals—questions which bring out their cognitive role and the cognitive dimension of the exercise of power in stratified, conflictual and pluralistic modern industrial societies. Finally,...
321 citations
281 citations
TL;DR: The third, final phase is one of decline and disbandment of the network, together with the movement of participants to new areas of scientific opportunity.
Abstract: A general account is presented of the emergence, growth, and decline of scientific research networks and their associated problem areas. Research networks are seen to pass through three phases. The first, exploratory phase is distinguished by a lack of effective communication among participants and by the pursuit of imprecisely defined problems. The second phase is one of rapid growth, associated with increasing social and intellectual integration, made possible by improved communication. An increasingly precise scientific consensus gradually emerges from a process of negotiation, in which those participants who are members of the scientific elite exert most influence. But as consensus is achieved the problem area becomes less scientifically fruitful; and as the network grows, career opportunities diminish. Consequently, the third, final phase is one of decline and disbandment of the network, together with the movement of participants to new areas of scientific opportunity.
145 citations
116 citations
60 citations
TL;DR: Unlike most other broadcasting organizations, the BBC has managed to fend off identification both with the state and with commerce as mentioned in this paper, and the sources of this unusual degree of autonomy are traced back to...
Abstract: Unlike most other broadcasting organizations, the BBC has managed to fend off identification both with the state and with commerce. The sources of this unusual degree of autonomy are traced back to...
52 citations
TL;DR: A theory and method in a study of argentine fertility will give for every reader to read this book as discussed by the authors, this book becomes a choice of someone to read, many in the world also loves it so much.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the process through which an elite of professional communicators regularly produce knowledge cast in the form of news, focusing on the ideological and relational constraints w...
Abstract: This paper analyses the process through which an elite of professional communicators regularly produce knowledge cast in the form of news. It focuses on the ideological and relational constraints w...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors look at some available members' methods for dealing with perceptual accounts that occasion nonacceptance on the part of account-recipients and present a survey of perceptual account producers and recipients.
Abstract: This paper looks at some available members' methods for dealing with perceptual accounts that occasion non-acceptance on the part of account-recipients. Perceptual-account producers and recipients ...
TL;DR: In this paper, a new typology of religious collectivities is elaborated and related to a theory of the development of cults, which claims that a central feature of the cult is ''epistemological individualism''.
Abstract: Prevailing conceptions of the cult are criticized. A new typology of religious collectivities is elaborated and related to a theory of the development of cults. This theory claims that a central feature of the cult is `epistemological individualism'. The central characteristic of the sect on the other hand is `epistemological authoritarianism'. The process of sectarianization therefore involves the arrogation of authority typically on the basis of a claim to a new and superior revelation. Sectarianization is portrayed as a strategy with particular appeal to the leaders of cults faced with the problems of managing and maintaining a fragile institution. These processes are illustrated from the development of Scientology.
TL;DR: Schutz as discussed by the authors argued that neither of these types of meaning are intrinsic to a musical object but depend upon an individual's interpretation of that object, and that the way an object is interpreted is largely determined by the individual's musical culture.
Abstract: Two types of musical meaning are distinguished: purely musical meaning which can be grasped only by experiencing a piece of music as it unfolds through time, and extra-musical meaning which relates music to non-musical concepts such as emotions, ideas, etc. It is argued that neither types of meaning are intrinsic to a musical object but depend upon an individual's interpretation of that object. The way an object is interpreted is largely determined by the individual's musical culture. Following Schutz, musical culture is defined as the individual's collected musical experiences, socially derived and socially sanctioned, and the ways in which it determines the individual's understanding of music are discussed. The concept of musical culture is expanded, in particular to include the idea of value (one type of extra-musical meaning). Musical objects do not have the same value or worth for everyone: differences exist both across different societies and within the same society. This is to say that because grou...
TL;DR: The study of everyday conceptions of social inequality and social class epitomizes some of the central issues of sociology, especially the relationship between consciousness and action as discussed by the authors, and a broadly s...
Abstract: The study of everyday conceptions of social inequality and social class epitomizes some of the central issues of sociology, especially the relationship between consciousness and action. A broadly s...
TL;DR: The authors discusses some of the conceptual problems raised by the account of the transformation of occupational structure to be found in the convergence literature, with reference to some distinctive features of the Soviet occupational structure which have resulted from policies pursued in accordance with ideological considerations and deliberate growth strategies.
Abstract: Critics of the convergence thesis have not seriously challenged the notion that occupational structure is technologically determined and a relatively invariable feature of industrialized societies This paper discusses some of the conceptual problems raised by the account of the transformation of occupational structure to be found in the convergence literature The issues are examined with reference to some distinctive features of the Soviet occupational structure which have resulted from policies pursued in accordance with ideological considerations and deliberate growth strategies The evidence shows that the state of technology cannot be viewed as an autonomous variable and that policies which counteract or reinforce the workings of market forces are of crucial importance Some of the implications of variations in occupational structure for patterns of social stratification are discussed; recent studies of stratification in state socialist countries have tended to by-pass these questions The sociologi