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Showing papers in "Soil Science in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Ivanovsky et al. presented the results of a study at the University of Tyumen in the name of D. I. Ivanovsky, 194/1 Stachki ave.
Abstract: 1 University of Tyumen, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), 6 Volodarskogo St., 625003, Tyumen, Russia 2 University of Tyumen, Institute of Earth Sciences, 2 Osipenko st., 625002, Tyumen, Russia 3 Southern Federal University, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology in the name of D. I. Ivanovsky, 194/1 Stachki ave., 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia 4 National Research Tomsk State University, BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, 36 Lenina st., 634050, Tomsk, Russia 5 Tomsk Oil and Gas Research and Design Institute (TomskNIPIneft), 72 Mira st., 634027, Tomsk, Russia

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the dissolution of quartz in the context of its structure and surface chemistry has been investigated, taking account of the many experimental studies that have been made and considering how these may be applied to what has been observed in the natural soil environment.
Abstract: Quartz is undoubtedly the most common mineral at the Earth’s surface, whether in rocks, weathering profiles, sediments or soils, especially those of a sandy texture. Yet despite the universality of this mineral in surface environments, there are still certain aspects of its dissolution behaviour that are not yet fully understood, particularly with respect to the various physical and chemical conditions that may occur in different types of soils. It is the purpose of this review to consider the dissolution of quartz in the context of its structure and surface chemistry, taking account of the many experimental studies that have been made and considering how these may be applied to what has been observed in the natural soil environment. With respect to the formation of quartz in soils as a secondary pedogenetic phase, this topic is critically reviewed, focusing on the empirical evidence that has been presented in the literature. It is concluded that such evidence is inconclusive or even negative, except in some exceptional cases. 2. Structure and chemistry of quartz

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY NC ND 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Abstract: © 2020 by the authors. Licensee Soil Science Society of Poland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY NC ND 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). * High Performance of Chitosan-co-Polyacrylamide-TiO2 Crosslinked Glutaraldehyde Hydrogel as Soil Conditioner for Soybean Plant (Glycine max)

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the spatial extent of soils that contain calcium carbonate in plow horizons, based on available orthophotomaps and cartographic materials, was determined based on topographic maps and a numerical terrain model.
Abstract: Soil erosion, as a result of which physical, chemical and morphological features of the soil are changing, is an increasingly common problem. The outcropping of deeper horizons of pedons also causes a change in the colour of their surface horizons, which is reflected in aerial photos. Strongly exposed to erosive transformations are agricultural areas. Intensive human activity leads to an increase in ratio of natural slope processes and the movement of soil material by agricultural machinery, which is called human-induced erosion or denudation. The largest transformations within study area – the Chełmża commune, can be observed at the tops of convex hills, where the plow horizons of the strongly truncated soils are mixed with the calcareous parent material (glacial tills). The aim of this study was to determine spatial extent of soils that contain calcium carbonate in plow horizons, based on available orthophotomaps and cartographic materials – topographic maps and a numerical terrain model. More than 700 contours (about 1% of investigated area) of eroded soils potentially rich in the calcium carbonate were delimited. The following criteria were taken into account: 1) very bright brown colour of surface horizons indicating the potential presence of calcium carbonate; 2) proximity of strongly eroded clay-illuvial soils characterized by a dark brown color of surface horizons indicating the exposure on surface of argik horizons; 3) occurrence in places exposed to erosion – on tops of hills and within convex slopes. Field works and laboratory analysis allowed to verification of the contours of potentially calcareous soils. These studies confirmed the high suitability of aerial photos in delimitation of mentioned pedons – 96% of the analysed profiles represented strongly eroded calcareous soils. The average content of CaCO3 in plow horizons was 6.1%. The only genetic horizons of the studied soils are weakly developed A horizons lying directly on parent material. Plow horizons did not meet the criteria referring to colour and/or carbon content of mollik and parent material had too low a calcium carbonate content to designate kalcik horizons. According to the Polish Soils Classification (2019), most of the analysed soils can be classified as weakly developed soils – typical/humic regosols. In one case, due to the strong influence of ground water, the profile was classified as gleysol. The review of archival materials focused on eroded calcareous soils indicates the possibility of occurrence of mollik or/and kalcik horizons and what is connected with it – chernozems, black earths and stagnosols.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the efficiency of the liming process in terms of cadmium immobilisation in the soil and its uptake by spring wheat was investigated. But, the results showed that an increase in liming was accompanied by a decrease in the content of Cadmium both in the grain and straw of wheat.
Abstract: The objective of the study was the determination of the efficiency of the liming process in terms of cadmium immobilisation in the soil and its uptake by spring wheat. The research was conducted on a microfield experiment established at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Agriculture in Skierniewice. The surface soil layer was contaminated with cadmium to the second degree of contamination according to Kabata-Pendias et al. (1993), i.e., 1.87 mg Cd·kg‒1.The soil was subject to liming with CaO (60%) at doses according to 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2 hydrolytic acidity (Hh). In the experiment, the analysed crop was spring wheat (Mandaryn cultivar). Data showed that an increase in liming was accompanied by a decrease in the content of cadmium both in the grain and straw of wheat. The content of cadmium in wheat grain varied from 0.038 mg Cd kg‒1 (2 Hh) to 0.351 mg Cd kg‒1 (0 Hh). In the case of wheat straw, it ranged from 0.147 mg Cd kg‒1 (2 Hh) to 0.554 mg Cd kg‒1 (0 Hh). The content of cadmium in straw did not exceed the acceptable content of trace substances in fodders as stipulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development 2012.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the limit values for the assessment of the microelement concentration in the soil determined with 1 M HCl were revised for wheat and rapeseed on the basis of a large data collection of 3865 pairs of soilplant samples taken from production fields located in 16 voivodeships of Poland.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to revise the limit values for the assessment of the microelement concentration in the soil determined with 1 M HCl. Unlike the values used so far to determine low, medium and high concentrations, the new values indicate only the low concentration limit below which fertilisation is necessary. Moreover, the new values are differentiated according to the plant species, which is related to the different sensitivity of the plants to microelement defi cit. These values were prepared for wheat and rapeseed on the basis of a large data collection of 3865 pairs of soilplant samples taken from production fi elds located in 16 voivodeships of Poland. The concentration of micronutrients was determined in all soil and plant samples. In addition, pH, texture, and the content of organic carbon and available phosphorus were determined in soil samples. Moreover, grain and seed yield after wheat and rapeseed harvest was estimated for all fi elds. Two independent calculation methods were applied in order to increase the reliability of the developed values. One of them was the method of regression equations, using the micronutrient bioaccumulation coeffi cient, its critical concentration in the plant and relevant soil features. The equations were constructed using the Stagraphics program. For each micronutrient, 8 models were tested in search for the equation with the highest determination coeffi cient r. To verify the values calculated in this way, the “high yield method” was used, which involved determining the smallest concentration of a micronutrient in the soil at which a high yield could be achieved. Keywords

5 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the results of a study of alluvial urban soils of parks and the industrial zone located in Saint Petersburg in Russia were presented, where the content of priority toxicants (heavy metals, benzo[a]pyrene, petroleum products) was conducted, as well as an epidemiological study of soils for the presence of pathogenic organisms.
Abstract: According to the main chemical indicators, the soils of the city differ signifi cantly from their natural analogue. A signifi cant part of the territory of cities is affected by negative processes that affect the ecological functions of soils. Due to the intensifi cation of the anthropogenic impact, surface air pollution increases, soil profi les are disturbed, acidity and alkalinity change, and the biodiversity of soil microfl ora is reduced. This paper presents the results of a study of alluvial urban soils of parks and the industrial zone located in Saint Petersburg in Russia. A morphological description and the basic physical parameters of soils are determined. The content of priority toxicants (heavy metals, benzo[a]pyrene, petroleum products) was conducted, as well as an epidemiological study of soils for the presence of pathogenic organisms. The data obtained show that heavy metals accumulate in alluvial soils, about 35% of the studied soils exceeded permissible concentrations. The content of PAHs in soils also exceeded up to 34 of the maximum permissible concentration. We observe differences in the sanitary and hygienic conditions of alluvial territories specially designated for recreational area. According to the results of microbiological studies, pathogenic organisms are present in soils, but their content varies within acceptable limits of Russian Federation. Keywords

5 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Abstract: Potential acid sulfate soils (PASS) are coastal, inland or mine spoil soils with a high content of iron sulfides. Originally neutral or alkaline, and often with a low buffer capacity, these soils have the potential to produce sulfuric acid if drained or excavated (actual acid sulfate soils) (Pons, 1973; Dent and Pons, 1995). The problem associated with sulfide oxidation is the release of toxic substances (mainly heavy metals), which can be leached and transported in very acidic (pH <4) environments (Fältmarsch et al., 2008). Acid sulfate soils are commonly considered a serious global hazard, with a remarkably negative impact on ecosystems and human health (Dent and Pons, 1995; Andriesse and Van Mensvoort, 2006). Acid sulfate soil material is classified according to the presence of diagnostic properties such as hypersulfidic and sulfuric materials (Sullivan et al., 2010). Hypersulfidic material is described as sulfidic material (≥0.01% inorganic sulfidic S), which upon incubation (i.e. oxidation) at field capacity (generally at least 8 weeks) displays a pH drop of ≥0.5, compared to unoxidised conditions, to a value of <4. During field conditions, oxidation of hypersulfidic materials often leads to the development of a sulfuric horizon (pH <4). Both diagnostic materials are recognised in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources classification (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015), with “sulfuric” being referred to as “thionic”. Sulfidic material that does not display a drop in pH to <4.0 is termed “hyposulfidic”. In Finland and Sweden, a lower diagnostic limit of pH <3.0 for recognition of hypersulfidic

4 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Creamer et al. as mentioned in this paper have shown that the diversity and functioning of soil biota are greatly influenced by soil properties, land-use types, and management practices, and that both biological diversity and biological functions need to be considered when assessing and monitoring soil biodiversity.
Abstract: Following the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, soil biodiversity has been recognized globally as a crucial player in guaranteeing the functioning of soil and a provider of several ecosystem services essential for human well-being (Orgiazzi et al., 2016). The microbial fraction of the soil is an indispensable component of soil fertility as soil microbes play key roles in soil aggregate formation, nutrient cycling, humification, and degradation of pollutants (Creamer et al., 2016a). Soil fauna, such as earthworms have huge impacts on soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics, nutrient cycling, and infiltration and distribution of water in the soil (Turbé et al., 2010). In recent years, several studies have shown that the diversity and functioning of soil biota are greatly influenced by soil properties, land-use types, and management practices (a few examples include; Ponge et al., 2013; Tsiafouli et al., 2015; van Leeuwen et al., 2017; Tian et al., 2017; Semenov et al., 2018). Most of the researches, however, have focused on one aspect of soil biodiversity (e.g. species richness, abundance, community structure). Given the complex nature of interactions among soil organisms and with their abiotic environment, both biological diversity and biological functions need to be considered when assessing and monitoring soil biodiversity (Creamer et al., 2016b). A decade ago, European based program ‘EcoFINDER’ (Ecological Function and Biodiversity Indicators in European Soils), has identified bioindicators to assess and monitor soil biodiversity across Europe. Among the proposed biodiversity and ecological indicators, earthworms (abundance, biomass, and diversity) and soil microbial respiration (SMR) have been included (Stone et al., 2016). Nevertheless, these indicators have rarely been studied together across a range of soil and land-use types (Creamer et al., 2016b). SMR is a biological process that converts soil organic matter into atmospheric CO2, in which soil microflora plays a major role (Creamer et al., 2016a). It is an important indicator of soil health as it reflects the level of microbial activity, which is a key factor in mineralization and organic matter decomposition. SMR also relates to soil microbial properties such as microbial biomass and microbial composition (Józefowska et al., 2017). Hence, this indicator will give a measure of soil biological

4 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used ArcGIS software to assess spatial distribution pattern of different soil properties, including electrical conductivity of the soil saturated paste extract (ECe), pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) to determine and design methods of salt affected soil reclamation.
Abstract: Electrical conductivity of the soil saturated paste extract (ECe), pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) are most important soil properties to determine and design methods of salt-affected soil reclamation. Surface soil samples from 125 locations in Sahl El-Husseinia, El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt were taken using hand auger and analyzed for ECe, pH, SAR, ESP and CEC. GPS device was used to record the latitude and longitude of each sampling point. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to summarize soil properties. ArcGIS software was used to assess spatial distribution pattern of different soil properties. Interpolation mapping to estimate the values of soil properties at un-sampled locations was conducted using ordinary kriging procedure and semi-variogram models were evaluated. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering technique was utilized to define soil management zones. Observed positive strong significant correlation between ECe and other attributes of soil (i.e. ESP, SAR and CEC) with the exception of pH. The PCA resulted that there are two principal components (PCs) explained 80.27% of the total variance of soil properties. The first PC (explained 59.64% of variability) was strongly influenced by soil ECe, SAR, ESP and CEC whereas the second PC showed a more intense relation with pH only. Soil ECe, pH and CEC were pentaspherical, exponential and stable respectively as a best-fit model. Meanwhile, the Spherical model was the best-fit model to SAR and ESP. Based on agglomerative hierarchical clustering, three soil management zones (SMZ) were selected differing significantly with respect to studied soil properties. Calculations for each SMZ concerning gypsum requirements (GR) to reduce ESP to 10 as well as water amount were carried out to reduce ECe to 2 dS m‒1. The amounts of GR are 6.10, 7.05 and 13.37 Mg ha‒1 for SMZ1, SMZ2 and SMZ3, respectively. The amounts of leaching water requirements (LR) for leaching salts from the soil are 2.98, 4.25 and 5.57 m3 ha‒1 (×1000) for SMZ1, SMZ2 and SMZ3 respectively.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to solve the problem of the lack of water supply in the Russian Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (FSBI) by using water samples collected from Sankt Petersburg State University (SPSU).
Abstract: 1 Sankt Petersburg State University, Department of Applied Ecology, 16 line 29 Vasilyevskiy Island, 199178, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 2 FSBI “Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute”, Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia 3 Department of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Saint-Petersburg State Agrarian University, Petersburg Highway 2, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, 196601, Russia 4 University of Zielona Góra, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 15 Prof. Z. Szafrana St., 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the soil transport function on the basis of present knowledge of soil nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) transport and soil and local properties, and determined the origin of the water pollution potential risk.
Abstract: Water pollution, both surface and underground, by agricultural activity is a relatively serious problem. The pollutants are transported from the soil to the water. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the soil transport function on the basis of present knowledge of soil nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) transport and soil and local properties. The west Slovak lowlands, south Slovak basins and east Slovak highlands were selected due to their different climate and soil parameters. Soil nutrient transport was classifi ed as (1) very weak, (2) weak, (3) moderate, (4) strong and (5) very strong. Accordingly, we defi ned the area of individual categories of soil transport function in agricultural soils in three observed areas in Slovakia. Thus we could determine the origin of the water pollution potential risk. Moreover, this is very important when it comes to observing of the Nitrate Directive as farmers can harmonise nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisation to soil categories. In the case of nitrogen, its transport is very dependent on soil nitrifi cation intensity with nitrogen, and the most fertile soils (on Žitný ostrov) are very susceptible to water pollution. Almost 88% of agricultural soil in this area are in the strong and very strong nitrogen transport categories. On the other hand, only 2.1% of soils in hilly and cold landscapes (Ondavská vrchovina) feature water nitrogen pollution. Phosphorus transport is very strong on the hilly landscape with shallow soils (less than 0.30 m) and/or with gravel high content (Ondavská vrchovina). Especially in these locations, an increase of water body phosphorus content and thus a decrease in water quality (almost 50% of total agricultural soil area) is possible. Keywords

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the chemical properties of sandy soil after 36 years of differential fertilization with mineral nitrogen and manure without liming in two crop rotation were analyzed and the results showed that the soil properties of the sandy soil were improved after two crop rotations.
Abstract: © 2020 by the authors. Licensee Soil Science Society of Poland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY NC ND 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). * Selected chemical properties of sandy soil after 36 years of differential fertilization with mineral nitrogen and manure without liming in two crop rotation

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the causes of the considerable weakening of spruce stands in the Śnieżnik Massif and propose of application of fertilization, and find that strongly weakened spruce stand are found on poor Podzols developed from the Árzak gneiss affected by a magnesium deficit.
Abstract: The process of spruce monoculture disintegration has been taking place extensively in all elevated mountainous areas in Poland since the 1980s. This process has accelerated up to a dramatic rate in the 21st century. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of the considerable weakening of spruce stands in the Śnieżnik Massif and propose of application of fertilization. The study was carried out in the Eastern Sudety Mountains in the upper part of the Śnieżnik Massif, Lądek Zdrój Forest District where spruce stands showed symptoms of strong weakness in 2005. Soil and needles samples were collected for basic laboratory analysis. Strongly weakened spruce stands were found on poor Podzols developed from the Śnieżnik gneiss affected by a magnesium deficit. The spruce stands that did not show clear symptoms of weakening were found on Dystric Cambisols developed from mica schist, which were better supplied with magnesium. The study results indicate that the weakening of spruce stands in the Śnieżnik massif is related to the magnesium deficit and soils of strongly weakened stands require fertilization with this element.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared physico-chemical properties, air-water and water retention properties of reclaimed soils formed as a result of land reclamation in the area after gravel exploitation with the properties of non-exploited soils.
Abstract: The aim of the research was to compare physico-chemical properties, air-water and water retention properties of soils formed as a result of land reclamation in the area after gravel ex.ploitation with the properties of non-exploited soils. The examined soils had the texture of sand, loamy sand and sandy loam. The average humus stock in anthropogenically shaped soils amounted to 84.75 Mg·ha‒1, which qualifies as very well reclaimed. In anthropogenic humus horizons, the average volume of mesopores corresponding to the contents of water potentially available (PRU) and easily available to plants (ERU) amounted to 11.16% v/v and 6.95% v/v respectively, with these values being statistically significantly higher than in deeper soil horizons. Humus horizons of reclaimed soils had higher, but not significantly, average values of field water capacity (43.42 mm), PRU (32.31 mm) and ERU (20.16 mm) than natural soils. The soil reaction of reclaimed soils was neutral or alkaline (pHKCl 6.6-7.4). Calcium prevailed as the basic exchangeable cation. The sum of basic cations in humus horizons of reclaimed soils was significantly higher than in deeper horizons. No significant differences were found between grain-size distribution, humus stock, physico-chemical, air-water and water retention properties in reclaimed and non-exploited soils. During technical reclamation, humus horizon was restored, soil properties and soil production potential became similar to soil properties prior to exploitation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the contamination of soils in the immediate vicinity of the Bydgoszcz bus station and one of the city's most important streets (Jagiellońska Street) in terms of the following selected heavy metals: zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr).
Abstract: Densely built-up urban agglomerations with a dense street network, dense industry and a diversity of human activities affect the natural environment, which includes the soil. In addition to hydrocarbon compounds, pesticide residues and sulphur, another main factor that threatens soil cleanliness is heavy metals (Niedbała et al., 2010; Czubaszek and Bartoszczuk, 2011; Dzierżanowski and Gawroński, 2011; Athanasopoulou and Kollaros, 2016; Kowalczyk and Szulc, 2017; Kajka and Rutkowska, 2018). One source of toxic gases, dusts and aerosols that contain heavy metals is traffic-heavy roads. The problem of automotive heavy-metal pollution of soils in the vicinity of major thoroughfares is most intense in city districts with high population density and a dense communication network. Here, very large numbers of vehicles move in a relatively small area, and traffic congestion contributes to high emissions (Binggan and Yang, 2010). City soils, which are usually a mosaic of various types and classes, usually present with increased heavymetal contents. This is the result of long-term accumulation in the soil caused by the continuous emission of pollutants, including from traffic (Ptak et al., 2010). A significant proportion of the emitted pollution is deposited on the surface of the ground close to the emission source (Klimowicz and Melke, 2000). Automotive pollution is more dangerous than industrial pollution because it spreads in high concentrations at low altitudes in the immediate vicinity of people (Właśniewski, 2007). To assess the state of the soil environment, it is enough to know the total forms of heavy metal total content, which determine the potential for each component to enter into circulation in the natural environment (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 2001). The total content of heavy metals in soil includes their various forms, which have various mobilities and abilities to transition from solid to soil solution, as well as those that are permanently bound in soil minerals and practically unavailable to plants. The aim of the study was to assess the contamination of soils in the immediate vicinity of the Bydgoszcz bus station and one of the city’s most important streets (Jagiellońska Street) in terms of the following selected heavy metals: zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a positive correlation was found between the amount of clay and the volume of water unavailable to plants (pF 4.5-5.2), and a negative correlation between the amounts of clays and the content of water available to plants.
Abstract: Vertisols occurring in the Sępopol Plain in north-eastern Poland are characterized by high natural fertility. They belong to the group of soils with high clay content, which show the ability of periodic shrinking and swelling of clay minerals. As a result of variable moisture conditions, deep cracks and sliding surfaces are formed on the surface of the soil aggregates. The purpose of this research was to determine the chemical, physical, air-water and redox properties of vertisols developed from glaciolimnic sediments of the Weichselian glaciation, and having textures of clay (C), loam (L) and heavy clay (HC). The studied soils had high fi eld water capacity (pF 2.0) and high content of water unavailable to plants (pF 4.2), as well as low volume of air pores. A signifi cant positive correlation was found between the amount of clay and the volume of water unavailable to plants (pF 4.2), and a negative correlation between the amount of clay and content of water available to plants (AWC), including water readily available to plants (RAWC). The distribution of soil pores was unfavourable, and the ratio of macropores to mesopores to micropores in humic horizons was 1:2.7–5.1:1.5–5.4. The studied vertisols had low values of redox potential (Eh) and oxygen diffusion rate (ODR). The values of the Eh were above 300 mV, a threshold value for oxidised and reduced soil, only in surface horizons. Keywords

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the impact of soil tillage intensity and additional improvement measures on some chemical properties in different layers of clay loam soil in longterm experiment, and found that the impacts of tillage and organic residues on organic carbon are highly variable and difficult to predict, and their interactions need to be investigated under various soil, climate and cropping system conditions.
Abstract: The Thematic Strategy on Soil (COM 231, 2006) obliges EU states to monitor and analyse the state of the soil, and to seek to use the soil in such a way that its physical, chemical and biological properties are not reduced and quality and overall productivity do not decrease. Recently, in many countries of the world, including the EU, emphasis has been placed on the decline of agrarian soils area and the deterioration of soil quality (COM 46, 2012). The quality, productivity and sustainability of soil as well as other terrestrial ecosystem renewable components (vegetation, fauna, microbiota) is determined by the ability to accumulate organic matter. SOM is a critical component of the soil–plant ecosystem, and depletion of SOM causes a loss in water holding capacity, poor aggregation, and acceleration in soil erosion, poor retention of applied nutrients, reduced soil biological and enzymatic activities (Ghani et al., 2003). The accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM), the main constituent of which is soil organic carbon (SOC), is the fixation of atmospheric CO2 through the process of photosynthesis into long-lived pools and storing in the soil. SOM is derived from a complicated mixture of fresh organic materials from plants, soil fauna, root exudates, microbial residues and chemically or physically protected substrates (von Lützow et al., 2007). The intense soil tillage combined with the simplified crop rotation and predominance of cereals together with the expansion of farming system based on crop production with reduced number of livestock intensifies the process of SOM degradation (Rutkowska and Pikuła, 2013). SOC stocks are affected not so much by climate change but by changes in land use (Brovkin et al., 2013). Tillage intensity reduction can improve soil quality (Van Groenigen et al., 2010), increase the carbon content in top soil layer (Ogle et al., 2005), result in greater soil biological activity and increase humus content (Slepetiene et al., 2010) but at the same time cause the loss of carbon in deeper soil layers (Blanco-Canqui and Lal, 2008). The impacts of tillage and organic residues on SOC are highly variable and difficult to predict, and their interactions need to be investigated under various soil, climate and cropping system conditions (Viaud et al., 2011). Different materials of various origin are used both as fertilizers and ameliorants in a heavy soils in order to preserve and increase SOC content as well as to improve negative soil properties, lime materials (Torkashvand et al., 2011; Hontoria et al., 2016) and cover crops for green manure (Tripolskaja and Šidlauskas, 2010) or for mulch (Saroa and Lal, 2003; Velykis and Satkus, 2018). The aim of the research is to evaluate the impact of soil tillage intensity and additional improvement measures on some chemical properties in different layers of clay loam soil in longterm experiment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an assessment of the content of selected bioavailable macro-and micro-elements and enzymatic properties in soils in areas adjacent to the CIECH Soda Polska S.A. in Inowrocław.
Abstract: Salinity is one of the main causes of degradation in the soil environment. The long-term salinity affects the properties physicochemical and activity of the biological parameters in soil considerably. The aim in the study was to assess the content of selected macroand microelements and enzymatic properties in soils in areas adjacent to the soda plant. The research was conducted in the area adjacent to the CIECH Soda Polska S.A. in Inowrocław. This study presents an assessment of the content of selected bioavailable macroelements (P, K, Mg) and microelements (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) against the background of the enzymatic activity (dehydrogenases, catalase, peroxidase, and alkaline and acid phosphatase) of soil. The soil was sampled from surface mineral horizon (0–30 cm deep). Seven sites were selected for soil sampling (S1–S6 on the grounds of a soda plant, and area C – the control). The effect of long-term salinity on the studied soil properties was found. The content of available macroand micronutrients varied signifi cantly depending on the soil sampling site. The presented results did not show unidirectional changes in the content of available P, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe, nor in the activity of dehydrogenases, catalase, peroxidase, or alkaline and acid phosphatases in the technogenic soil. In the analysed soil samples, contents of the bioavailable forms of all the tested microelements were found to be low. The activity of the tested enzymes was found to be lowest in soil from S6 (in the vicinity of waste dumping sites, a sewage treatment plant and the soda plant). Keywords

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of soil phosphorus content on the diversity and dynamics of energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) crops in two time periods was investigated in three locations of the Łódź voievodeship.
Abstract: The aim of the study was determination of the effect of soil phosphorus content on the diversity and dynamics of fl ora accompanying energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) crops in two time periods. The study was carried out in 2013–2014 in 5–7 years old plantations and in 2018 in 10–11 years old plantations, in three locations of the Łódź voievodeship. Six plantations established in two groups of soils were evaluated: 1) with very low and low phosphorus content and 2) with medium and high phosphorus content. The vegetation accompanying willow was identifi ed based on an analysis of 40 phytosociological relevés. The statistical analysis: PCA and cluster analysis were made. It was found that the vascular fl ora of Salix viminalis L. differed in the total number of species; 71 species were found in 5–7-year-old plantations, established on soils with a lower phosphorus contents, while on soils with a higher contents, the number of species was 56. In 10–11-year-old Salix viminalis L. crops the number of species was lower in two type of plantations. Perennial plants, dicotyledonous (74%–83%), hemicryptophytes, woodland and shrub, and meadow apophytes dominated in both plantation groups, irrespectively of the study period. Most species belonged to three phytosociological classes: Artemisietea vulgaris, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Stellarietea mediae. An analysis of the dynamics of fl ora, besides decreasing the number of species, showed that perennial species, woodland and shrub apophytes increased in both groups of the plantations. In crops on soils with a lower phosphorus content in the second part of the study period, species from the Artemisietea vulgaris class dominated, and on soils with a higher phosphorus content, species from the MolinioArrhenatheretea class. In both periods, legumes had a small share. Keywords

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TL;DR: While phosphorus (P) soil content varies widely only a small proportion of P is available to plants, in some soil types, significant P amounts remain unavailable due to the chemical fixation and organic colloids sorption.
Abstract: While phosphorus (P) soil content varies widely only a small proportion of P is available to plants (Banach et al., 2015). Water insoluble inorganic P forms are found as P bearing constituent soil minerals like apatite and strengite (Brogowski and Kwasowski, 2009; Belgaroui et al., 2016). Unavailable organic P is contained in various organic substances such as inositol phosphate, esters, phospholipids, nucleic acids and some derivatives of phosphonic acid (Abbasi et al., 2015; Banach et al., 2015; Delfim et al., 2018). In some soil types, significant P amounts remain unavailable due to the chemical fixation and organic colloids sorption. About 50% of adsorbed P is organic matter bound (Brogowski and Kwasowski, 2009; Banach et al., 2015; Belgaroui et al., 2016). Soil microbes has been widely known to be capable of P solubilizing, including the following bacterial genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Escherichia, the fungal genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Culvularia and the Actinomicetes genus Streptomyces (Gao et al., 2016; Rathi and Gaur, 2016). Soil bacteria capable of enhancing P soil bioavailability adsorbed through production of organic acids (citric, malic, oxalic, gluconic and acetic acids); chelation of Al, Fe and Ca cations by organic acids containing carboxyl and hydroxyl anions; ligand exchange between organic anions and Al, Fe and Ca-bound phosphate; and colloid adsorbtion sites blocking by organic acids and charged cells surfaces; produce phosphatase and phytase improve P availability through organic P mineralization (Castagno et al., 2011; Azeem et al., 2014; Abbasi et al., 2015; Belgaroui et al., 2016; Stella and Sahren, 2016). Microbe gene expression as a response to the surrounding environment is largely governed by their population density which can be detected by autoinducing substances referred to as quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules (Palmer et al., 2014; Barriuso, 2015; Mahmoudi, 2015). Generally, gram negative bacteria produce autoinducers N-Acyl Homoserine Lactone (N-AHL) form, the derivatives of which include N-butanoyl (BHL; C4), N-hexanoyl (HHL; C6), N-octanoyl (OHL; C8), N-decanoyl (DHL; C10) and N-dodecanoyl (dDHL; C12) Homoserine Lactones (Rani et al., 2011; Ransome et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2016). These QS signaling molecules are also produced by plant roots. In the rhizosphere, there are species or microbial populations as a form of mutual interactions between plants and microbes (Badura, 2004; Palmer et al., 2014; Rathi et al., 2016). In soils, microbes can transfer genetic materials not only to the other microbes, but also to the plant as a way of communication between the soil, plant and microbes (Kobus, 1999; Gao et al.,

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TL;DR: In this article, the authors formulated a phosphate solubilizer fertilizer (PSF) to increase P solubility and enhance Andisols potato yields, which was made from chicken manure enriched with phosphate bacteria, Humicfulvic (HF) acids and N-Acyl Homoserine Lactone.
Abstract: Andisols are soil types formed in volcanic ash characterised by high adsorbed phosphate unavailable to plants. Farmers use manures to increase the availability of phosphorus in Andisols although this seems less than effective. The purpose of the research was to formulate a phosphate solubilizer fertilizer (PSF) to increase P solubility and enhance Andisols potato yields. PSF was made from chicken manure enriched with phosphate bacteria, Humic-fulvic (HF) acids and N-Acyl Homoserine Lactone. PSF effectiveness was tested in Pikovskaya and in Andisols to increase P solubility and enhance potato yield. The best of PSF formula based on P solubility was for chicken manure enriched with 4% HF acids and at 2% dose. The PSF P solubility efficiency in Pikovskaya was 51% and 80% in Andisols. Andisols potato yield at the same dose of PSF 20 Mg·ha‒1 compared to chicken manure enhanced with the some dose by up to 2 Mg·ha‒1.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of climate and soil conditions on growth dynamics of main commercial tree species is studied. But the authors focus on the effect of climate on the growth dynamics and not only from an economic point of view, but also poses an ecologically important question.
Abstract: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most commercially important forest tree species in the world. This especially concerns Central and Northern Europe where in some countries, as e.g. in Poland and Finland, the species covers more than half of the total forest area (Sevola, 2013; Milewski, 2017). However, the relatively high share of Scots pine is the result of different reasons which are specific for the boreal and the temperate European region. In Northern Europe the predominance of conifers is mainly related to a natural agent, as it results primarily from climatic conditions. In turn, in Central Europe the high predominance of Scots pine is related to anthropogenic factors, because since turn of the 18th and 19th century the species has been introduced on huge areas of sandy as well as fine-textured soils which previously had been covered with broadleaved forests (Olaczek, 1976; Zerbe, 2002; Kint et al., 2006). As a result of the high importance of the issue for forestry, the dissimilarities in growth parameters of Scots pine between different regions have been examined in many studies. They were also investigated with reference to climatic gradient (e.g. Seo et al., 2010; Henttonen et al., 2014; Franke et al., 2017), because of the obvious and important effect of climate on the growth dynamics of trees. In these studies, traditionally, the importance of temperature and precipitation has been highlighted, the significance of which increases (temperature) or decreases (precipitation) with increasing latitude (Hustich, 1972). The detailed knowledge about the effects of climate and soil conditions on growth dynamics of main commercial tree species is important not only from an economic point of view, but the issue also poses an ecologically important question. For example, in Central Europe, where in the past conifer monocultures were commonly planted on primarily sites of broadleaved species, recognition of the relationship between soil texture and pine dynamics is crucial for indicating areas in which conifer monocultures should be converted into deciduous stands. In turn, the conversion is highly postulated, because pine monocultures covering huge areas in the temperate European zone are labile and susceptible to hazards (e.g. Kenk and Guehne, 2001; Spiecker, 2003). With regard to growth parameters of pine stands examined in relation to soil texture, so far the issue has been sep-