Showing papers in "Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology (SJST) in 2004"

The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (dpph) for estimating antioxidant activity

Abstract: Molyneux, P. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity

Physiological effects in aromatherapy

Abstract: Hongratanaworakit, T. Physiological effects in aromatherapy Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2004, 26(1) : 117-125 The effects of aromas on humans are divided into physiological and psychological effects. The physiological effect acts directly on the physical organism, the psychological effect acts via the sense of smell or olfactory system, which in turn may cause a physiological effect. This paper reviews on the physiological effects which are used for the evaluation of the effects of aromas. Physiological parameters, i.e. heart rate blood pressure, electrodermal activity, electroencephalogram, slow potential brain waves (contingent negative variation), and eye blink rate or pupil functions, are used as indices for the measurement of the aroma effects

Phytoplankton diversity and its relationships to the physico-chemical environment in the Banglang Reservoir, Yala Province

Abstract: Ariyadej, C., Tansakul, R., Tansakul, P. and Angsupanich, S. Phytoplankton diversity and its relationships to the physico-chemical environment in the Banglang Reservoir, Yala Province Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2004, 26(5) : 595-607 The diversity of phytoplankton and its relationships to the physico-chemical environment were studied in Banglang Reservoir, located on the Pattani River in Southern Thailand. Samples were collected monthly from May 2000 to April 2001 at three stations and three different depths: water surface, 10, and 30 meters. Physico-chemical parameters: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, conductivity, water transparency, and nutrients were measured simultaneously. One-hundred and thirty-five species in seven divisions of phytoplankton were found. The greatest number of species were in Division Chlorophyta (50%), followed by Cyanophyta (21%), Bacillariophyta (13%), Pyrrophyta (6%), Cryptophyta (4%), Chrysophyta (3%) and Euglenophyta (3%). The most diverse genus was Staurastrum (15 species). Phytoplankton density ranged from zero to 2.1x109 cells.m-3. Microcystis aeruginosa Kutzing in January at 30 m at the lacustrine zone had the highest phytoplankton density. By applying a PCA(principal components analysis) using the MVSP statistical analysis program on the abundance of species, it was found that Cyclotella meneghiniana ORIGINAL ARTICLE 1Ph.D. Student in Biology 2Ph.D.(Biology), Assoc Prof., 3M.S.(Botany), Assoc Prof., Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, 4Ph.D.(Aquatic Environmental Science), Assoc Prof., Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand. Corresponding e-mail: chalindaa@hotmail.com Received, 29 March 2004 Accepted, 9 June 2004 Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 26 No. 5 Sep.-Oct. 2004 596 Diversity and relationships to the physico-chemical environment Ariyadej, C., et al. Kutzing and Melosira varians Agardh were the most abundant in each station. Diversity index (Simpson’s diversity index) was maximum at 10 m at the transition zone and lowest at the outflow zone. The factors affecting the phytoplankton species by Canonical correspondence analysis ordination (PC-ORD program) were alkalinity, water temperature, water transparency, nutrients and conductivity. When the water quality parameters were classified by the trophic level, Banglang Reservoir belonged to oligo-mesotrophic status. Furthermore, Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutzing and Melosira varians Agardh could be used as the phytoplankton indicator of oligo-mesotrophic reservoir.

Aquatic plants for domestic wastewater treatment: Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) systems

Abstract: Kanabkaew, T. and Puetpaiboon, U. Aquatic plants for domestic wastewater treatment: Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) systems Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2004, 26(5) : 749-756 A pilot scale aquatic pond, with dimensions of 1.8 m in length, 0.6 m in width and 1.2 m in depth, was constructed at the Hat Yai Municipality Central Wastewater Treatment Plant, Thailand. The experiment was carried out to investigate the enhanced removal efficiency of unconventional plants for aquatic treatment system as post treatment. Wastewater from the selected pond of the Hat Yai Municipality Central Wastewater Treatment Plant was introduced to the systems using peristaltic pumps to maintain a fixed flow rate at HRT of 5.4 and 10.5 days, respectively. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) were planted along with one control unit. Influent and effluent were analyzed for pH, SS, BOD 5 , TKN, NH 3 -N, NO 2 - -N, NO 3 - -N, TP and Coliform bacteria twice a week. The results showed that ponds with aquatic plants were superior to those without plants. The system with lotus showed the best removal efficiency for wastewater treatment. For the system with hydrilla, it was found that pH and SS of the effluent were high. It might not be suitable to use hydrilla for effluent polishing. This study could emphasize that lotus and hydrilla could provide an alternative aquatic plant system for wastewater treatment.

Biosorption of binary mixtures of heavy metals by green macro alga, Caulerpa lentillifera

Abstract: Apiratikul, R., Marhaba, T.F., Wattanachira, S., and Pavasant, P. Biosorption of binary mixtures of heavy metals by green macro alga, Caulerpa lentillifera

Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Thai medicinal plants named Khaminkhruea: Arcangelisia flava, Coscinium blumeanum and Fibraurea tinctoria

Abstract: Keawpradub, N., Dej-adisai, S. and Yuenyongsawad, S. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Thai medicinal plants named Khaminkhruea: Arcangelisia flava, Coscinium blumeanum and Fibraurea tinctoria Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2005, 27(Suppl. 2) : 455-467 The stems of Arcangelisia flava, Coscinium blumeanum and Fibraurea tinctoria, collectively known in southern Thailand as Khaminkhruea, were sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and boiling water to afford 12 crude extracts. All extracts have been assessed for antioxidant activity against DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical and cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp and human cancer cell line MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma). Methanol extract of A. flava (AFM), and methanol and chloroform extracts of C. blumeanum (CBM and CBC) exhibited moderate antioxidant activity with EC50 values of 25-55 μg/ml. Chloroform extracts of A. flava (AFC) and F. tinctoria (FTC), AFM, CBC and CBM showed pronounced cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp and MCF-7 cells with LC50 and IC50 values of 210-278 and 8-12 μg/ml, respectively. Bioassay-guided chemical investigation led to the isolation of berberine as a main compound of AFC, AFM, CBC and CBM. Palmatine and jatrorrhizine were found to be main alkaloids of FTC, and minor alkaloids of AFC, AFM, CBC and CBM. In addition, an ester triacontanyl caffeate was isolated for the first time from C. blumeanum (CBC). Chemical structures of the isolated ORIGINAL ARTICLE 1Ph.D.(Pharmacognosy), Asst. Prof., 2M.Sc.(Pharmacy) 3M.Sc.(Pharmaceutical Botany), Asst. Prof., Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand. Corresponding e-mail: niwat.k@psu.ac.th Received, 10 August 2004 Accepted, 1 December 2004 Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 27 (Suppl. 2), 2005 : Thai Herbs 456 Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of A. flava, C. blumeanum and F. tinctoria Keawpradub, N., et al. compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods particularly NMR and mass spectrometry. Triacontanyl caffeate was mainly responsible for antioxidant activity of C. blumeanum with an EC50 value of 6.8 μg/ml. Jatrorrhizine possessed moderate antioxidant activity with an EC50 value of 98.0 μg/ml, whereas palmatine and berberine were found to be considerably less active (EC50 >100 μg/ml). The LC50 values of the four isolated compounds on brine shrimp were ranging from 37-206 μg/ml. The IC50 values of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine against MCF-7 cells were in the range of 1-4 μg/ml. Triacontanyl caffeate was considerably less cytotoxic than the alkaloids with an IC50 value of 15.5 μg/ml.

A comparison of type I error and power of Bartlett’s test, Levene’s test and Cochran’s test under violation of assumptions

Abstract: Vorapongsathorn, T., Taejaroenkul, S. and Viwatwongkasem, C. A comparison of type I error and power of Bartlett’s test, Levene’s test and Cochran’s test under violation of assumptions

UNIQUAC activity coefficient model and modified Redlich- Kwong EOS for the vapor liquid equilibrium systems of carbon dioxide-water

Abstract: Kaewsichan, L., Keowkrai, K. and Grisdanurak, N. UNIQUAC activity coefficient model and modified Redlich- Kwong EOS for the vapor liquid equilibrium systems of carbon dioxide-water Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2004, 26(6) : 907-916 The UNIQUAC activity coefficient model and fugacity coefficient model of modified Redlich-Kwong predicted vapor-liquid equilibrium between carbon dioxide and water efficiently. The activity coefficient model needed the energy interaction parameters between molecules of carbon dioxide and water. Those parameters can be obtained by non-linear regression method of the experimental data of the vapor-liquid equilibria of carbon dioxide and water (Lide, 1992). The fugacity coefficient model of modified RedlichKwong needed only some physical properties of carbon dioxide and water without any interaction parameters. The experimental data had ranges of temperature and partial pressure of carbon dioxide between 10 to 100oC and 5 to 1,200 kPa, respectively. The parameters for the activity coefficient model are temperature dependent but are not concentration dependent. The regression results gave good agreements with the experimental data in which the mean absolute error (MAE) between experiment and calculated partial pressure of carbon dioxide was 2.72% and the mean absolute standard deviation (MAD) of that error was 1.35%. Comparing the effects of activity coefficients and fugacity coefficients, we found that the non-ideality in vapor phase was more influential than the non-ideality in liquid phase.

Trihalomethane formation potential of shrimp farm effluents in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand

Abstract: Mangmeechai, A., Chaiwatpongsakorn, C., Marhaba, T.F., Wattanachira, S., and Pavasant, P. Trihalomethane formation potential of shrimp farm effluents in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2004, 26(Suppl. 1) : 185-198 Shrimp farm effluents along Bangpakong River in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand, were evaluated for their trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), which were shown to be in the range of 810-3,100 μg/L. Samples from river locations, both upstream and downstream from these selected farms, were also tested for their existing THMFP. These river samples were illustrated to have notably lower level of THMFP M.Sc. (Environmental Management), National Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NRC-EHWM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand, Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering), Assoc. Prof., Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , University Heights Newark, NJ 07102, USA, Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering), Asst. Prof., Department of Environmental Engineering/NRC-EHWM, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50000 , Ph.D. (Chemical Engineering), Assoc. Prof., Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand. Corresponding e-mail: prasert.p@chula.ac.th Received, 24 March 2004 Accepted, 10 May 2004 Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 26 (Suppl. 1) 2004 : Environmental & Hazardous Management 186 Trihalomethane formation shrimp farms Mangmeechai, A., et al. than the shrimp farm effluents. The downstream concentration was, however, found to be significantly higher than the upstream (as much as 5 times). This indicated that the contamination of shrimp farm effluents could have increased the formation potential of THMs in the natural water source. The experimental results showed a positive correlation between salinity and THMFP. The formation of various THM species depended significantly on the level of salinity in the water sample. Low salinity (0-5 ppt) often led to a high formation of chloroform and bromodichloromethane while high salinity (5-15 ppt) resulted in a great quantity of dibromochloromethane and bromoform. FTIR spectra of the samples before and after chlorination suggested that the functional groups involved in the reaction were hydroxyl group, amines group, aromatic ring, aliphatic chloro compounds and aliphatic bromo compounds, whereas C-O was the product from the reaction.