Showing papers in "Springer US in 2005"

Monitoring environmental variability around cold-water coral reefs: the use of a benthic photolander and the potential of seafloor observatories

Abstract: The environmental sensitivies of cold-water corals and their associated biota are likely to be determined by the natural variability of the cold-water coral reef environment. The sensitivity of reef biota to sedimentation and resuspension events is largely unknown and the influence of seasonal phytodetrital deposition is poorly understood. Here we describe the use of a benthic photolander to monitor this variability by the Sula Ridge reef complex on the mid-Norwegian continental shelf and from the Galway carbonate mound in the Porcupine Seabight. The photolander provides a platform for time-lapse digital and film cameras to image the seabed while recording the current regime and optical characteristics (light transmission, backscatter and fluorescence) of the seawater. In its first two deployments carried out in 2001 and 2002 by the Sula Ridge the lander recorded a dynamic environment around the reef site with a tidal current regime and periods of sediment resuspension. Current speeds by the Sula Ridge reef complex reached a maximum of 28 cm s−1 and 70 cm s−1 on the Galway carbonate mound, reinforcing much speculation about the dependence of these communities on current-swept conditions. Seabed photographs show intense feeding activity of echiuran worms (Bonellia viridis) near the Sula Ridge reef complex pointing to rapid bioturbation of the sediment. Fish were recorded sheltering near sponges that had colonised glacial dropstones. Longer term monitoring in situ is needed for study of seasonal change, to identify functional roles of associated fauna and to monitor potential coral spawning events. Benthic landers and seafloor observatories have great potential in these areas. Only with a better understanding of the natural variability of the cold-water coral environment can informed decisions about the environmental sensitivity of cold-water coral reefs and their management be made.

Research and the quality of science education

Abstract: Preface Part 1: The Quality Of Science Education: Wolf-Michael Roth, From normal to revolutionary science education. Piet Lijnse, Reflections on a problem posing approach. Svein Lie, How can large international comparative studies contribute to the quality of science education? Wilmad Kuiper, Kerst Boersma, Jan van den Akker, Towards a more curricular focus In international comparative studies on mathematics and science education.- Part 2: Science Curriculum Innovation: Jon Ogborn, 40 Years of curriculum development. Hanna Westbroek, Kees Klaassen, Astrid Bulte, Albert Pilot, Characteristics of meaningful chemistry education. Mary Ratcliffe, Richard Harris, Jenny McWhirter, Cross-curricular collaboration in teaching social aspects of genetics. Russel Tytler, School innovation in science: change, culture, complexity. Maria Andree, Ways of using 'everyday life' in the science classroom.- Part 3: Science Teacher Education: Dimitris Psillos, Anna Spyrtou, Petros Kariotoglou, Science teacher education: issues and proposals. Paul Denley, Keith Bischop, Outcomes of professional development in primary science: developing a conceptual framework. Rachel Mamlok-Naaman, Oshrit Navon, Miriam Carmeli, Avi Hofstein, Chemistry teachers research their own work two case studies. Tina Jarvis, Anthony Pell, The relationships between primary Teachers' attitudes and cognition during a two year science in-service programme. Machiel Stolk, Astrid Bulte, Onno De Jong, Albert Pilot, Teaching concepts in contexts, designing a chemistry teacher course in a curriculum innovation. Virginie Albe, Laurence Simonneaux, Epistemological thought and role-playing: impact on pre-service teachers' opinions on mobile phone risks.- Part 4: Teaching-Learning Sequences In Science Education: Martine Meheut, Teaching-learning sequences tools for learning and/or research. John Leach, Jaume Ametller, Andy Hind,Jenny Lewis, Philip Scott, Designing and evaluating short science teaching sequences: improving student learning. Bjoern Andersson, Frank Bach, Mats Hagman, Clas Olander, Anita Wallin, Discussing a research programme for the improvement of science teaching. Zahava Scherz, Ornit Spektor-Levy, Bat Sheva Eylon, 'Scientific communication': an instructional program for high-order learning skills and its impact on students' performance.- Part 5: Teaching The Nature Of Science: Stein Dankert Kolsto, Idar Mestad, Learning about the nature of scientific knowledge: the imitating-science project. Saouma Boujaoude, Suha Sowwan, Fouad Abd-El-Khalick, The effect of using drama in science teaching on students' conceptions of nature of science. Sverre Pettersen, The relevance of teaching about the 'Nature of Science' to students of the health sciences. Jim Ryder, Andy Hind, John Leach, Teaching about the epistemology of science in school science classrooms: case studies of teachers' experiences.- Part 6: Models, Modelling And Analogies In Science Education: Wolter Kaper, Martin Goedhart, A three-phase design for productive use of analogy in the teaching of entropy. Barbara Crawford, Michael Cullin, Dynamic assessments of preservice teachers' knowledge of models and modelling. Rosaria Justi, John K. Gilbert, Investigating teachers' ideas about models and modelling - some issues of authenticity.-Silke Mikelskis-Seifert, Antje Leisner, Investigation of effects and stability in teaching model competence. Allan Harrison, Onno de Jong, Using multiple analogies: case study of a chemistry teacher's preparations, presentations and reflections.- Part 7: Discourse And Argumentation In Science Education: Jonathan Osborne, The role of argument in science education. Sibel Erduran, Jonathan Osborne, Shirley Simon, The role of argumentation in developing scientific literacy. Phil Scott, Eduardo Mortimer, Meaning

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in oncology

Abstract: An Overview of Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Oncology.- Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- The Role of Blood Pool Contrast Agents in the Study of Tumor Pathophysiology.- Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Oncology.- Quantification of Contrast-Enhancement in Dynamic Studies.- Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Contrast Kinetics in Dynamic MR Studies.- Imaging Techniques: Imaging Techniques for Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Imaging. Consensus Recommendations for Imaging in Angiogenesis.- Clinical Applications: Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cerebral Malignancy. Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Breast Tumours. Dynamic Contrast Imaging in Cervical Carcinoma. Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Imaging in the Prostate. Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging in Musculoskeletal Tumors. Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging in the Liver.- Applications: The Use of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI Multicentre Trials. Applications of Dynamic Magnet Resonance in Drug Development.- Subject Index.

Foundations of Learning Classifier Systems

Abstract: Section 1 - Rule Discovery. Population Dynamics of Genetic Algorithms. Approximating Value Functions in Classifier Systems. Two Simple Learning Classifier Systems. Computational Complexity of the XCS Classifier System. An Analysis of Continuous-Valued Representations for Learning Classifier Systems.- Section 2 - Credit Assignment. Reinforcement Learning: a Brief Overview. A Mathematical Framework for Studying Learning Classifier Systems. Rule Fitness and Pathology in Learning Classifier Systems. Learning Classifier Systems: A Reinforcement Learning Perspective. Learning Classifier Systems with Convergence and Generalization.- Section 3 - Problem Characterization. On the Classification of Maze Problems. What Makes a Problem Hard?

Contrast media in ultrasonography : basic principles and clinical applications

Abstract: Basic Principles.- Classification and Safety of Microbubble-Based Contrast Agents.- Physical Basis and Principles of Action of Microbubble-based Contrast Agents.- Characterization and Design of Microbubble-Based Contrast Agents Suitable for Diagnostic Imaging.- Contrast-Specific Imaging Techniques: Technical Perspective.- Contrast-Specific Imaging Techniques: Methodological Point of View.- Biological Effects of Microbubble-Based Ultrasound Contrast Agents.- Vascular Applications.- Cerebral Vessels.- Carotid Arteries.- Detection of Endoleak After Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.- Renal Arteries.- Abdominal Applications: Liver and Spleen.- Characterization of Focal Liver Lesions.- Detection of Focal Liver Lesions.- Guidance and Assessment of Interventional Therapy in Liver.- Applications of Ultrasound Microbubbles in the Spleen.- Abdominal Applications: Kidneys.- Characterization and Detection of Renal Tumors.- Detection of Renal Perfusion Defects.- Quantitative Analysis of Renal Perfusion at Contrast-Enhanced US.- Cardiac Applications.- Assessment of Regional Myocardial Blood Flow.- Assessment of Myocardial Blood Volume.- Special Topics.- Abdominal Traumas.- Breast.- Lymph Nodes.- Female Pelvis.- Vesicoureteral Reflux.- Pancreatic Pathology.- Intestinal Pathology.- Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Prostate.- Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Rheumatic Joint Diseases.- Research Perspectives.- Quantitative Analysis of Parenchymal Flow at Contrast-Enhanced US.- Therapeutic Application of Microbubble-Based Agents.

Teacher professional development in changing conditions

Abstract: Introductory chapter: Trends and Themes in Teachers'Working and Learning Environment Part I: Perspectives on Knowledge, Context and Learning by Teachers. Knowledge Construction and Learning to Teach about Teaching. Shifting Stories to Live by: Interweaving the personal and professional in teachers' lives. The Crucible of the Classroom: A learning environment for teachers or a site of crucifixion? Practice, Theory, and Person in Life-Long Professional Learning. New Methods and Perspectives on Teacher Evaluation: Who evaluates what and for which purposes? Part 2: Knowledge Construction and Learning to Teach. Analyzing Teacher Knowledge in its Interactional Positioning. Reconstructing Knowledge-in-Action: Learning from the authority of experience as a first-year teacher. Revisiting Teaching Archetypes: Re-conceptualising student teachers' lay theories and identities. Developing Science Teachers' Knowledge on Models and Modelling. It's about Time: Issues of time in knowledge construction for preservice and practising teachers in school context. Part 3: Perspectives on Teachers' Personal and Professional Lives. The Authentic Teacher. The Impact of Program Adoption on Teachers' Professional Lives. Comprehensive Development of Teachers Based on In-depth Portraits of Teacher Growth. Reconstructing Teacher Identity through Efficacy for Community Engagement. The Dichotomy between Large-Scale Reform Rhetoric and the Perceptions of School-based Practitioners. Part 4: Teachers' Workplace as Context for Learning. Learning from 'Interpreted' Work Contexts: Planned educational change and teacher development. What Do We Mean by Career-Long Professional Growth and how Can We Get It? Resiliency, Resistance and Persistence to Be an Urban Teacher: Creating standards that respond to the context of knowledge construction and learning to teach about teaching. Design and MethodologicalIssues Related to Research on Partnerships between Teacher Education Institutions and Schools. Teachers' Perception of Their Professional Autonomy in the Environment of Systemic Change. List of Contributors

Perfective Aspect and Accomplishment Situations in Mandarin Chinese

Abstract: This paper addresses a difference between English and Mandarin Chinese in how the perfective aspect interacts with accomplishment situations. We propose that the source of the difference lies in the different nominal systems in English and Mandarin. Specifically, while English nominal heads distinguish count nouns from mass nouns, Mandarin nominal heads do not (Chierchia 1998).

Encoding Requests to Web Service Compositions as Constraints

Abstract: Interacting with a web service enabled marketplace in order to achieve a complex task involves sequencing a set of individual service operations, gathering information from the services, and making choices. We propose to encode the problem of issuing requests to a composition of web services as a constraint-based problem.

Managing Multiple Spaces

Abstract: This paper is about our experiences of space in the Equator project (www.equator.ac.uk), in particular, the way in which multiple spaces, both virtual and physical, can co-exist. By this we mean that people and objects may have locations in and relationships to both physical space and one or more virtual spaces, and that these different spaces together interact to give an overall system behaviour and user experience. The concepts we develop in this chapter are driven partly by practical experience, and partly by previous theoretical work such as the models and taxonomies of spatial context in (Dix et al., 2000), the models for mixed reality boundaries (Koleva et al., 1999) and capturing human spatial understanding exposed in sources such maps, myths and mathematics (Dix, 2000). We are also building on established work on informal reasoning about space from the AI and GIS communities (Grigni et al, 1995; Papadias et al., 1996) similar to Allen’s well known temporal relations (Allen, 1991).

An improved majorization algorithm for robust procrustes analysis.

Abstract: In this paper, we focus on algorithms for Robust Procrustes Analysis that are used to rotate a solution of coordinates towards a target solution while controlling outliers. Verboon (1994) and Verboon and Heiser (1992) showed how iterative weighted least-squares can be used to solve the problem. Kiers (1997) improved upon their algorithm by using iterative majorization. In this paper, we propose a new method called “weighted majorization” that improves on the method by Kiers (1997). A simulation study shows that compared to the method by Kiers (1997), the solutions obtained by weighted majorization are in almost all cases of better quality and are obtained significantly faster.

Practical implications of handling multiple contexts in the principle of polyrepresentation

Abstract: The principle of polyrepresentation, proposed more than 10 years ago, offers a holistic theoretical framework for handling multiple contexts in Information Retrieval (IR), and allows integration of representation and matching of both documents as well as the information seeker's information need in context. Relatively few empirically based studies have, however, applied the principle explicitly for IR purposes. This paper examines the principle of polyrepresentation, and analyses the practical implications of applying it to multiple contexts in best match IR research. It is concluded that the principle is inherently Boolean in its foundation in spite of its intentions to be applicable to both exact and best match IR. This may constitute a major obstacle for the application of the principle in main stream IR and information seeking research. A polyrepresentation continuum is proposed as an illustration of this problem, and as a model for developing the principle towards greater practical applicability.

The role of T cells and the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of theiler's virus demyeliating disease

Abstract: The immune response to TMEV involves activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response is the initial response by the host to a viral infection. The adaptive immune response follows the initial response and is mediated by CD8+ and CD4+ T cell and antibody responses specific to the viral antigens. CNS pathogenesis in TMEV-IDD is associated with long-term virus persistence in CNS-resident microglia and macrophages which leads to the activation of a virus-specific CD4+ Th1 response. Myelin destruction is initiated by the bystander effector functions of CNS-resident mononuclear cells which are activated both directly by the innate immune response to persistent TMEV infection and indirectly by pro-inflammatory cytokines released by virus-specific Th1 cells. Initial myelin destruction leads to the release of myelin antigens and the subsequent activation of myelin epitope-specific autoreactive CD4+ Th1 cells via epitope spreading which are largely responsible for chronic disease progression.

New directions in cognitive information retrieval

Abstract: The principle of polyrepresentation, proposed more than 10 years ago, provides a holistic and explicitly cognitive framework for understanding the processes involved in Information Retrieval (IR) (Ingwersen, 1994, 1996, 2001). While readily applicable to the phenomena encountered in mainstream algorithmic IR research, the main strength of the principle is that it can also be applied simultaneously to the cognitive space of the user – thus integrating the two perspectives into one coherent cognitive framework. The main idea in the principle is that document overlaps generated from representations of different cognitive and functional origins can improve performance in IR systems. This kind of overlaps we entitle “cognitive overlaps”.