Steel Research 

About: Steel Research is an academic journal. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Austenite & Slag. It has an ISSN identifier of 1611-3683. Over the lifetime, 1496 publications have been published receiving 13080 citations.

Rolling and Recrystallization Textures of BCC Steels

Abstract: Deep-drawing steels (e.g, low-carbon steel). Here the most important property is a good deformability in deep drawing. This behaviour is favoured by a texture formed in such a way that during deepdrawing the material flow occurs from the width and not from the thickness of the sheet and that it is equal for different directions in the sheet plane, i.e. by materials with the high r-value and a low !J.rvalue (r is the Lankfort parameter). Both properties can be achieved by a texture which after recrystallization consists of a homogeneous strong fibre texture with a {111} plane parallel to the sheet plane.

Viscosity estimation of slags

Abstract: The viscosity of silicate melts and slags is a property difficult to measure accurately using sophisticated apparatus, it is both time consuming and expensive. The use of models to estimate the viscosity is the first step to be carried out, mainly with metallurgical slags involving numerous components. The proposed model is an experimental one based on accurate data for pure binary and ternary melts. From this data, using a simple hypothesis on the behaviour of unusual compounds, it is possible to estimate the viscosity of a complex melt. This estimation is used as a first approximation and can be amended, if necessary, by only a few direct measurements.

Metallurgy and creep properties of new 9-12%Cr steels

Abstract: Current understanding of the creep strengthening mechanisms in newly developed 9-12%Cr creep resistant steels is discussed. It is demonstrated how new computer programs for calculation of equilibrium phases in the steels can contribute to increased understanding of the microstructure of these steels. The calculations are useful for, e.g. estimation of the risk of δ-ferrite formation, and of balancing of the addition of V, Nb and N so M2X formation can be avoided. Combination of the equilibrium calculations with kinetic models and experiment has led to a description of the precipitation of Laves phase in W-alloyed 9%Cr steels. Combination of these results with creep tests indicated that Laves phases have a creep strengthening effect through precipitation hardening, and that any solid solution strengthening effect of W is small.

Thermomechanical properties of iron and iron-carbon alloys : density and thermal contraction

Abstract: For the modelling of strains und stresses arising during solidification data on the mechanical and thermal properties of the steel are needed. Data on density and on related properties of iron and iron-carbon alloys in the literature were evaluated giving the thermal contraction as a function of temperature and carbon content

Chromium vaporisation from Fe,Cr base alloys used as interconnect in fuel cells

Abstract: Fe,Cr base alloys protected by Cr 2 O 3 base oxidation scales are candidate materials for the metallic interconnect of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The operating temperatures of such cells range between 800 and 950 °C. Cr 2 O 3 base oxide scales are necessary since they show sufficient electrical conductivity unlike Al 2 O 3 or SiO 2 scales. It is, however, disadvantageous that Cr 2 O 3 base oxide scales form the volatile chromium(VI) species CrO 3 (g) and CrO 2 (OH) 2 (g) under operating conditions at the cathode side of SOFC. The electrochemical reduction of these species forming solid Cr(III) oxides at the three-phase boundary electrolyte/cathode/oxidant leads to a rapid degradation of the electrical properties of SOFC. The study of the chromium vaporisation of different Fe,Cr base alloys under SOFC operating conditions and its reduction by the coating of the alloy surface are, therefore, of topical interest in SOFC development. The commercial alloys Fe18Cr1A1 (DIN 1.4742), Fe25Cr0.7Mn0.5Si (AISI 446), Fe20.4Cr5.7Al0.3Si (DIN 1.4767) and the oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy Cr5Fe1Y 2 O 3 as well as the model alloy FeCrMn (HNA) were investigated. These alloys form the following oxide scales under operating conditions on the cathode side: iron rich chromium oxides (DIN 1.4742), Cr,Mn spinel (AISI 446 and HNA), Al 2 O 3 (DIN 1.4767), and Cr 2 O 3 (Cr5Fe1Y 2 O 3 ). The alloys DIN 1.4742 and Cr5Fe1Y 2 O 3 were coated with a perovskite layer (25 to 30 μm thickness) made of La 0.90 Sr 0.10 CrO 3 (LSC) and La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 (LSM) by the use of vacuum plasma spraying (VPS). The vaporisation studies were carried out under non-equilibrium conditions using the vapour transportation method. The carrier gas consisted of synthetic air with a relative humidity of rH = 60%. Alloy plates of the dimensions 80.30.5 mm 3 with rounded edges and a surface area of 48.5 cm 2 were used as samples in the vaporisation experiments carried out at 850 and 950 °C. Typical time periods of the vaporisation measurements were between 20 and 350 h. Alloy Cr5Fe1Y 2 O 3 with Cr 2 O 3 scale showed the highest chromium vaporisation rate among the uncoated samples. The latter showed the following factors for the reduction of the chromium vaporisation rate as compared to Cr5Fe1Y 2 O 3 at 850 °C: 23 for AISI 446, 10 for HNA, 5 for DIN 1.4767, and 2 for DIN 1.4742. The different factors are explained by the different oxide scales mentioned above. The alloys with VPS coatings showed a reduction of chromium release by up to a factor of > 100. Investigations of the microstrucure of the perovskite coating revealed its densification during the transpiration experiments which in turn reduces the chromium vaporisation. Moreover, the Cr 2 O 3 vaporisation was re-determined under equilibrium conditions by the vapour transportation method leading to new results.