Showing papers in "Studies in History in 1990"
TL;DR: The study of mortality on ocean voyages has been one of the enduring concerns of historians of overseas migration as discussed by the authors, and this concern has undoubtedly been due to the enormous human cost of ocean journeys, as seaborne
Abstract: Author’s Note: Ralph Shlomowitz is responsible for the text; both authors are responsible for the appendix. We are grateful to Raymond L. Cohn, David Eltis, Stanley L. Engerman, Brij V. Lal, Jonathan J. Pincus, Leonie Randall, Richard H. Steckel, and an anonymous reviewer for comments. The study of mortality on ocean voyages has been one of the enduring concerns of historians of overseas migration. This concern has undoubtedly been due to the enormous human cost of ocean voyages, as seaborne
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TL;DR: In this paper, the available evidence on the state formation in Travancore during the eighteenth century in the background of the present debate is analyzed in the context of rapidly accumulating evidence on pre-modern societies.
Abstract: State formation in pre-modern India has generated a lot of interest and created considerable debate in recent times. Suggestions regarding monarchical structures of various forms by earlier historians have given way to analysis of socio-economic factors in the characterisation of state formations. Different economic and anthropological models developed in the context of societies inside and outside India are being tested in the context of rapidly accumulating evidence on pre-modern societies. The purpose of this article is to analyse the available evidence on the state formation in Travancore during the eighteenth century in the background of the present debate.
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TL;DR: The early phase of colonial rule was uniformly depressed both in raiyatwari and zamindari areas, primarily due to the high revenue burden, and the market was revived around the mid-nineteenth century with the graduai decline of revenue burden as a proportion of actual or expected rental income as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The accelerated development of a market for land rights in colonial India is now well established. Recent research on the subject has thrown considerable light on the long-term pattern of growth as well as the factors governing the character and rate of growth in the land market during various economic conjunctures.’ It thus appears that in the early phase of colonial rule the market for land rights was uniformly depressed both in raiyatwari and zamindari areas, primarily due to the high revenue burden. The market was revived around the mid-nineteenth century with the graduai decline of revenue burden as a proportion of actual or expected rental income. This buoyancy was, however, shortlived for the market for estates and tenures in zamindari areas of Eastern India (specially Bengal) where a downward trend in the price of estates and tenures (as a multiple of revenue jumma) is noticeable from the 1880s onwards. This was coeval with an upswing in the market for raiyati rights. In the raiyatwari areas, the decline of the land tax burden and the reappearance of a rental margin shored up the market, while in zamindari areas decline of rent as a proportion of gross value of produce contributed both to the crash in the price of estates and tenures and a secular upward trend in the price of occupancy raiyati rights.’ From then on, there was a meteoric growth in the land market both in terms of the volume of transaction as well as the price of land. With
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TL;DR: A period of mass activity, agrarian upheavals and gory communal rioting followed the Congress acceptance of office in 1946-47 as mentioned in this paper, and the confrontation between the Congress and the Muslim League became more embittered.
Abstract: state prepared to hand over power.’ Furthermore, as the political arena opened up, the confrontation between the Congress and the Muslim League became more embittered. In this penultimate phase of the Raj popular passions ran high and threatened to drown even its inheritors.’ An intense period of mass activity, agrarian upheavals and gory communal rioting followed the Congress acceptance of office. It rocked Bihar all through 1946-47. In several south Bihar districts communal rioting and agrarian unrest broke out within a short time of each other. The observations of a
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the summary findings of a study of the changing patterns of settlement in Kathiawar from the Harappan to the early historical period, where a comparison was made of settlement patterns in Harappaan, Rangpur II B-C and 1111 and Iron Age times, that is, in the phases 2500 to 2000 B.C.
Abstract: This article presents the summary findings of a study’ of the changing patterns of settlement in Kathiawar from the Harappan to the early historical period. A comparison was made of settlement in Harappan, Rangpur II B-C and 1111 and Iron Age times, that is, in the phases 2500 to 2000 B.C.; 2000 to 1700 B.C.; 1700 to 1400 B.C.; and 800 B.C. to A.D. 300. The aim of this study was (a) to see how settlement patterns differ, if at all and (b) to understand the factors involved: crops, technology, mineral resources, interactions with neighbouring regions and whether developments outside Kathiawar affected culture processes in the region. The study was located in the present-day linguistic and administrative entity of Gujarat, which in the past has not necessarily been a politically or culturally homogeneous region. For instance, between the fifth and eight centuries A.D., the Maitrakas of Valabhi were ruling in the eastern part of the Kathiawar penir.sula, the Graharipu in Junagadh, and the Lakho Fulani in Kutch.’ Again, in the Iron Age the distribution of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) reveals a cultural link reaching out to several Iron Age sites all over the country except the extreme south. Similarly, when we discuss the phenomenon of Red Polished Ware (RPW) we must take into