Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 

TL;DR: Three sorts of differences in mechanistic explanations are focused on; models of mechanisms are developed for specific exemplars and are not represented in terms of universally quantified statements.

TL;DR: The concept of functional normality has been criticised in recent years by social critics who claim that the term carries ideological baggage as discussed by the authors and that describing individuals or groups as "abnormal" is seen as marginalizing them by use of a falsely objective criterion.

TL;DR: This paper will trace the conceptual history of Beijerinck's claim that 'everything is everywhere' in relation to a more general account of its theoretical, experimental and institutional context and argue that this principle needs to be situated in relationship to plant and animal biogeography, which forms a continuum of thought with microbial biogeographical thought.

TL;DR: This paper argues that instead of trying to find the correct definitions of 'health' and 'disease' the authors should explicitly talk about the considerations that are central in medical discussions, namely state descriptions and normative claims.

TL;DR: It is suggested that an older tradition of evidence in medicine-the plurality of reasoning strategies appealed to by the epidemiologist Sir Bradford Hill-is a superior strategy for assessing a large volume and diversity of evidence.