Showing papers in "Taxon in 1991"
TL;DR: Results are presented, comparing total cellular DNA samples extracted from a set of fresh and silica-gel dried samples of the same species, as well as examining the efficiency of endonuclease restriction and intactness of DNA from of aSet of field-collected leaves preserved with silica gel.
Abstract: Silica gels an inexpensive and reliable substance to preserve field-collected leaves for molecular studies of variation in DNA. A method for its utilization is explained, and results are presented, comparing total cellular DNA samples extracted from a set of fresh and silica-gel dried samples of the same species, as well as examining the efficiency of endonuclease restriction and intactness of DNA from of a set of field-collected leaves preserved with silica gel.
799 citations
736 citations
TL;DR: The conclusion is reached that far from being rare, intraspecific cpDNA variation is relatively common and some of the possible effects on phylogenetic reconstruction are considered.
Abstract: Summary Harris, S. A. & Ingram, R.: Chloroplast DNA and biosystematics: The effects of intraspecific diversity and plastid transmission. - Taxon 40: 393-412. 1991. - ISSN 0040-0262. The widespread application of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) to plant biosystematics is usually based on a number of assumptions. The assumption of low levels of intraspecific cpDNA variation is reviewed and the conclusion reached that far from being rare, intraspecific cpDNA variation is relatively common. The evidence for the assumption of predominantly maternal plastid transmission is also reviewed. In both of the cases some of the possible effects on phylogenetic reconstruction are considered.
311 citations
291 citations
TL;DR: The Farn-und Blutenpflanzen Baden-Wurttembergs, the largest Farn- und BlutenPflanzens in Europe, and the largest number of Farns in Europe are revealed in a single document.
Abstract: Die Farn-und Blutenpflanzen Baden-Wurttembergs , Die Farn-und Blutenpflanzen Baden-Wurttembergs , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
143 citations
110 citations
71 citations
TL;DR: The great voyages of discovery of eighteenth-century Europe are recounted, from Dampier to Cook, to provide a rich source for historians, geographers, and anyone interested in the history of voyage and travel.
Abstract: "Background to Discovery" recounts the great voyages of discovery, from Dampier to Cook, that excited such fervent political and popular interest in eighteenth-century Europe. Perhaps this book's greatest strength lies in its remarkable synthesis of both the achievements of European maritime exploration and the political, economic, and scientific motives behind it. Writing essays on the literary and artistic response to the voyages as well, the contributors collectively provide a rich source for historians, geographers, and anyone interested in the history of voyage and travel.
51 citations
TL;DR: The infrafamilial classification of the Asclepiadaceae has been investigated from the nomenclatural side by Sundell (1980) who indicated that this classification has been based almost entirely on the subdivisions of the family made by R. Brown (1810).
Abstract: The infrafamilial classification of the Asclepiadaceae has been investigated from the nomenclatural side by Sundell (1980) who indicated that this classification has been based almost entirely on the subdivisions of the family made by R. Brown (1810). Some of the nomenclatural aspects concerning the typification and first valid publication of the tribal names Ceropegieae, Stapelieae and Marsdenieae have been further discussed by Swarupanandan (1983) and revolve around the typification of Pergularia L. and tribal names based on this taxon.
43 citations
TL;DR: Investigating phylogenetic relationships of the genera Aloe, Astroloba, Chortolirion, Gasteria, Haworthia, Lomatophyllum and Poellnitzia using cladistic methodology finds the most obvious similarities amongst these genera are the succulent leaf consistency, crescen- tiform or cymbiform leaf outline in cross-section.
Abstract: Summary other genera of the Asphodelaceae. However, no comprehensive interpretation of phylogenetic relationships within the entire subfamily based on comparative morphological data and phytogeographical considerations has yet been accomplished. The present paper investigates phylogenetic relationships of the genera Aloe, Astroloba, Chortolirion, Gasteria, Haworthia, Lomatophyllum and Poellnitzia using cladistic methodology. The most obvious similarities amongst these genera are the succulent leaf consistency, crescen- tiform or cymbiform leaf outline in cross-section and the markedly bimodal karyotype of 2n = 14 chromosomes. For the cladistic analysis 16 characters were used and the genus Kniphofia was selected as outgroup on the basis of two synapomorphies with Alooideae, namely tubular flowers and fused perianth segments. The characters are discussed in detail, polarized into plesiomorphic and apomorphic states and then employed in the generation of a phylogenetic hypothesis using the "Hennig86" software package.
TL;DR: Data from many publications plus the own results demonstrate the generalized occurrence of homologous legumin-like proteins in seed plants, both gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Abstract: Legumins, i.e. 11/12 S storage proteins, are the major seed proteins in the legumes Vicia faba (Bayley & Boulter, 1970), Pisum sativum (Croy & al., 1979) and in other Vicieae species (Derbyshire & al., 1976). Similar proteins with the significant legumin characters (acidic subunits of Mr = c. 30 40 KD, basic subunits of Mr = c. 20 KD, linked together by S-S-bridges and forming hexameric molecules in the storage tissues) have also been recognized as major storage proteins in many dicot and monocot species (De Klerk & Engelen, 1985; Fischer & Schopfer, 1988; Hasegawa & al., 1978; Jensen, 1984; Jensen & Bittner, 1981; Konishi & al., 1985; Simon & al., 1985). Jensen & Berthold (1989) reported legumin-like proteins even in the primary endosperm of Ginkgo biloba seeds; their structural homology with angiosperm legumin was recently confirmed by sequence analysis of the P-subunit (Hager & Richardson, in preparation). Similar proteins have been identified in conifers (Gifford, 1988; and our own data). They are mostly insoluble in buffers normally used for legumin extractions. Insoluble seed legumins are also reported for Euphorbiaceae (Gifford & Bewley, 1983; Lalonde & al., 1984) and 7Tphaceae (Bergner & Jensen, 1989). They can be extracted by adding up to 10 %o NaCl (w/v) to the buffers (Bergner & Jensen, 1989) or even better by using SDS and urea buffers. In the latter case they are extractable only in form of a,-dimers. Data from many publications plus our own results demonstrate the generalized occurrence of homologous legumin-like proteins in seed plants, both gymnosperms and angiosperms. They are the main storage proteins in a majority of taxa. They are produced in triploid (angiosperm endosperm), diploid (embryo) and/or haploid tissues (gymnosperm endosperm). In this investigation we analysed the occurrence of the insoluble legumin-like seed proteins in Pinaceae. Gifford (1988) had previously reported electrophoretic data for six species of Pinus. In the seeds of 12 Abies species tested no such proteins were detected. This lack can be used as a diagnostic character for the genus Abies.
TL;DR: Relationships among taxa of Thlaspi sensu lato were tested by isoelectric focusing (IEF) analysis of Ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), resulting in a grouping of the species into three clusters which are consistent with the respective genera of Meyer.
Abstract: Relationships among taxa of Thlaspi sensu lato were tested by isoelectric focusing (IEF) analysis of Ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). 14 species were studied, belonging to 3 of the genera previously segregated by Meyer on the basis of seed anatomy. Differences in Rubisco IEF patterns resulted in a grouping of the species into three clusters which are consistent with the respective genera of Meyer.
TL;DR: Two hypothetical examples of validation of fictitious new mycological species are given, one for a mix of DNA and morphological type materials and the other for DNA type material only.
Abstract: Existing rules of the 'International code of botanical nomenclature' apply to the nomenclature of a DNA-based species concept. DNA can serve as the type element. Two hypothetical examples of validation of fictitious new mycological species are given, one for a mix of DNA and morphological type materials and the other for DNA type material only. It is recommended that herbaria prepare to curate genomic DNA material as types.
TL;DR: The family Velloziaceae is essentially tropical and contains about 250 species, and tends to grow in places which are difficult to get at and botanically little known.
Abstract: The family Velloziaceae is essentially tropical and contains about 250 species. Of these, about 30 are African; the rest occur in South America, extending to Panama in Central America. Although a number of species will certainly fall into synonymy, largely as a result of uncertainties of delimitation (Smith & Ayensu, 1976), it is probable that many new species remain to be described. The family displays a very high degree of endemism, and tends to grow in places which are difficult to get at and botanically little known. Since the last revision of the family (Smith & Ayensu, 1976), which recognized 28 new species of Barbacenia Vand. and 22 of Vellozia Vand., numerous others have been described (Smith & Ayensu, 1979, 1980; Menezes, 1980c; Smith, 1985b, 1986; Smith & al., 1986; Mello-Silva & Menezes, 1988; Mello-Silva 1991). Delimitation at species level has its problems; however, historically it has always been the delimitation of genera to cause controversy among taxonomists concerned with the family. Smith & Ayensu (1974) pointed out two main sources of these difficulties: the first is the choice of different characters by the different authors (Menezes, 1980a, shares this opinion), the second is the attempt to classify Old World species in New World genera and vice versa.
TL;DR: The format of the second edition of the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (c. 1986) is recommended in conjunction with the cross-reference for other color charts from the 1966 edition.
Abstract: Color charts for biological descriptions have been published since 1776. These have varied in form to include bound volumes and fans with pigment samples or color printing and have been used to describe a range of organisms as specific as one genus to all natural history subjects. We recommend the format of the second edition of the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (c. 1986) in conjunction with the cross-reference for other color charts from the 1966 edition.
TL;DR: This paper presents a better founded hypothesis of the systematic position of the Blepharispermum group, in accordance with the results of these authors.
Abstract: Athroisma DC., Blepharispermum Wight ex DC. and Leucoblepharis Arnott are Old World genera of Asteraceae Lindley hitherto placed in the tribe Inuleae Cass. The three genera together form a monophyletic group sharing the following synapomorphies: Capitula aggregated in glomerules; capitula with one distinct subtending bract and two involucral bracts subtending two opposite, filiform female florets; each capitulum with a narrow conical receptacle. During the beginning of my revisional work (in preparation) on these genera (here called the Blepharispermum group) it became apparent that they do not fit in the current systematic frame of the Inuleae. Several characters of the cypselas (their form, their coloration, and the nature of the pappus) differ significantly from those of their supposed relatives (e.g. Monarrhenus Cass., Pterocaulon Elliott and Sphaeranthus L.; Merxmiiller & al., 1977). These differences indicate that the genera were incorrectly placed in the Inuleae, especially since the reason for such a systematic position was merely the presence of a few key characters, and an Old World distribution. In the light of these observations I, in discussions with colleagues, proposed a transfer of the Blepharispermum group to the Heliantheae. Although this view was subsequently adopted by Bremer (1987), Jeffrey (1988) and Anderberg (1989), I believe that there still is reason to present the case in detail. Since Merxmiiller & al. (1977) presented their classification of the Inuleae, several new papers on tribal classifications relating to the subdivision of tribes and of the family as a whole have been published (Robinson, 1981; Bremer, 1987; Anderberg, 1989). This paper presents a better founded hypothesis of the systematic position of the Blepharispermum group, in accordance with the results of these authors.
TL;DR: It is suggested that this method be employed in making decisions about the establishment of formal classifications, thus avoiding unnecessary changes in the formal taxonomy when further data result in small changes inThe cladogram topologies.
Abstract: The four ways of assessing the confidence limits in the nodes of a cladogram (character homologies, character numbers per node, bootstrap percentiles and the monophyly index) are reviewed. The methods are applied to a cladogram of the genera of the African Restionaceae, and the confidence limits of each node are discussed. It is shown that there is a great variation in the confidence limits of the various nodes. By combining the various methods it is possible to assess which nodes are not likely to change with the addition of new data, and which may change in the future. It is suggested that this method be employed in making decisions about the establishment of formal classifications, thus avoiding unnecessary changes in the formal taxonomy when further data result in small changes in the cladogram topologies.
TL;DR: Kato's recent hypothesis on the origin of the angiosperm carpel, suggesting an ophioglossoid fertile leaf as an archetype for the carpel is evaluated in the context of heterochrony, which is argued to have been a major factor in theorigin of angiosperms.
Abstract: Kato's recent hypothesis on the origin of the angiosperm carpel, suggesting an ophioglossoid fertile leaf as an archetype for the carpel, is evaluated in the context of heterochrony, which is argued to have been a major factor in the origin of angiosperms. Anatropy of angiosperm ovules, the most primitive type, is interpreted as derived by paedomorphosis from hyponastic curvature of ophioglossoid sporophore primordia and also leaf primordia, concomitant with paedomorphic changes at various levels of floral organization.
TL;DR: Sebdenia flabellata (J. Agardh) Parkinson is regarded to be the correct name for a red algal species that includes Sebdenia polydactyla (B0rgesen) Balakrishnan.
Abstract: Type material of Isymeniaflabellata J. Agardh was examined and determined to conform to Sebdenia. The transfer of this taxon to Sebdenia by Parkinson is supported. Sebdenia flabellata (J. Agardh) Parkinson is regarded to be the correct name for a red algal species that includes Sebdenia polydactyla (B0rgesen) Balakrishnan. Its taxonomic separation from the superficially similar Halymenia trigona (Clemente) C. Agardh is confirmed.
TL;DR: The data indicate the heterogeneity of the Aristideae, and suggest an isolated position for Aristida in the Poaceae rather than its placement in either the Arundinoideae or Chloridoideae.
Abstract: The Aristideae are considered to include Aristida, Stipagrostis and Sartidia. The phylogenetic affinity of this tribe in the Poaceae remains controversial. To provide additional insight into the appropriate placement of the Aristideae, 21 species representing Aristida, Stipagrostis, Chloridoideae, Arundinoideae, and Hordeum (Pooideae) were analyzed for prolamin size heterogeneity and immunological cross-reactivities. Aristida species revealed species-specific prolamin subunit profiles. Immunological cross-reactivities measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting demonstrated that Aristida was distinct from the Arundinoideae and Chloridoideae. The prolamin profile of Stipagrostis differed from those of Aristida and the genus clustered with the Chloridoideae on the basis of immunological cross-reactivities. The data indicate the heterogeneity of the Aristideae, and suggest an isolated position for Aristida in the Poaceae rather than its placement in either the Arundinoideae or Chloridoideae.