Showing papers in "Taxon in 1995"
212 citations
TL;DR: The Ascomycetes: Biology and Species Concepts: Evolutionary Processes Affecting Adaptation to Saprotrophic Life Styles A.D. Rayner and J.W. Taylor.
Abstract: Introduction: Ascomycete Systematics in the Nineties D.L. Hawksworth, J. Mouchacca. Ascoma and Thallus Structure and Ontogeny: Ascoma Structure and Ontogeny in Ascomycete Systematics M.A. Letrouit-Galinou, et al. Condiomata and Mitosporic States: Unitary Parameters in Conidiogenesis G.L. Hennebert, B.C. Sutton. Ultrastructure: Septal Ultrastructure and Ascomycete Systematics J.W. Kimbrough. Secondary Chemistry: Secondary Metabolites of Some Nonlichenized Ascomycetes P.G. Mantle. Paleomycology, Cladistics, and Biogeography: The Fossil History of Ascomycetes T.N. Taylor. Molecular Systematics: Molecular Evolution of Ascomycete Fungi: Phylogeny and Conflict J.W. Taylor, et al. Biology and Species Concepts: Evolutionary Processes Affecting Adaptation to Saprotrophic Life Styles A.D.M. Rayner. Problems and Perspectives. Outline of the Ascomycetes. 37 additional articles. Appendix. Index.
183 citations
151 citations
TL;DR: The relationships within the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae, Caryophylloideae) were deduced from nucleotide sequence variation in the nuclear ribosomal DNA, and Polyschemone, previously often misplaced in Lychnis, is apparently closely related to Silene acaulis.
Abstract: The relationships within the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae, Caryophylloideae) were deduced from nucleotide sequence variation in the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the intervening 5.8S gene were sequenced for 76 ingroup and five outgroup taxa. The relationships were analysed more closely for 26 of these, with the addition of 822 aligned positions from the 28S gene. Drypis appears not to belong in Sileneae, and perhaps not even in Caryophylloideae. Agrostemma is sister group to the rest of the tribe. Eudianthe (Silene coeli-rosa and S. laeta) and Petrocoptis are clearly separated from the core Silene. Steris (Viscaria), Silene sect. Heliosperma, sect. Rupifraga, and sect. Compactae together form a strongly supported clade, as do Lychnis plus Uebelinia. Cucubalus, Melandrium, and Gastrolychnis are nested within a weakly supported "Silene". Polyschemone, previously often misplaced in Lychnis, is apparently closely related to Silene acaulis. Within the core Silene, three main groups can be identified, corresponding roughly to three of Rohrbach's (1869) five main generic subdivisions, S. subg. Behen, sect. Cincinnosilene, and sect. Botryosilene. Pleconax, Melandrium, Cucubalus, and Gastrolychnis nest within S. subg. Behen, but the monophyly of this group is weakly supported. Members of S. sect. Dichasiosilene are scattered over all three groups, indicating that dichasium is plesiomorphic within the group.
132 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that a potential taxon be cited by its name, followed by the abbreviation "sec." (for secundum = according to) and at least one of the literature references used to define it.
Abstract: The concept of a "potential taxon" as a nameand literature-related data area in botanical databases is introduced. A potential taxon is a name with taxon circumscription information attached to it by means of one or more literature references. As a compromise solution between linking information in database systems entirely to specimen data or only to accepted names, using potential taxa can effectively preserve information links without hindering rapid database input and information processing. It is suggested that a potential taxon be cited by its name, followed by the abbreviation "sec." (for secundum = according to) and at least one of the literature references used to define it.
131 citations
131 citations
115 citations
TL;DR: Papers from the systematics session of the 1994 international conference 'Compositae: Systematics, Biology, Utilization', devoted to the classification, relationships and evolution of the major groups of this family.
Abstract: Papers from the systematics session of the 1994 international conference 'Compositae: Systematics, Biology, Utilization', devoted to the classification, relationships and evolution of the major groups of this family.
74 citations
TL;DR: Recognition of Cyphomandra as a separate genus is not tenable unless Solanum is broken up into smaller monophyletic units, and data from recent molecular studies demonstrate that the genus Cyphamandra is nested withinSolanum.
Abstract: Summary Bohs, L.: Transfer of Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) and its species to Solanum. - Taxon 44: 583587. 1995. - ISSN 0040-0262. Data from recent molecular studies demonstrate that the genus Cyphomandra is nested within Solanum. Recognition of Cyphomandra as a separate genus therefore is not tenable unless Solanum is broken up into smaller monophyletic units. All Cyphomandra species are transferred to Solanum, necessitating twelve new names and twelve new combinations. The genus Cyphomandra Mart. ex Sendtn. (Solanaceae) includes about 35 species of neotropical shrubs and small trees (Bohs, 1994). Within the Solanaceae, Cyphomandra belongs to the subfamily Solanoideae and tribe Solaneae, characterized by flattened seeds with curved embryos and abundant endosperm, valvate, induplicate, or plicate corolla aestivation, and filaments inserted near the base of the anthers (D'Arcy, 1979; Hunziker, 1979). The Solaneae are the largest and least understood tribe in the Solanoideae, in part because they include the large and poorly known genus Solanum. Generic boundaries and phylogenetic relationships in the Solaneae have not been clear. Cyphomandra is no exception; its generic circumscription and relationship to other solanaceous taxa have been sources of confusion for many years.
68 citations
66 citations
TL;DR: Electrophoretic seed protein patterns of 30 samples belonging to 20 species and four sections of Trifolium, treated by numerical analysis, as well as karyotype data for the same samples, are discussed in the light of current sectional and subsectional delimitation.
Abstract: Summary Badr, A.: Electrophoretic studies of seed proteins in relation to chromosomal criteria and the relationships of some taxa of Trifolium. - Taxon 44: 183-191. 1995. - ISSN 0040-0262. Electrophoretic seed protein patterns of 30 samples belonging to 20 species and four sections of Trifolium, treated by numerical analysis, as well as karyotype data for the same samples, are discussed in the light of current sectional and subsectional delimitation. The grouping of taxa in T. sect. Mistyllus and sect. Vesicaria, both with a basic chromosome number of x = 8, agree with their previous sectional delimitation based on morphological characters, and with chromosomal features such as karyotype symmetry. In T. sect. Trifolium five samples representing four species (three with x = 7) were grouped together, whereas T. rubens (x = 8) of the same section was found most similar to some species of T. sect. Lotoidea. In the latter section, the grouping of a number of species was anomalous as exemplified by the low levels of similarity between species of T. subsect. Platystylium, among which T. tembense showed closer affinity to the species in T. sect. Mistyllus. T. sect. Lotoidea appears as a heterogeneous group in which species relationship re
TL;DR: The authors' studies of rbcL sequence variation have clearly demonstrated the polyphyly of Simaroubaceae, and have provided further support for the recognition of the families Surianaceae sensu Cronquist, Kirkiaceae and Irvingiaceae earlier segregated from Simroubaceae.
Abstract: Comparative accounts of anatomy of the wood (Webber, 1936; Heimsch, 1942) and pericarp (Ferando & Quinn, 1992), pollen morphology (Erdtman, 1952, 1986; Moncada & Machado, 1987) and phytochemistry (Hilditch & Williams, 1964; Silva & Gottlieb, 1987; Simao & al., 1991) have provided evidence of the heterogeneous nature of Simaroubaceae sensu Engler (1931). Despite these, many classification systems (e.g. Cronquist, 1981; Dahlgren, 1989; Takhtajan, 1987; Thorne, 1992a, b), including the more recent generic listings for families by Brummitt (1992) and Greuter & al. (1993), have been reluctant to use a more restricted concept of the family. Although one segregate family, Surianaceae, has been considered distinct by several authors, they have adopted different circumscriptions for it. Our studies of rbcL sequence variation (Fernando & al., 1993; Ferando & al., 1995) have clearly demonstrated the polyphyly of Simaroubaceae, and have provided further support for the recognition of the families Surianaceae sensu Cronquist, Kirkiaceae and Irvingiaceae earlier segregated from Simaroubaceae, and the establishment of a new family Picramniaceae, for Picramnia (subfamily Picramnioideae) and Alvaradoa (subfamily Alvaradoideae). With the removal of all but one of the subfamilies traditionally included in Simaroubaceae, a recircumscription of the family is also necessary.
TL;DR: It is shown that the culton/taxon confusion has led to systematic/taxonomic misnomers and a far too complicated nomenclature for cultivated plants.
Abstract: Summary The systematics of cultivated plants need to be divorced from a number of confusing ties with the systematics of plants found in nature. These ties have been developed in time because systematic groups of cultivated plants have often been looked upon as proper taxa and treated accordingly in classifications and nomenclature. It is shown that cultivated plants and their special purpose taxonomy are part of a different context (human society) than the context of taxonomy of plants in nature (evolution). A general concept of systematic groups of cultivated plants, termed "culton", is here proposed to end this confusion. The most important ranks of culta, viz. the cultivar and the cultivar group, are discussed and their definitions purified from imprecise elements. It is shown that the culton/taxon confusion has led to systematic/taxonomic misnomers and a far too complicated nomenclature for cultivated plants.
TL;DR: According to Bremer & Humphries's and Bremer's recent work, the generic status of Dendranthema (Anthemideae) is uncontroversial and may be regarded as irrelevant for those who use the name chrysanthemum in the vernacular sense.
Abstract: Chrysanthemum, as currently understood by Bremer & Humphries (in Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London (Bot.) 23: 71-177. 1993) and Bremer (in Asteraceae: 465. 1994) has only two species, C. segetum L. and C. coronarium L. The latter name was first designated as providing the type of the generic name by Green in Int. Bot. Congr. Cambridge, Nomencl. Prop. Brit. Bot.: 182. 1929) and has remained unchallenged (see Steam's index to the 1959 Ray Society facsimile edition, of Linnaeus, Sp. PI., for a list of publications that include type designations). Dendranthema (DC.) Des Moul., as understood in the above revisions, contains c. 37 species, with D. indicum (L.) Des Moul. being cited as providing the type. Pyrethrum indicum (L.) Cass. and P. sinense (Sabine) DC. are the two original species of Pyrethrum sect. Dendranthema DC. (Prodr. 6: 62. 1838). Des Moulins (in Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 20: 561. 1860) raised Candolle's section to the rank of a genus comprising four species, including D. indicum (L.) Des Moul. and D. sinense (Sabine) Des Moul. The genus remained in relative obscurity until Cvelev (in Komarov, Fl. S.S.S.R. 26: 376. 1961) resurrected Dendranthema and transferred a number of species to it. Also Heywood (in Tutin & al., Fl. Eur. 4: 169. 1976) accepted it and commented: "Related species which are widely cultivated for ornament are D. indicum (L.) Desmoulins ... and D. morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev ... and numerous cultivars derived from them. These are the autumn-flowering chrysanthemums of horticulture." Flora europaea is still widely regarded and used as a central source for correct names, not least by statutory bodies and other non-governmental organizations. Principle IV of the Code states: "Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position and rank can bear only one correct name...". According to Bremer & Humphries's and Bremer's recent work, the generic status of Dendranthema (Anthemideae) is uncontroversial. The correct names of our garden chrysanthemums must lie within Dendranthema (DC.) Des Moul. The change in the "scientific name" for garden chrysanthemums may be regarded as irrelevant for those who use the name chrysanthemum in the vernacular sense. Problems arise when the plants are listed or labelled as Dendranthema. My own work (Trehane, Index Hort. 1, 1987) and the annual issue of the Royal Horticultural Society's Plantfinder in the U.K. (also, similar source works around the world) have compounded the problem in the public eye by using Latin names based within an internationally accepted systematic framework, and not vernacular names. Cultivated plants also must each have a single "correct name" for the purposes of international understanding and, more importantly, precision in international trade. It
TL;DR: Recent studies by the author have shown characters that have not been previously fully understood to be of critical diagnostic value, and have allowed clear delineation of C. circinalis and related species occurring in the Indian region.
Abstract: The name Cycas circinalis has been so often used in an aggregate sense (as recently as Jones 1993) that discussion of the specific limits of this taxon is appropriate. It was used to designate the single constituent species when Linnaeus established the genus Cycas (1753: 1188; 1754: 495), and consequently provides the type of the generic name. However, in the protologue of C. circinalis, Linnaeus cited treatments of Cycas from eight earlier works and thereby included at least three species as they are currently circumscribed. C. circinalis has subsequently appeared in the literature more frequently than any other Cycas combination, arguably without a single author wholly correctly delimiting the corresponding species. Recent studies by the author have shown characters that have not been previously fully understood to be of critical diagnostic value, and have allowed clear delineation of C. circinalis and related species occurring in the Indian region.
TL;DR: In this paper, a basic Part-A- B- C- D- E- F- G- H- I- J- K- L- M- N- O- P- Q- R- S- T- U- V- W- X- Y- Z
Abstract: Basic Part- A- B- C- D- E- F- G- H- I- J- K- L- M- N- O- P- Q- R- S- T- U- V- W- X- Y- Z
TL;DR: Three halophyte genera belonging to the tribe Salicornieae Dumort are taxonomically very close and share several morphological features, such as articulate, fleshy stems and opposite scale-like leaves, which play an important role in salt marsh succession.
Abstract: Salicornia L., Sarcocornia A. J. Scott and Arthrocnemum Moq. are halophyte genera belonging to the tribe Salicornieae Dumort. (Chenopodiaceae). They are taxonomically very close and share several morphological features, such as articulate, fleshy stems and opposite scale-like leaves. Some of their ecological, caryological and palynological characteristics also coincide, but others do not. The three genera are widely distributed in coastal habitats and inland salt marshes in many parts of the world. In coastal habitats, populations of each genus may grow under very different tidal regimes, ranging from the seaward edge that is inundated twice daily to the landward fringe that is flooded only by certain spring tides (Davy & Costa, 1992). On sand and low-lying mud deposits in estuaries of south-western Spain, the different species of Salicornia and Sarcocornia perennis (Mill.) A. J. Scott are found mostly in flooded marshes (at levels between mean high tide and mean high water), whereas Sarcocornia fruticosa (L.) A. J. Scott and Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) Moris grow in non-flooded marshes (at levels between mean high water and mean spring tides). They all play an important role in salt marsh succession (Castellanos & al., 1994), showing a clear zonation with relation to tides. The taxonomic treatment of these genera by various authors and the delimitation and position of the species differ. The only species of Arthrocnemum present in Spain, A. macrostachyum, was included in Salicornia by early authors (Moricand, 1820; Lagasca, 1817), but later separated as a distinct genus based on differences in habit (Salicornia is annual while Arthrocnemum is perennial) and other characters. The two Spanish representatives of Sarcocornia usually recognized, S. fruticosa and S. perennis, were placed in Salicornia by Linnaeus (1753) and Miller (1768), respectively, then in Arthrocnemum by Moquin-Tandon (1840) and others, as again lately
TL;DR: Cladistics, a nowadays often computerized methodology for taxonomic research, is claimed by its proponents to be more advanced and less subjective than traditional evolutionary systematics.
Abstract: Cladistics, a nowadays often computerized methodology for taxonomic research, is claimed by its proponents to be more advanced and less subjective than traditional evolutionary systematics. It offers a convenient method of combining factual character stat
TL;DR: It is established that certain single lichen fungi combine with both a green alga and a blue-green cyanobacterium to form two lichens of strikingly different appearance.
Abstract: Thanks to the excellent work of Dughi (1937) and James (1975; James & Henssen, 1976), later confirmed by DNA analysis (Armaleo & Clerc, 1991), it is now established that certain single lichen fungi combine with both a green alga and a blue-green cyanobacterium to form two lichens of strikingly different appearance. In a number of examples joined thalli of both lichens are known. Unfortunately there is neither an agreed term to denote an entity of such a union, nor is there agreement on its classification. These matters can only be resolved by discussion and suggestion.
TL;DR: A new measurement of the reliability of parsimonious cladograms, homoplasy distribution ratio (HDR), is defined as the ratio of the HDI to the Homoplasy index (HI).
Abstract: Levels of homoplasy, measured by consistency index (CI) or retention index (RI), have been commonly used as indicators of reliability of parsimonious cladograms. Less attention has been paid to distribution of homoplasy which, however, may be another important parameter for estimating the reliability of cladograms. Average unit character consistency (AUCC), measuring distribution of homoplasy among the characters on parsimonious cladograms, is defined as the average of total unit character consistencies. When cladograms with the same CI are compared, the one with the largest AUCC also has the most asymmetric distribution of homoplasy, i.e., it is compatible with the largest portion of the characters, and homoplasy is concentrated in the smallest portion of cladistically unreliable or fast evolved characters of this cladogram. Homoplasy distribution index (HDI) is defined as the difference between the AUCC and CI, and can be used to compare distribution of homoplasy among cladograms with similar levels of homoplasy. A new measurement of the reliability of parsimonious cladograms, homoplasy distribution ratio (HDR), is defined as the ratio of the HDI to the homoplasy index (HI).
TL;DR: The specimens from the Natal coast of South Africa, previously identified as A. glomerata, do not have pseudopericentral cells and belong in the genus Amansia, but the two species closely resemble one another in several superficial characters, but are generically distinct owing to their basic anatomical differences.
Abstract: Amansia glomerata C Agardh had been reported from widespread localities in the Indo-Pacific region, including Africa's east coast Numerous plants from the Hawaiian Islands, from where the species, including the lectotype specimen, was originally described, were found to have pseudopericentral cells, a characteristic of the recently described genus Melanamansia Transfer of this species to that genus is made The specimens from the Natal coast of South Africa, previously identified as A glomerata, do not have pseudopericentral cells and belong in the genus Amansia They are correctly named A rhodantha, a species first described from Mauritius and previously merged with A glomerata The two species closely resemble one another in several superficial characters, but are generically distinct owing to their basic anatomical differences
TL;DR: The Aloaceae, with seven genera and about 450 species, are a fairly small family of rosulate leaf succulent plants, centred in southern Africa, and many genera display unusual patterns of variation.
Abstract: The Aloaceae, with seven genera and about 450 species, are a fairly small family of rosulate leaf succulent plants, centred in southern Africa. The names of genera belonging here are cited in the Index nominum genericorum (Farr & al., 1979), with some omissions recently pointed out by Smith & al. (1994). Generic delimitation and species concepts in the Aloaceae have been the subject of much discussion (Rowley, 1976a, b, c; Smith & Wyk, 1991). Many genera display unusual patterns of variation. Intergradations among populations may further complicate the assessment of the significance of reproductive and vegetative character variation for the alpha-taxonomy of the group. Aloe L. is the largest genus in the family, and has the most diverse morphology. Fourteen generic names are currently included in the synonymy of Aloe. Two of these names were established for species from Madagascar: Aloinella (A. Berger) Lemee (1939) non Cardot (1909) for Aloe haworthioides Baker, and Guillauminia A. Bertrand (1956) for A. albiflora Guillaumin. Neither name has been widely accepted and both were included in the synonymy of Aloe by Reynolds (1958, 1966), who revised the genus on a global scale. Recently, without a supporting argument, Heath (1993, 1994) reinstated both of these monotypic Madagascan genera. Aloinella, being a later homonym, was named Lemeea P. V. Heath. In addition to Aloe haworthioides, A. boiteaui Guillaumin and A. parvula A. Berger were also transferred to Lemeea. A. bakeri Scott-Elliot, A. bellatula Reynolds, A. calcairophylla Reynolds, A. descoingsii Reynolds, and A. rauhii Reynolds were transferred to Guillauminia.