Showing papers in "Technology in Society in 1985"

TL;DR: In this article, the determinants and effects of executive succession for high and low-performing minicomputer organizations were investigated, and it was found that performance shortfalls drive executive succession in low performers, while strategic reorientations prompt succession in high-performing firms.

TL;DR: In this paper, the rise and character of modern technology strategy is discussed, and the key forces behind this trend are identified, and a conceptual framework, consisting of decisions and trade-offs along the three dimensions of competitive strategy, domain and structure, is given.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine these assumptions, particularly those dealing with the supposed advantages of defenders, and pinpoints their errors, leading to positive solutions that hopefully, in turn, will lead to increased success for some of our most important companies.

TL;DR: In this article, the determinants and effects of executive succession for high and low-performing minicomputer organizations were investigated, and it was found that performance shortfalls drive executive succession in low performers, while strategic reorientations prompt succession in high-performing firms.

TL;DR: In this article, a 2 ½-year study of large, innovative enterprises is presented, which suggests how some of the world's most innovative companies interlink careful strategic planning concepts with some novel organizational and motivational approaches to achieve their purposes.

TL;DR: A 2 1/2-year study of large, innovative enterprises as discussed by the authors suggests how some of the world's most innovative companies interlink careful strategic planning concepts with some novel organizational and motivational approaches to achieve their purposes.

TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual framework consisting of decisions and trade-offs along the three dimensions of competitive strategy, domain and structure, is presented, based on both industry-level and firm-level data and analysis.

TL;DR: The authors assesses the implications for the conduct of corporate research of recent changes in industrial competition and gives an evolutionary perspective on the strategic role of the corporate research laboratory, illustrating that role with examples from two major corporate research laboratories.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on a study of the strategic options available to firms facing radical technological change, and the strategic choices made by firms involved in the emerging biotechnology field.

TL;DR: The authors assesses the implications for the conduct of corporate research of recent changes in industrial competition and gives an evolutionary perspective on the strategic role of the corporate research laboratory, illustrating that role with examples from two major corporate research laboratories.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the implementation of one such approach for the planning of technology in a major corporation, and its extension to the determination of strategy for the corporate laboratory.

TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative study of US and Japanese computer firms identified major differences on five dimensions: the corporate research structure, the linkage between R&D and manufacturing, mechanisms of recruitment, career patterns and the locus of responsibility for careers, and reward and incentive systems.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a new model of the strategic process, which allows the conceptualization of strategic management challenges associated with internal entrepreneurship, and an assessment framework and an array of design alternatives are also presented to help top management deal with these new challenges.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare risk-benefit analysis with other (equally defensible) approaches to decision-making, showing how it favors some political interests more than others, and suggesting why it has recently come to the fore as a tool of politicaL analysis.

TL;DR: The Congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) as discussed by the authors is an independent, non-partisan, legislative mechanism for foresight in technological affairs, and describes potential future directions for the organization.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that all approaches to innovation that remain confined to individual organizational units, be they existing or especially created, lead to suboptimal results when the technologies involved have implications for several business units.

TL;DR: In this article, the central role of culture in traditional societies and how technology competes with and partially replaces culture as a mediating factor in human experience is discussed, and some guidance for practical responses to the diverse problems characteristic of our society is provided.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that all approaches to innovation that remain confined to individual organizational units, be they existing or especially created, lead to suboptimal results when the technologies involved have implications for several business units.

TL;DR: In the context of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) project in Carlsbad, New Mexico, the authors showed that the DoE's ill-fated proposal to mix military and commercial disposal at WIPP demonstrated that the two rely on somewhat different conditions for their legitimacy, and the agency overlapped the legitimate authorities of the federal and state governments and gave itself the hopeless task of negotiating a new boundary between them.

TL;DR: For example, the work of the Scientists' Institute for Public Information and its Media Resource Service as discussed by the authors has been shown to improve the understanding of science by the public through use of the mass media.

TL;DR: Risk-cost-benefit analysis (RCBA) is very likely the single most used economic method, at least in the U.S., for evaluating the desirability of a variety of technological actions, from building a liquefied natural gas facility to adding yellow dye number two to margarine.

TL;DR: The Major Projects Association (MPA) has been conducting confidential, two-day seminars on specific projects and aspects of major projects since 1981 as mentioned in this paper, and these seminars are held on a confidential basis in order to permit frank and honest discussion of issues.

TL;DR: In this paper, a decision-support system for managing technology has been developed for Japanese firms, which enables Japanese firms to systematically identify and evaluate R&D opportunities, to augment internal efforts by assimilation of external progress, and to balance short and long-term needs.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a new model of technology strategy that is implemented by European institutions, focusing with some detail on the examples of the Research and Development programs of the European Economic Community in the areas of electronics and biotechnology.

TL;DR: The causes of the much discussed revolution in the financial services industry are generally listed as inflation, technology and deregulation as discussed by the authors, since it has made possible new products and services, sometimes through non-traditional suppliers, that were responsive to the consumer's heightened awareness of the value of money in a period of high inflation, and enabled participants in the industry to evade or avoid some regulatory restrictions.

TL;DR: In this paper, a relatively complex and dynamic model relating military production to economic and technological development is proposed, where military production passes through various stages and is composed of separate and usually diverse sectors, from electronics to metallurgy.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors pointed out that the chronic low-level productivity in almost all spheres of economic activity in that region can be attributed, to a large extent, to the low level of indigenous capability and appropriate utilization of science and technology.

TL;DR: In this article, a case study documents the difficulty of initiating civilian technology programs in government and concludes that such programs are difficult but feasible undertakings and that despite their scanty record of success, they can be deserving of public resources and support.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the practices of the Toyota Motor Company, one of Japan's leading high-tech companies, and describe the hallmarks of this decision-support system, including the role of the Board of Directors, joint R&D with suppliers, the setting of research priorities, and the origins of manufacturing technologies.

TL;DR: This article revisited the two-cultures debate from a continental European perspective by exploring its historical foundations, contemporary reformulations, and psychosocial dimensions, and argued for a balanced assessment that would grant scientists, engineers and the non-technical community the democratic direction of technology.