Showing papers in "Technology in Society in 1986"

TL;DR: This paper examines the general epistemological assumptions of artificial intelligence technology and recent work in the development of expert systems and concludes that these systems are limited because of a failure to recognize the real character of expert understanding.

TL;DR: In a recent study, the authors found that 10% of engineers surveyed had objected to some work or practices in their organizations and that professional and ethical dissent by scientists and engineers is common.

TL;DR: In the 20th century, the interpretation of the human mind and brain as a computer has replaced the 18th century metaphor of "man as a machine" as discussed by the authors, which does not lead to mechanization of thinking and the autonomy of technique.

TL;DR: A survey of recent studies concerning the social, cultural, ethical and religious dimensions of computers can be found in this article, where the authors argue that computers have certain cultural influences which call for ethical analysis.

TL;DR: In this paper, an organizational culture, the ideas and beliefs that motivate, guide and inform individuals within an organization, can strengthen the ability of scientists and engineers to fulfill their moral responsibilities.

TL;DR: To meet its goal of quadrupling the GNP between 1980 and 2000, China faces a severe challenge to produce and efficiently use limited energy resources, and the use of coal, hydropower and nuclear energy must be expanded, particularly in rural areas.

TL;DR: A survey of the science and engineering faculty at Cornell University demonstrated that existing policies toward openness are not being carefully followed, perhaps because they are not well understood as mentioned in this paper, and increased discussion of openness on campus may improve compliance, but the burden of setting standards remains heavily on the individual young scientist.

TL;DR: Prestowitz as discussed by the authors summarized bilateral discussions between the US and Japan to reduce barriers and to eliminate unfair trade practices, and concluded that the leadership of the US biotechnology industry is at stake.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the discovery of truth is the primary duty of the analyst, independent of its consequences for his clients, and that the latter is the correct ethic for policy analysis, both on moral and practical grounds.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed several key Congressional and Administration reports addressing federal research, regulatory and fiscal policies that directly affect high-technology industries, such as the biotechnology industry.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that advances in artificial intelligence (AI) will have subtle effects on individuals and on culture, and that AI researchers have an ethical responsibility to evaluate their work from this perspective.

TL;DR: A moral imperative for young scientists to study the relationship between nationalism and science and, although there are no clear answers, to search for a way to resolve the conflict between them as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of the political factors influencing the debate about risks involved with the deliberate release of genetically engineered microorganisms is presented, along with an appendix summarizing a special MIT study of the factors to be properly considered.

TL;DR: Indoor air pollution is a more serious public health problem than many other problems on the regulatory agenda, but it has not been addressed by government agencies as mentioned in this paper, due to the social construction of the issue as a private one, its diffuseness, its technical nature, and a lack of obvious disasters attributable to it.

TL;DR: Thomas R. Dashiell as discussed by the authors describes the respective roles of the Departments of Defense, State and Commerce in developing and implementing export controls and related policies, and concludes by calling for industrial advice to Defense in the development of the policies for control of biotechnology products and processes that have significant potential for enhancing the national security of United States and its allies.