Showing papers in "Technology in Society in 1991"

TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that instead of putting primary emphasis on change in the physical artifacts of this phenomenon, models and theories of technological change should take into consideration how the knowledge content of technology itself changes.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the nature and progress of the 1984 educational reforms in the Soviet Union and assess the strength and weaknesses of the math and science curricula from the content and pedagogical perspectives.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the process of technology transfer to Kuwait from a developed country, the U.K. They investigated the sources, types, elements, methods, and selection of the technology transfer, contrasting how these have led to technological dependence with how a successful technology transfer could be achieved with more local manpower participation.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the evidence and reasons for the failure of East European technology policy as well as the likely impact of a systemic transformation in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR).

TL;DR: The relationship between glasnost, perestroika, and science, with particular attention given to the meaning of scientific freedom and its connection with the more general concept of human rights is discussed in this article.

TL;DR: In the face of resource stringency and political confusion, authority over the education system and responsibility for its financing has increasingly devolved to republican, regional, and local authorities.

TL;DR: In the past East-West scientific links have been mainly based on intergovernmental exchange agreements, but under perestroika, the Soviet Union has finally recognised the damage it has suffered as a result of its isolation from the mainstream of world science as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the potential geopolitical shifts away from strategic superpower considerations based on geography, security, and commodities towards a new currency of knowledge, science, and technology, and argue that middle powers are well positioned to meet the challenge of the new geopolitics of science and technology brought on by the restructuring of eastern European countries.

TL;DR: The response of the United States and other western countries to the East European outreach for foreign assistance is providing limited relief to the pressures of foreign debt and inflation with only modest western efforts directed to supporting the modernization of industry and the supporting technical infrastructure.

TL;DR: In some ways, historical circumstance played a cruel trick on NASA by creating an initial set of working conditions that were both unique and not soon to be repeated as mentioned in this paper, and the new agency was unaware of the discrepancies from the norm it was operating under, and assumed those unique working conditions as standard.

TL;DR: A consensus emerged among U.S. leaders in government, business, and education regarding educational reform as mentioned in this paper, which asserted the need for a new core curriculum of new basics, to promote higher order skills and scientific and technological literacy, hands-on familiarity with computers to produce computer literacy, and the utilization of the new information technologies to improve learning in traditional curriculum areas.

TL;DR: The authors argued that the market is not always a good provider of technology and, if a strong technology base is to be established, a gradualist approach is preferable to quick moves to a market system.

TL;DR: The ending of the Cold War raises both problems and opportunities for national science policies as mentioned in this paper, and the way has been opened for a new era in international scientific cooperation in which resources could be pooled and addressed to global concerns.

TL;DR: This paper reviewed the political reforms introduced in the Soviet Union under perestroika, and their impact on scientific freedom, highlighting the positive influence of glasnost on secrecy in science and national security issues, and the new opportunities for scientists to influence policy and policy-making.

TL;DR: A definite change of mentality is now taking place in Europe in all fields, and it is likely that such an impetus will also encompass science and technology as a top priority for Europe (at least for those twelve countries that belong to the European Community).

TL;DR: The National Aerospace Plane (NASP) is a US technology development program that could lead to immense reductions in low-earth orbit launch costs and provide the operational flexibility of aircraft-like operations as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: The relationship between the ethos of science and broader political changes in the Soviet Union since 1985 has been examined in this paper, where the authors examine historical roots of the link between scientific and political freedoms in the USSR and the role of international scientific relations in upholding and developing this link.

TL;DR: A new social sensitivity has come to the USSR as it struggles with new technologies as discussed by the authors, and Opportunities now exist for the USSR and the West to cooperate in creating "Science and Technology With a Human Face".

TL;DR: In this article, the authors pointed out that efforts by the science and technology community, the level of economic and industrial development, in ternational exchange and cooperation, and government policy contribute to the development of science and technologies in a country.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors review trends in the critique of technology during the past decades in the United States and distinguish between three structurally different ways to criticize technology: cultural, methodological, and institutional efforts.