Showing papers in "Technology in Society in 1992"

TL;DR: In Mexico, the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) as discussed by the authors was created in 1985 to provide supplemental financing to selected researchers, on the basis of merit, to diminish the resulting brain drain, and the Consultative Council on Sciences was created to directly advise the President of Mexico on S&T.

TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of innovation overload is examined, as well as the potential impact of the phenomenon on manufacturers, designers, and innovators, and the potential effects on diffusion curves and adoption patterns.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the ethical dimensions of individual and group decisions about bST, as a case study in the ethics of technical changes more generally, and argue that the most significant aspect of this case is the underlying philosophy or ethos of technology that influences choices about BST at each level of decision making, from farmer to research administrator.

TL;DR: The 19th century witnessed a paradoxical relegation of women's activities to a private, domestic sphere and the transformation of her body into a public space as mentioned in this paper, and the history of its medical-scientific transformations, especially as mediated by the development of increasingly sophisticated medical technologies, provides a priviledged case of study for this aspect of the interrelations between technology and the cultural assumptions or certainties with which we live.

TL;DR: The Frascati Manual has become the preeminent document for the internationally standardized definitions of scientific and technological activity for statistical purposes as mentioned in this paper, and it is through this manual that policy makers, policy analysts, economists, and statisticians in the OECD countries are able to discuss the relative performance of countries in terms of R&D expenditures and personnel.

TL;DR: It is argued that “women must define what is best for women” concerning reproductive technologies, and articulate thus the form and direction of the “politics of motherhood” as both men and women debate the pros and cons.

TL;DR: A history of efforts to develop and institutionalize computer-based systems for scholarly communication, focusing primarily on peer-reviewed scholarly journals, can be found in this article, where it is argued that disciplinary structures have an interest in suppressing or channeling the development of such technology to reduce its potential to subvert disciplinary control.

TL;DR: The history of commercial satellite remote sensing, as well as the U.S. government's highly classified KH-series satellites, and the future impact of "Mediasat" with regard to its use by the news media are reviewed in this article.

TL;DR: The case of U.S. public agricultural research demonstrates that collective goals can be achieved within a fragmented politics as mentioned in this paper, and the contribution of agricultural research is explained by the commitment of agency of "associationalist" leaders to the goals of efficiency and productivity; the dynamics of group interactions; and the influence of marketplace incentives.

TL;DR: In this article, U.S. policy is evolving to play a constructive but constructive role in East-West relations, and the first steps toward more effective policy will involve breaking down inter-agency barriers domestically and strengthening emerging multilateral institutions.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors set forth a number of principles that should govern the advisory process, based on experience in the US government, and recommended formal guidelines for use by decision makers in devising policies and procedures for the effective and beneficial use of scientific and technical advisory committees and advisors.

TL;DR: A brief overview of science and technology policy in the People's Republic of China (PRC) can be found in this paper, where four issues appear paramount in discussing PRC science-and technology policies: the political control issue, the questions of competent scientific personnel, the scarcity of investment capital, and the system's organizational processes and structure.

TL;DR: In this article, a visit to the Chernobyl nuclear accident site is described and five lessons drawn are the need for new organizations to manage the decontamination of hazardous waste sites, the limited use of emergency preparedness, the importance of longevity of risks and consequences for environmental management, the need to give international status to sites of major environmental hazards, and the surprises about what prove to be environmentally significant technologies.

TL;DR: This paper creates a synthesis between instruments of science and technology information management, available from product, patent, and bibliometric analyses, and general approaches in corporate planning, for better integration of R&D information into corporate, product, and market planning processes.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a program of joint research and demonstration of technologies to serve domestic and international markets, and demonstrated that Japan and the United States can achieve more than they can separately, for themselves and for all the world's people.

TL;DR: In this article, the evolution and current structure of research funding in Brazil are analyzed and the main lessons to be drawn are: the crucial role of peer participation in decision making for science policy planning and resource allocation; the importance of strong involvement of the scientific and technological community, as well as an informed public opinion, in the discussion of these problems; and the need for the stabilization of support of high-quality research groups.

TL;DR: For 32 years the program of cooperation sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences of the United States and the Academy of Science of the USSR served as a significant international channel of communication between scientific leaders of the two countries concerned with science and technology policy issues.

TL;DR: In Germany, where ecological politics has been institutionalized in the party-political process since the Greens were formed in 1979, a growing debate around the concepts of postmodernity and postmodernism has begun to characterized much ecological thinking as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: In pursuit of their own responsibilities to interest and inform their publics, the news media play a critical role in drawing unfamiliar considerations of science and technology into the realm of public policy making as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: A brief account of the Swedish research system and policies with a particular focus on the process for setting priorities in research, coordination of research, and science advice is given in this paper.

TL;DR: In this paper, Australia's universities and institutes of technology, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and other government research bodies, and political responsibility for science and policy formulation, are described briefly.

TL;DR: The manner in which Japan handles advising the Prime Minister on affairs that concern science and technology policy issues, and defines the Council's role in policy making, is described in this article.

TL;DR: The economic imperative inherent in Japan's space program has become even clearer, with the focus of attention upon solar power satellites and the energy potential of Helium-3 found on the lunar surface as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the form, meaning, and context of the Foley Food Mill, a kitchen tool first produced in the United States in the 1930s, and examined its use in child-rearing literature and baby foods advertisements.

TL;DR: In this article, a fresh view on the approach Africa should adopt to escape its present developmental impasse is presented, which relies greatly on the integral involvement of science and technology in the developmental processes, while insisting on the need for a close partnership among the scientific community, the geopolitical leadership, and the industrial-financial world.