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Showing papers in "Textile Research Journal in 2004"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new approach to a uv-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics is developed using the sol-gel method, which forms a thin layer of titania on the surface of cotton fibers, and the treated fabrics show much improved protection against UV radiation.
Abstract: In this study, a new approach to a uv-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics is developed using the sol-gel method. The treatment forms a thin layer of titania on the surface of cotton fibers, and the treated fabrics show much improved protection against UV radiation. with a UPF factor of 50+ or excellent protection according to the Australian/New Zealand standards. The treated fabrics are also tested for washfastness. The results show that the excellent uv protection rating of the treated fabrics can be maintained even after 55 home launderings, indicating a high level of adhesion between the titania layer and the cotton. A bursting strength test of the treated fabrics shows no adverse effect from the treatment.

241 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a semi-empirical model is presented for predicting the yam pull-out force and energy as a function of pullout distance, including yarn uncrimping and subsequent yam translation.
Abstract: Yarn pull-out can be an important energy absorption mechanism during the ballistic impact of woven Kevlar® fabric. This study reports the effects of fabric length, number of yarns pulled, arrangement of yarns, and transverse tension on the force-displacement curves for yam pull-out tests on Kevlar® KM-2 fabric under laboratory conditions. A semi-empirical model is presented for predicting the yam pull-out force and energy as a function of pull-out distance, including both yarn uncrimping and subsequent yam translation. This model is found to replicate the experimental data with a high degree of accuracy, and should prove useful for understanding ballistic experiments and improving computational modeling of fabrics.

148 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the electro magnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of woven fabrics is measured using coaxial transmission equipment, and the experimental results show that a denser structure has a higher EMSE.
Abstract: In this paper, stainless steel is selected as the conductive filler to produce stainless steel hybrid yams to make woven fabrics. Using coaxial transmission equipment, the electro magnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of these fabrics is measured. The experimental results show that a denser structure has a higher EMSE. The fabric made from the core yarns has a higher EMSE than that made from the cover yams and the plied yams. In addition, the EMSE of the fabric made from different genera of stainless steel has an optimum EMSE value at different measured frequencies. Analyses of the weave types reveal that the plain weave has a higher EMSE than other weave types.

141 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the energy absorbed in ballistic fabrics is modeled by assuming yarn pull-out, including yarn uncrimping and translation, as the primary energy absorption mechanism, and predictions of fabric ballistic performance are compared to ballistic test results.
Abstract: The energy absorbed in ballistic fabrics is modeled by assuming yarn pull-out, including yarn uncrimping and translation, as the primary energy absorption mechanism. Using a semi-empirical model of yarn pull-out based on laboratory tests, predictions of fabric ballistic performance are compared to ballistic test results. The study demonstrates that quasi-static pull-out results can be correlated quantitatively with yarn pull-out during ballistic impact.

120 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the contact angles, wicking properties, scourability, and dyeability of wool and cotton fabrics are affected by low-temperature plasma treatments, showing increased hydrophilicity and improved scouring and dyeing processing.
Abstract: The contact angles, wicking properties, scourability, and dyeability of wool and cotton fabrics are affected by low-temperature plasma treatments. After treatment, wool and cotton fabric specimens show increased hydrophilicity and improved scouring and dyeing processing by nearly 50%.

117 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comparative study of three modeling methodologies for predicting the breaking elongation of ring spun cotton yarns usinghematical, statistical, and artificial neural network.
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of three modeling methodologies for predicting the breaking elongation of ring spun cotton yarns. Constituent cotton fiber properties and yarn count are used as inputs to these models. The predictive powers of the three different models—mathematical, statistical, and artificial neural network—are estimated and com pared. The relative importance of various cotton fiber properties measured by a high volume instrument is also investigated using the artificial neural network model.

112 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental results demonstrate that three basic weave patterns can be clearly identified.
Abstract: A new robust recognition algorithm is proposed for fabric weave pattern recognition. The gray-level images of solid woven fabrics are captured by a color scanner and converted into digital files, then enhanced images are obtained by a gray-level morpho logical operation. Based on the interstices of yarns, warp and weft crossed areas are located, and four texture features of these areas are obtained by first-order and second- order statistics. Unsupervised decision rules for recognizing warp and weft floats are developed using a fuzzy c-means clustering method. The experimental materials include plain, twill, and satin woven fabrics. Experimental results demonstrate that three basic weave patterns can be clearly identified.

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Plasma-treated and water-repellent Sontara samples show higher blood and water resistance compared to other treatments and show a zone of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus, thus providing a barrier against microbes.
Abstract: Plasma treatments are gaining popularity in the textile industry due to their numerous advantages over conventional wet processing techniques. In this study, the nonwoven fabric Sontara®, commonly used for surgical gowns, is treated with antimicrobial finishes and a plasma containing fluorocarbon gas. Treated samples are evaluated for changes in physical and functional characteristics. The plasma treatment does not alter the weight, thickness, stiffness, air permeability, and breaking strength and elongation. Plasma-treated and water-repellent Sontara samples show higher blood and water resistance compared to other treatments. Plasma-treated samples also show a zone of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus, thus providing a barrier against microbes. There is no zone of inhibition for the water repellent Sontara, untreated, and wet control samples. This implies that the nonwoven fabric treated with plasma can provide a better barrier against microbes than commonly available surgical gown fabric with a fluor...

101 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a numerical model was developed to predict skin burn injury resulting from heat transfer through a protective garment worn by an instrumented manikin exposed to laboratory-controlled flash fire exposures.
Abstract: This research developes a numerical model to predict skin burn injury resulting from heat transfer through a protective garment worn by an instrumented manikin exposed to laboratory-controlled flash fire exposures. This model incorporates characteristics of the simulated flash fire generated in the chamber and the heat-induced changes in fabric thermophysical properties. The model also accounts for clothing air layers between the garment and the manikin. The model is validated using an instrumented manikin fire test system. Results from the numerical model help contribute to a better understanding of the heat transfer process in protective garments exposed to intense flash fires, and to establishing systematic methods for engineering materials and garments to produce optimum thermal protective performance.

101 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effects of garment fit on clothing thermal insulation and moisture vapor resistance, both of which increase with the thickness of the air gap between the garment and the body.
Abstract: This paper reports on an experimental investigation of the effects of garment fit on clothing thermal insulation and moisture vapor resistance, both of which increase with the thickness of the air gap between the garment and the body when the air gap is small The rate of increase gradually decreases as the air gap becomes thicker, and is much less than the theoretically ideal still air due to natural and forced convection When the air gap exceeds a certain value, thermal insulation and vapor resistance may decrease with increases in the air gap Thermal insulation and moisture vapor resistance reach a maximum at a certain air gap thickness depending on fabric properties, wind conditions, and garment fit Tighter fitting garments are preferable to keep the body warm in windy conditions

93 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the structure and properties of yarns are investigated and compared with ring and open-end rotor spun yarns, and yarn parameters such as tenacity, evenness, and hairiness are evaluated.
Abstract: The structure and properties of Murata vortex spun yarns are investigated and compared with ring and open-end rotor spun yarns. Cotton yarns are spun from the same lot of Australian raw cotton fibers using the Murata vortex, ring, and open-end rotor spinning methods. Yarn structures are observed with an optical microscope equipped with a digital camera. Based on the digitized photographs, fiber arrangements are classified as wild, wrapper-wild, wrapper, belly-band. and core. Yarn diameter, yarn helix angle, wrapper fiber pitch, wrapper fiber crest, wrapper fiber length for a one-turn twist, and wrapper fiber helix angle to the yarn axis are examined, and yarn parameters such as tenacity, evenness, and hairiness are evaluated. The mechanical properties of dry relaxed yarns are measured with Kawabata Evaluation System instruments. Attempts are made to relate yarn structure differences to differences in the yarn formation mechanism for the three spinning meth ods. The differences in measured yarn properties ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, conductive cotton + PANi fabrics are prepared by in-situ chemical oxidative polymer ization of aniline using ammonium persulphate as the oxidant by a process of diffusion polymerization in a mixed bath.
Abstract: Conductive cotton + PANi fabrics are prepared by in-situ chemical oxidative polymer ization of aniline using ammonium persulphate as the oxidant by a process of diffusion polymerization in a mixed bath. These fabrics are characterized by elemental analysis, XRF, ATR-FTIR, WAXD, SEM, DSC, and two-probe conductivity. Sorption properties are studied by measuring the weight uptake before and after reaction. The composite fabrics are studied for their performance after repeated washing, and tested for their flame retardancy, EMI shielding, and gas sensing properties.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a 44.4 dtex/4f spandex filament was used as the core and cotton fibers as the sheath to spin 19.7 tex elastic core-spun yarn.
Abstract: In this experiment, we use a 44.4 dtex/4f spandex filament as the core and cotton fibers as the sheath to spin 19.7 tex elastic core-spun yarn. In order to improve yarn performance, we examine the yams cross-sectional structure and investigate the effect of draw ratio and feed-in angle of the spandex on the yarns' structure and performance. The results show that a higher feed-in angle provides a better cover effect and a draw ratio of 3.5 yields better dynamic elastic recovery.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Melamine formaldehyde microcapsules containing octadecane are synthesized by the interfacial polymerization method, and the size, shape, and thermal storage/release prop erties of the synthesized micro-capsules are analyzed by FTIR, SEM, and DSC.
Abstract: Melamine formaldehyde microcapsules containing octadecane are synthesized by the interfacial polymerization method, and the size, shape, and thermal storage/release prop erties of the synthesized microcapsules are analyzed by FTIR, SEM, and DSC. Polyester fabrics are then coated with the microcapsules under various conditions of concentration and time/temperature by the knife-over-roll (KOR) and screen printing (SP) methods. The thermal, mechanical, and physical properties of the untreated and treated fabrics are evaluated to identify the best adhesive method. The mean diameter of the microcapsules ranges from 1 to 1.5 μm, and their shapes are almost spherical. Under the optimum treatment concentration, temperature, and time, thermal properties after five launderings decrease rapidly, and the bending and shear rigidities of the KOR fabrics are higher than those of the sp fabrics. This means that fabrics coated by sp become less stiff and hard than those by KOR. sp fabrics exhibit higher air permeability a...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In general, fabric hand is primarily assessed subjectively as mentioned in this paper, and it is commonly adopted for assessing fabric quality and prospective perfor mance in a particular end use, which is referred to as fabric hand assessment.
Abstract: Fabric hand is commonly adopted for assessing fabric quality and prospective perfor mance in a particular end use. In general, fabric hand is primarily assessed subjectively. Subjective assessments...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a mathematical model of moisture and heat transfer coupled with phase change materials (PCM) in porous textiles on the basis of a finite volume difference scheme, the thermal buffering effect of PCM is simulated.
Abstract: This paper reports the development of a mathematical model of moisture and heat transfer coupled with phase change materials (PCM) in porous textiles On the basis of a finite volume difference scheme, the thermal buffering effect of PCM is simulated The distributions of temperature and moisture concentration in porous textiles with PCM are numerically computed by this technique For comparison, the distributions of temperature and moisture concentration in porous textiles without PCM are also numerically computed A series of experiments measuring a fabric's surface temperature with PCM is conducted to validate the model, and there is reasonable agreement between the predictions and the measurements The results indicate that this model is satisfactory

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an electromechanical model is proposed that correlates the resistance change with the applied strain, the damage level of the conductive fibers, the environmental temperature, and the relative humidity.
Abstract: Fibers/fabrics coated with conductive polymers exhibit sensing capacities for external stimuli like strain, temperature, relative humidity, etc. In this paper, we present our recent investigation of the sensing behavior and mechanical analysis of polymer fibers coated with an intrinsically conductive polymer, i.e., polypyrrole (PPy). PPy-coated PA6 fibers and PPy-coated Lycra fibers are prepared by chemical vapor deposition using pyrrole in the presence of an oxidizing agent, and their electromechanical behavior under tensile load is studied experimentally. The mechanism governing the electromechanical behavior of these conductive fibers is investigated, and the effects of various factors that are respon sible for variations in the electrical resistance are discussed. An electromechanical model is proposed that correlates the resistance change with the applied strain, the damage level of the conductive fibers, the environmental temperature, and the relative humidity. The model provides a theoretical basis...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the liquid moisture transfer properties of a selected group of heat-resistant workwear fabrics using a demand wettability test and found that the wicking treatment of aramid fabrics noticeably increases their rate of absorption but does not affect their absorption capacity and water vapor absorption.
Abstract: This study examines the liquid moisture transfer properties of a selected group of heat-resistant workwear fabrics using a demand wettability test. The Gravimetric Absorbent Testing System procedure is modified and developed to assess the effects of wicking finish treatment and hygroscopic fibers on workwear fabrics. Unlike the simple vertical method of measuring wicking, the procedure adopted in this study produces informative results for moisture management characteristics and wearer comfort of textile materials. The absorption capacity, instantaneous rate of absorption, and evaporation/absorption ratio of five different heat-resistant workwear fabrics are determined and discussed. Results show that the wicking treatment of aramid fabrics noticeably increases their rate of absorption but does not affect their absorption capacity and water vapor absorption. The flame resistant rayon blends have improved vapor absorption properties but adversely affected liquid moisture management properties. Since the co...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a panel of eleven assessors use fifteen discriminant and pertinent attributes, and the assessors are trained to evaluate each attribute and to score them on a linear scale.
Abstract: Descriptive analysis is one of the methods used in the food industry to describe the perception of products when being eaten. This work attempts to adapt this method to the description of fabric handle. A panel of eleven assessors use fifteen discriminant and pertinent attributes, and the assessors are trained to evaluate each attribute and to score them on a linear scale. The performance of each panelist is checked for validity and reproducibility before the panel is acknowledged as operative. Through implementation of rigorous procedures (i.e., exploratory procedures, sample presentation, and data analyses), this methodology provides reliable descriptions of the perceived quality of fabrics. The hand of the same cotton fabric treated with different industrial finishes is described by the panel. Results are analyzed in term of differences and similarities between the fabrics, sustaining commercial claims but in a more precise way. Finally, the fabric ranking from crease recovery tests agrees with the ran...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the antibacterial efficacy of a nanosized silver colloidal solution and its application to nonwoven fabrics was investigated and the solution was placed on germ containing agar plates and inoculated with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Abstract: This research deals with the antibacterial efficacy of a nanosized silver colloidal solution and its application to nonwoven fabrics. The nutrient solution including the nanosized silver colloidal solution or the nanosilver treated nonwovens are placed on germ containing agar plates and inoculated with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and evaluated for bacteriostasis and calculated bacterial reduction, respectively. Nanosized silver colloids and nanosilver treated nonwovens have good bacteriostasis. TEM observa tions of silver nanoparticles show their shape and size distribution. SEM images of treated fabrics indicate silver nanoparticles are well dispersed on the surfaces of specimens. Antibacterial treatment of nonwoven fabrics is easily achieved by the nanaosized silver colloidal solution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper shows that the model that integrates the three key elements in predicting psychological perceptions of clothing comfort from fabric physical properties are data reduction and summation, self-learning, and fuzzy reasoning.
Abstract: This paper investigates the process of human psychological perceptions of clothing- related sensations and comfort to develop an intellectual understanding of and method ology for predicting clothing comfort performance from fabric physical properties. Var ious hybrid models are developed using different modeling techniques by studying human sensory perception and judgement processes. By combining the strengths of statistics (data reduction and information summation), a neural network (self-learning ability), and fuzzy logic (fuzzy reasoning ability), hybrid models are developed to simulate different stages of the perception process. Results show that the TS-TS-NN-FL model has the highest ability to predict overall comfort performance from fabric physical properties. To summarize, the three key elements in predicting psychological perceptions of clothing comfort from fabric physical properties are data reduction and summation, self-learning, and fuzzy reasoning. This paper shows that the model that integr...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the liquid absorbency potential of the vegetal cell-fibers (CF) of Luffa cylindrica (LC) in relation to their microscopic morphology was investigated.
Abstract: This paper investigates the liquid absorbency potential of the vegetal cell-fibers (CF) of Luffa cylindrica (LC) in relation to their microscopic morphology. Absorption after drainage and centrifugation, involving deionized water and saline solutions, is measured on both the raw fibers of the vegetal net and the cell-fibers previously extracted from ligneous fibrous strands (FS) with NaOH-anthraquinone alkali treatment. The microspongy structure of the raw Fs-luffa, observed in the vegetal material by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), is formed by multicellular fibers (from 250 to 500) bonded together with a large lumen (5 to 30 μm) and containing small punctuations along the fibers as interconnections. Liquid absorption results show that this original structure of these promising fibers should contribute to good absorption capacity: 18.4g/g and 22.6g/g are respectively obtained with for broken raw FS and CF-luffa fluff treated by 5 wt % NaOH. Their absorption capacity for liquid improves with an additi...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of fabric-based electrical circuits by interlacing conducting and nonconducting threads into woven textile structures is discussed, where wired interconnections of different devices attached to the conducting elements are made by arranging and weaving conductive threads so that they follow desired electrical circuit designs.
Abstract: In recent years, a new area of research has emerged on textile-based electronics, called "electrotextiles." Most of the ongoing research in electrotextiles is driven by the motiva tion of creating multifunctional fiber assemblies that can sense, actuate, communicate, compute, etc. This paper discusses the development of fabric-based electrical circuits by interlacing conducting and nonconducting threads2 into woven textile structures. Wired interconnections of different devices attached to the conducting elements of these circuits are made by arranging and weaving conductive threads so that they follow desired electrical circuit designs. In a woven electrically conductive network, routing of electrical signals is achieved by the formation of effective electrical interconnects and disconnects. Resistance welding is identified as one of the most effective means of producing crossover point interconnects and disconnects. Interconnects are evaluated by measuring the DC resistance associated with the crossover...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical and experimental investigation is conducted of periodic ventilation pro cesses in fabric containing microcapsules of phase change materials (PCM) when PCMS are added to textiles.
Abstract: A numerical and experimental investigation is conducted of periodic ventilation pro cesses in fabric containing microcapsules of phase change materials (PCM). When PCMS are added to textiles, they ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cross-sectional analysis of cotton fibers provides direct, accurate measurements of fiber fineness and maturity, which are often regarded as the reference data for validating or calibrating other i... as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Cross-sectional analysis of cotton fibers provides direct, accurate measurements of fiber fineness and maturity, which are often regarded as the reference data for validating or calibrating other i...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, water vapor transfer and moisture accumulation in the layers of different four-layer combinations were analyzed at several moderately cold temperatures with a sweating arm, which simulates the thermophysiological behavior of a man's arm.
Abstract: In cold environments, the moisture produced by the human body will partly condense within the layers of an ensemble. Water vapor transfer and moisture accumulation in the layers of different four-layer combinations are analyzed at several moderately cold temperatures with a sweating arm, which simulates the thermophysiological behavior of a man's arm. The permeability of the samples and their condensation rates strongly depend on the outside climate and the hydrophilicity of the outer layers. The differences in effective water vapor resistances between the ensembles are small in a climate of 20°C and 65% RH, but become larger with decreasing outside temperature. The formation of condensation is the smallest for samples with a hydrophilic membrane laminated on the hydrophilic inner side. Hydrophilic layers placed underneath the outer shell generally absorb more moisture than similar hydrophobic layers, revealing probable liquid moisture transfer from the outer shell to the inner layers of the combinations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a thermally adaptable, vapor-permeable water-repellent fabric with and without octade cane-containing microcapsules was developed, and the purpose of this study was to develop a thermically adaptable and water-resistant fabric.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to develop a thermally adaptable, vapor-permeable water-repellent fabric. Vapor-permeable water-repellent fabrics with and without octade cane-containing microcapsules ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two significant advantages of electronic textiles over tradi tional circuit boards are discussed: crosstalk and lack of signal integrity between conductive lines, which are two important problems in textiles.
Abstract: One important problem in electronic textiles is crosstalk and lack of signal integrity between conductive lines. Two significant advantages of electronic textiles over tradi tional circuit boards a...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the surface free energy of cellulose fibers is determined from contact angle data obtained with the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaeble approximation, and slack-mercerization produces the lowest contact angle and the highest surface free fiber energy, and has therefore the largest influence on sorption ability.
Abstract: Different treatment processes such as alkaline washing, bleaching, and slack-mercer ization are used to improve the sorption characteristics of cellulose fibers. The differences between the sorption properties of cellulose fibers are measured with tensiometry, and their sorption velocities are measured with liquids of different polarities. From those measurements, contact angles are determined using the Washburn equation. The surface free energy of the cellulose fibers is determined from contact angle data obtained with the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaeble approximation. Results show that among these treatments, slack-mercerization produces the lowest contact angle and the highest surface free fiber energy, and has therefore the largest influence on sorption ability. Viscose fibers (raw and treated) have the lowest contact angle and the highest surface free energy, and are the most hydrophilic compared to lyocell and modal fibers. This is explained by their crystalline structure and the accessibility of their sur...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere is used to measure the ultraviolet protection factors (UPF) of polyester fabrics according to an AATCC test, and the effects of weave construction, orange, red, and blue disperse dyes, double layers of fabrics, and UV absorber on the UV protection factors of polyesters are investigated.
Abstract: The influence of conventional acid and alkaline high temperature dyeing procedures on fabric construction is investigated. The effects of weave construction, orange, red, and blue disperse dyes, double layers of fabrics, and UV absorber on the ultraviolet protection factors (UPF) of polyester fabrics are the topics of this research. A spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere is used to measure the uv transmittance of polyester fabrics according to an AATCC test. Small differences in the weight of fabrics after blind dyeing procedures already influence the uv transmittance of fabrics. Pale orange and blue dyed fabrics show a high enough UPF, while a pale red dyed fabric does not reach such values. Deep dyed and double layered fabrics and fabrics aftertreated with a UV absorber reach high UPF values.