Showing papers in "The American Historical Review in 1999"

Whiteness of a different color : European immigrants and the alchemy of race

Abstract: Matthew Frye Jacobson argues in this text about America's racial odyssey, that race resides not in nature but in the contingencies of politics and culture. In ever-changing racial categories we glimpse the competing theories of history and collective destiny by which power has been organized and contested in the USA. Looking at the field of "whiteness studies" and linking it to traditional historical inquiry, Jacobson shows that in the USA, nation of immigrants, "race" has been at the core of civic assimilation: ethnic minorities in becoming American were reracialized to become Caucasian. He provides a counter-history of how nationality groups such as the Irish or Greeks became Americans as racial groups like Celts or Mediterraneans became Caucasian. Jacobson tracks race as a conception and perception, emphasizing the importance of knowing not only how we label one another but also how we see one another, and how that racialized vision has largely been transformed in the 20th century.

The invention of the passport : surveillance, citizenship and the state

Abstract: In order to distinguish between those who may and may not enter or leave, states everywhere have developed extensive systems of identification, central to which is the passport. This innovative book argues that documents such as passports, internal passports and related mechanisms have been crucial in making distinctions between citizens and non-citizens. It examines how the concept of citizenship has been used to delineate rights and penalties regarding property, liberty, taxes and welfare. It focuses on the US and Western Europe, moving from revolutionary France to the Napoleonic era, the American Civil War, the British industrial revolution, pre-World War I Italy, the reign of Germany's Third Reich and beyond. This innovative study combines theory and empirical data in questioning how and why states have established the exclusive right to authorize and regulate the movement of people.

Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations

Abstract: Foreword / Fernando Coronil ix Preface xiii I: Theoretical Concerns Close Encounters: Toward a New Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations / Gilbert M. Joseph 3 The Decentered Center and the Expansionist Periphery: The Paradoxes of Foreign-Local Encounter / Steve J. Stern 47 The Enterprise of Knowledge: Representational Machines of Informal Empire / Ricardo d. Salvatore 69 II: Empirical Studies Landscape and the Imperial Subject: U.S. Images of the Andes, 1859-1930 / Deborah Poole 107 Love in the Tropics: Marriage, Divorce, and the Construction of Benevolent Colonialism in Puerto Rico, 1898-1910 / Eileen J. Findlay 139 Mercenaries in the Theater of War: Publicity, Technology, and the Illusion of Power during the Brazilian Naval Revolt of 1893 / Steven C. Topik 173 The Sandino Rebellion Revisited: Civil War, Imperialism, Popular Nationalism, and State Formation Muddied Up Together in the Segovias of Nicaragua, 1926-1934 / Michael J. Schroeder 208 The Cult of the Airplane among U.S. Military men and Dominicans during the U.S. Occupation and the Trujillo Regime / Eric Paul Roorda 269 Central American Encounters with Rockefeller Public Health, 1914-1921 / Steven Palmer 311 Living in Macondo: Economy and Culture in a United Fruit Company Banana Enclave in Colombia / Catherine C. LeGrand 333 From Welfare Capitalism to the Free Market in Chile: Gender, Culture, and Politics in the Copper Mines / Thomas Miller Klubock 369 Everyday Forms of Transnational Collaboration: U.S. Film Propaganda in Cold War Mexico / Seth Fein 400 Gringo Chickens with Worms: Food and Nationalism in the Dominican Republic / Lauren Derby 451 III: Final Reflections Turning to Culture / Emily S. Rosenberg 497 Social Fields and Cultural Encounters / William Roseberry 515 From Reading to Seeing: Doing and Undoing Imperialism in the Visual Arts / Maria del Carmen Suescun Pozas 525 Contributors 557 Index 563

We are what we eat : ethnic food and the making of Americans

Abstract: Introduction - what do we eat? colonial Creoles immigration, isolation and industry ethnic entrepreneurs crossing the boundaries of taste food fights and American values the big business of eating of cookbooks and culinary roots nouvelle Creole conclusion - who are we?

Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century

Abstract: In the 20th - the American - Century, no visionary stands taller than Vannevar Bush. As the inventor and public entrepreneur who launched the Manhattan Project, helped to create the military-industrial complex, conceived of a permanent system of government support for science and engineering and anticipated the personal computer and the Internet, Bush is our century's reincarnation of Ben Franklin. Beginning with his boyhood as a turn-of-the-century tinkerer in his father's basement in Massachusetts, Bush went on to study and teach electrical engineering at Tufts and MIT. An early academic entrepreneur, he cofounded Raytheon, a highly successful electronics company, in his spare time. At MIT, during the Depression, he built what were then the most powerful computers in the world. During World War II, he was Roosevelt's adviser and chief contact on all matters of military technology, including the atomic bomb. He launched the Manhattan Project and oversaw a collection of 6,000 civilian scientists who designed scores of new weapons. When an Allied victory seemed inevitable, his attention turned to the future. In July 1945 he published his legendary essay, \"As We May Think, \" widely cited as the inspiration for the personal computer and the World Wide Web. In his landmark \"Endless Frontier\" report, published only weeks later, he boldly equated national security with research strength, outlining a system of permanent federal funding for university research that endures to this day.

Domesticating the empire : race, gender, and family life in French and Dutch colonialism

Abstract: A collection of essays concerning meanings of cross-cultural and interracial interactions, this text places all such discussions in local historical context. Analysis is rooted in historical figures and events, and employs a variety of primary sources - from travelogues and photographs to oral.

Russia's orient : imperial borderlands and peoples, 1700-1917

Abstract: Ignoble savages and unfaithful subjects: constructing non-christian identities in early modern Russia / Michael Khodarkovsky

A Europe of Regions: Reflections on the Historiography of Sub-National Places in Modern Times

Abstract: EUROPE, SO WE READ WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY, has always been and remains "very much a continent of regional identities."' This notion has insinuated itself into a wide range of debates on the future of Europe. Whether the context is an analysis of the final crisis of the nation-state or a description of the structure of committees in the European Community, recognition of the significant role that regions and regionalism play in Europe today has quietly, undramatically taken hold. In 1992, Tom Nairn wrote in the New Statesman that regions had become a "key part" of the discussion about European union.2 Two years later, Rolf Lindner argued, in a collection devoted to the "return of the regional" that "quite obviously we are now confronted with a new regionalism."3 And in 1997, John Newhouse stated in Foreign Affairs that "regionalism, whether within or across national borders, is Europe's current and future dynamic."4 Moreover, far from being a product of the post-Communist, post-Maastricht Treaty era in European affairs, this attention to a resurgent or a renewed or a reinvented or a rediscovered regionality in fact stretches back through several decades of Euro-punditry. In 1984, Hans Mommsen wrote, with somewhat more drama than is usual to these discussions, that "the nation is dead, long live the region." In 1981, Rainer Elkar asked whether regional restlessness might not be the "new specter haunting Europe." And in 1980, responding to a decade or more of regional unrest, Jochen Blaschke published a "handbook of European regional movements," designed to guide the confused through a thicket of Basques, Slovenes, Sorbs, Serbs, Scots, Lapps, Walloons, Flemish, Bretons, Croats, Magyars, Cypriots, South Tiroleans, Madeiran Islanders, Catalans, Occitans, and others.5

The Baba and the Comrade: Gender and Politics in Revolutionary Russia@@@Bolshevik Women

Abstract: Table of Contents: Acknowledgements Introduction I. The Woman Question 1. The Bolsheviks and the Genealogy of the Woman Question II. Gender in the Context of State-Making and Civil War 2. Sharp Eyes and Tender Hearts: Passing New Legislation and Fighting the Civil War 3. Identity and Organisation: Creating the Women's Sections of the Communist Party 4. War Communism at Its Height: Lobbying on Behalf of Women Workers III. The New Threat to the Social Contract 5. The Liquidation Crisis in Zhenotdel Politics 6. The Crisis in Economics: The Social Contract Endangered 7. The New Threat: Zhenotdel Criticisms of the Social Costs of NEP 8. Daily Life and Gender Transformation Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Mathematical Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736

Abstract: 1. Purpose of this book Part I. Newton's Methods: 2. Newton's methods of series and fluxions 3. The mathematical methods of the Principia Part II. Three Readers: 4. Newton: between tradition and innovation 5. Huygens: the Principia and proportion theory 6. Leibniz: not equivalent in practice Part III. Two Schools: 7. Britain: in the wake of the Principia 8. Basel: challenging the Principia 9. Conclusion: Newtonians, Leibnizians and Eulerians References.

The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe c.1200–1815

Abstract: Introduction 1. England in the Middle Ages 2. England 1485-1815 3. France in the Middle Ages 4. France 1494-1815 5. Castile in the Middle Ages 6. Castile 1516-1808 7. The Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages 8. The Low Countries to 1569 9. The United Provinces 1579-1806 10. The Swiss Confederation 11. The Papacy and the Papal States 12. Venice 13. The Italian States after c.1600 14. Poland-Lithuania before Partition 15. Russia 1200-1815 Index

All the Pasha's Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt

Abstract: While scholarship has traditionally viewed Mehmed Ali Pasha as the founder of modern Egypt, Khaled Fahmy offers a new interpretation of his role in the rise of Egyptian nationalism, firmly locating him within the Ottoman context as an ambitious, if problematic, Ottoman reformer. Basing his work on archive material, the author demonstrates how Mehmed Ali sought to develop the Egyptian economy and to build up the army, not as a means of of gaining Egyptian independence from the Ottoman empire, but to further his own ambitions for recognized hereditary rule over the province. By focusing on the army and the soldier's daily experiences,the author constructs a detailed picture of attempts at modernization and reform, how they were planned and implemented by various reformers, and how the public at large understood and accommodated them. In this way, the work contributes to the larger methodological and theoretical debates concerning nation-building and the construction of state power in the particular context of early 19th-century Egypt.

Greater Britain: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis?

Abstract: THE FIRST "BRITISH" EMPIRE imposed England's rule over a diverse collection of territories, some geographically contiguous, others joined to the metropolis by navigable seas. The various peoples who inhabited those territories were not all treated alike by English colonists, who extended their power by military aggression. At first, a commission to evangelize pagan populations had legitimated English expansion; subsequently, a cultural mission to civilize the barbarian maintained the momentum of conquest; later still, an ideology of domination and a historical mythology together encouraged further English migration and the resettlement of native peoples on the conquered lands. Although the English did export their governing institutions, the exigencies of colonial rule demanded that control of the outlying territories be left in the hands of absentee proprietors or entrusted to a creolized governing elite. That elite in time grew to demand its independence, and appropriated legislative institutions to affirm its autonomy. The English nonetheless remained the cultural arbiters and commercial masters of what remained formally an Anglo-British empire, over which they steadfastly asserted their sovereignty. They had acquired this empire haphazardly and with little determining forethought. Within two centuries of its inception, it had disintegrated, apparently for good. Failure to enforce institutional uniformity, incomplete assimilation of subject peoples, the cultural estrangement of the English settlers from metropolitan norms, and monarchical indifference all conspired to bring about its collapse. Even though such- a narrative of colonial expansion, cultural divergence, and imperial implosion might seem to fit that of the British Atlantic empire of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it in fact describes the "British" empire that reached its apogee in the reign of Edward I (1272-1307), not the one reconstituted under George III (1760-1820). Its dependencies were not the colonies of British North America, the western Atlantic, and the Caribbean but rather Ireland, Wales, and Scotland, the constituent kingdoms and principalities of the northwest European archipelago.1 Yet the very fact that the structure of this medieval narrative so

Rethinking nationalism in the Arab Middle East

Abstract: AcknowledgmentsIntroduction, by Israel Gershoni and James JankowskiPart I. Narrativity I: Mechanics of Historiography: How Academics Construct Nationalist History1. Rethinking the Formation of Arab Nationalism in the Middle East, 1920-1945: Old and New Narratives, by Israel Gershoni2. The Formation of Yemeni Nationalism: Initial Reflections, by Fred Halliday3. The Tropes of Stagnation and Awakening in Nationalist Historical Consciousness: The Egyptian Case, by Gabriel PiterbergPart II. Narrativity II: Mechanics of Ideology: How Nationalists Construct Nationalist History4. The Arab Nationalism of George Antonius Reconsidered, by William L. Cleveland5. The Imposition of Nationalism on a Non-Nation State: The Case of Iraq During the Interwar Period, 1921-1941, by Reeva S. Simon6. Nationalist Iconography: Egypt as a Woman, by Beth BaronPart III. Discursive Competitions: The Interplay of Rival Nationalist Visions7. Nationalizing the Pharaonic Past: Egyptology, Imperialism, and Egyptian Nationalism, 1922-1952, by Donald M. Reid8. Arab Nationalism in "Nasserism" and Egyptian State Policy, 1952-1958, by James JankowskiPart IV. Polycentrism9. The Formation of Palestinian Identity: The Critical Years, 1917-1923, by Rashid Khalidi10. The Palestinians: Tensions Between Nationalist and Religious Identities, by Musa Budeiri11. Arab Nationalism in the Age of the Islamic Resurgence, by Emmanuel SivanPart V. Nationalist Diffusion from the Bottom Up: Other Voices12. The Other Arab Nationalism: Syrian/Arab Populism in Its Historical and International Contexts, by James L. Gelvin13. Arab Workers and Arab Nationalism in Palestine: A View from Below, by Zachary Lockman14. The Paradoxical in Arab Nationalism: Interwar Syria Revisited, by Philip S. KhouryNotesGlossary of Arabic TermsWorks Cited in the TextContributorsIndex

Prostitutes in history: from parables of pornography to metaphors of modernity.

Abstract: BEFORE 1980, THE PROSTITUTE was "pornographic." Few historians considered prostitution an important topic, and studies of the subject commonly played to the sensational and salacious.' The small body of significant scholarship concentrated on ideas, social movements, and campaigns to control or abolish prostitution.2 Other serious works focused on cities with red-light districts, emphasizing the most

The body politic : corporeal metaphor in revolutionary France, 1770-1800

Abstract: Notes Introduction: the body of history Part I. The State-Body: Metaphor of the Transition of Sovereignty: 1. The defeat of the body of the king: essay on the impotence of Louis XVI 2. Sieyes, doctor of the body politic: the metaphor of the great body of the citizens Part II. The Narrative Body, or History in Fiction: 3. Regeneration: the marvellous body, or the body raised upright of the new revolutionary man 4. The monsters of a fantastic aristocracy, or how the Revolution embodies its horrors 5. David, or the struggle of bodies Part III. The Body as Spectacle: The Flesh of Political Ceremony: 6. The great spectacle of transparency: public denunciation and the classification of appearances 7. The bodies of the political carnival 8. The offertory of the martyrs: the wounded body of the Revolution Conclusion: a few bodies to e nd (the Revolution) Notes Index.

The Shock of Medievalism

Abstract: In The Shock of Medievalism Kathleen Biddick explores the nineteenth-century foundations of medieval studies as an academic discipline as well as certain unexamined contemporary consequences of these origins. By pairing debates over current academic trends and issues with innovative readings of medieval texts, Biddick exposes the presuppositions of the field of medieval studies and significantly shifts the objects of its historical inquiry. Biddick describes how the discipline of medieval studies was defined by a process of isolation and exclusion—a process that not only ignored significant political and cultural issues of the nineteenth century but also removed the period from the forces of history itself. Wanting to separate themselves from popular studies of medieval culture, and valuing their own studies as scientific, nineteenth-century academics created an exclusive discipline whose structure is consistently practiced today, despite the denials of most contemporary medieval scholars. Biddick supports her argument by discussing the unavowed melancholy that medieval Christians felt for Jews and by revealing the unintentional irony of nineteenth-century medievalists’ fabrication of sentimental objects of longing (such as the “gothic peasant”). The subsequent historical distortions of this century-old sentimentality, the relevance of worker dislocation during the industrial revolution, and other topics lead to a conclusion in which Biddick considers the impact of an array of factors on current medieval studies. Simultaneously displacing disciplinary stereotypes and altering an angle of historical inquiry, The Shock of Medievalism challenges accepted thinking even as it produces a new direction for medieval studies. This book will provoke scholars in this field and appeal to readers who are interested in how historicizing processes can affect the development of academic disciplines.

The French idea of freedom : the Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789

Abstract: Acknowledgements Contributors Declaration on the rights of man and of the citizen Introduction Dale Van Kley Part I. Context: 1. Old regime origins of democratic liberty David D. Bien 2. From the lessons of French history to truths for all times and all people: the historical origins of an anti-historical declaration Dale Van Kley 3. Betwixt cattle and men: Jews, blacks, and women, and the declaration of the rights of man Shanti Marie Singham 4. The idea of a declaration of rights Keith Michael Baker Part II. Text: 5. National sovereignty and the general will: the political program of the declaration of rights J. K. Wright 6. Safeguarding the rights of the accused: lawyers and political trials in France, 1716-1789 David A. Bell 7. Religious toleration and freedom of expression Raymond Birn 8. Property, sovereignty, the declaration of the rights of man, and the tradition of French jurisprudence Thomas E. Kaiser Glossary Abbreviations Notes Index.

Inventing the psychological : toward a cultural history of emotional life in America

Abstract: When and why did it become chic for members of the white middle and upper classes to perceive and value themselves as neurotic, primitive, and emotionally fragile? Is the popular tendency to define the self in psychological language derived from revealed (Freudian) "truths," or does American culture for various purposes invent and promote "emotional" and "psychological" identities? In this fascinating book, distinguished interdisciplinary scholars show that the ways Americans imagine "innerness" and emotions have been shaped by mass media, economics, domesticity, and the arts. The authors investigate how changes in ideologies of the family, class, race, gender, and sexuality over the past two centuries relate to shifts in Americans' visions of self and psyche; they study "the psychological" as a changing cultural category and "emotions" as historically shifting self-definitions. Their compelling topics include how the Romantic idea of "moods" was appropriated by nineteenth-century female authors of sentimental fiction; how black jazz musicians have responded to white interpretations of African-American jazz as emotionally and aesthetically "deep"; and whether women's confessions of victimization on the Oprah Winfrey Show are akin to 1970s feminist consciousness-raising groups. Provocative and timely, the book challenges the premises of psychohistory and the dominant ways in which Americans have been taught to conceptualize the making of psychological and emotional life.

Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China

Abstract: A note on translations, transliteration, names, and places Abbreviations Introduction 1. Origins of plague in Southwestern China, 1772-1898 2. The interregional spread of plague, 1860-1894 3. The spatial diffusion of plague in the Southeast coast Macroregion, 1884-1949 4. Nineteenth-century Chinese medical, religious, and administrative response to plague 5. Civic activism, colonial medicine, and the 1894 plague in Canton and Hong Kong 6. Plague and the origins of Chinese state medicine in the new policies reform era, 1901-1911 Conclusion Appendixes: patterns of plague morbidity and mortality in Taiwan, 1897-1917, and Hong Kong, 1893-1923 A. Plague morbidity and mortality in Hong Kong, 1894-1923, and Taiwan, 1897-1917 B. Comparative causes of death in Hong Kong, 1893-1907, and Taiwan, 1897-1906 Notes Works cited Character lists A. Names, terms, and titles B. Place names Index.