Showing papers in "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 1998"

TL;DR: Parts of zinc biology of the immune system are explored and a biological basis for the altered host resistance to infections observed during zinc deficiency and supplementation is attempted.

TL;DR: It is concluded that dietary fat plays a role in the development of obesity and to reduce the prevalence of obesity, there must be an increase in energy expenditure, a reduction in total energy intake, or both.

TL;DR: The importance of a plant-based diet is evident from the current dietary recommendations that emphasize an increase in the proportion and amount of fruit and vegetables that should be consumed, and interpretation of the role of individual components of the diet is difficult from epidemiologic and dietary studies.

TL;DR: The effects of soy protein (40 g/d) containing moderate and higher concentrations of isoflavones on blood lipid profiles, mononuclear cell LDL receptor messenger RNA, and bone mineral density and content were investigated in 66 free- living, hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal women during a 6-mo, parallel-group, double-blind trial with three interventions as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: A range of safe intakes should be defined for the general population, including a lower safe intake and an upper safe intake, to prevent deficiency as well as toxicity for most of the population.

TL;DR: Although the 1.7-times greater efficacy for vitamin D3 shown here may seem small, it is more than what others have shown for 25(OH)D increases when comparing 2-fold differences in vitamin D 3 dose.

TL;DR: A clear inverse association between whole-grain intake and risk of IHD death existed and a causal association is plausible because whole- grain foods contain many phytochemicals, including fiber and antioxidants, that may reduce chronic disease risk.

TL;DR: The relation between BMI measured in childhood and adult all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a 57-y follow-up of a cohort study based on the Carnegie (Boyd Orr) Survey of Family Diet and Health in prewar Britain was examined.

TL;DR: Ass attitudes about one's own body weight influenced reported EI, and multiple regression analysis showed that desire for weight change and physical activity score were significantly correlated with both EI and EI:BMR when adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables.

TL;DR: By considering both the acidifying effect of protein and the alkalinizing effect of potassium, NEAP can be predicted with confidence from the readily available contents of only 2 nutrients in foods.

TL;DR: Treatment of childhood obesity with parents as the exclusive agents of change was superior to the conventional approach, as indicated by the dropout rate and the percentage weight loss of the children during the 1-y intervention.

TL;DR: In multivariate analysis, sex, age, folate intake, smoking status, and coffee consumption were the strongest determinants of tHcy concentration.

TL;DR: Fetal calcium demand was met by increased maternal intestinal absorption; early breast-milk calcium was provided by maternal renal calcium conservation and loss of spinal trabecular bone, a loss that was recovered postmenses.

TL;DR: Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables can increase the plasma antioxidant capacity in humans, as measured as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and alpha-tocopherol concentrations.

TL;DR: The bioavailabilities of daidzein and genistein are similar, not withstanding the difference in urinary excretion, and the slow increase in plasma concentrations is consistent with the facilitation of absorption by hydrolysis in the small and large intestines of the glycosidic forms of the isoflavones present in soybean-containing foods to their corresponding aglycones.

TL;DR: The results from this study indicate that energy density affects energy intake independent of macronutrient content or palatability, suggesting that the overconsumption of high-fat foods may be due to their high energy density rather than to their fat content.

TL;DR: Diets high in fat do not appear to be the primary cause of the high prevalence of excess body fat in the authors' society, and reductions in fat will not be a solution.

TL;DR: A diet rich in cis-monounsaturated fat can be advantageous for both patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who are trying to maintain or lose weight.

TL;DR: Analysis of breakfast consumption patterns and trends for children and adolescents in the United States between 1965 and 1991 indicated a decline in breakfast consumption, particularly for older adolescents aged 15-18 y, and the nutritional quality of foods consumed at breakfast has improved since 1965.

TL;DR: A major public health effort is urgently needed to counter the increasing frequency of moderate obesity in the United States and throughout the world.

TL;DR: Data from this study suggest that the free flavonoids are more protective than the conjugated flavonoid (eg, quercetin compared with its conjugate quercETin-3-glucoside, P < 0.001).

TL;DR: The results indicated that natural vitamin E has roughly twice the availability of synthetic vitamin E, significantly higher than the currently accepted RRR:rac.

TL;DR: This study shows that iron deficiency anemia in 6-mo-old infants is associated with adverse effects on at least one aspect of CNS development and suggests the fruitfulness of studying other processes that are rapidly myelinating during the first 2 y of life.

TL;DR: Red wine polyphenols were obtained from red wine by absorption and elution from a resin column and all 3 treatments produced an increase in lag time; the failure of some authors to obtain antioxidant effects with the consumption of red wine may be due to the differing techniques.

TL;DR: Although it is well established that blacks have denser bones and lower fracture rates than whites, elevated parathyroid hormone concentrations resulting from low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations may have negative skeletal consequences within black populations.

TL;DR: The high steady state plasma concentration of isoflavones in infants fed soy-based formula is explained by reduced intestinal biotransformation, as evidenced by low or undetectable concentrations of equol and other metabolites, and is maintained by constant daily exposure from frequent feeding.

TL;DR: A hypothesis is proposed that links dietary copper levels to dynamic and proportional changes in lysyl oxidase activity in connective tissue and is based on the possibility that copper efflux and lysol oxidase secretion from cells may share a common pathway.

TL;DR: In primates the high ratio of transaminase to oxidative capacity in the entire gastrointestinal tract serves to prevent loss of essential BCAA carbon and raises the possibility that the gastrointestinal tract contributes to the plasma branched-chain alpha-keto acid pool.

TL;DR: The apparent mean vitamin A activity of carotenoids in fruit and in leafy vegetables and carrots was 50% ( 95% CI: 21%, 100%) and 23% (95%CI: 8%, 46%) of that assumed, respectively, which has important implications for choosing strategies for controlling vitamin A deficiency.