Showing papers in "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2003"

TL;DR: The effects of dietary fats on total:HDL cholesterol may differ markedly from their effects on LDL, and the effects of fats on these risk markers should not in themselves be considered to reflect changes in risk but should be confirmed by prospective observational studies or clinical trials.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the additive and synergistic effects of phytochemicals in fruit and vegetables are responsible for their potent antioxidant and anticancer activities, and that the benefit of a diet rich in Fruit and vegetables is attributed to the complex mixture of phydochemicals present in whole foods.

TL;DR: Current recommended vitamin D inputs are inadequate to maintain serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration in the absence of substantial cutaneous production of vitamin D.

TL;DR: Prospective studies provide weaker evidence than case-control studies of the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with reduced cancer risk, and the association may have been underestimated in prospective studies because of the combined effects of imprecise dietary measurements and limited variability of dietary intakes within each cohort.

TL;DR: The meat-based food system requires more energy, land, and water resources than the lactoovovegetarian diet, which in this limited sense is more sustainable than the average American meat- based diet.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors causally link restrictive child-feeding practices to overeating in children and conclude that longitudinal data are needed to determine the extent to which restrictive feeding practices promote overeating.

TL;DR: Weight gain was inversely associated with the intake of high-fiber, whole-grain foods but positively related to the intakeof refined- grain foods, which indicated the importance of distinguishing whole- grain products from refined-grain products to aid in weight control.

TL;DR: Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid-induced stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in the elderly.

TL;DR: Human milk contains a wide variety of proteins that contribute to its unique qualities, such as immunoglobulins, cytokines and lactoferrin, and peptides have immunomodulatory activities.

TL;DR: There is reasonably good evidence that poor riboflavin status interferes with iron handling and contributes to the etiology of anemia when iron intakes are low, and discrepancies between dietary intake data and biochemical data suggest either that requirements are higher than hitherto thought or that biochemical thresholds for deficiency are inappropriate.

TL;DR: Obese women more accurately recalled food intake than did overweight and normal-weight women despite undereating on the day of the study, and the USDA 5-step multiple-pass method effectively assessed mean energy intake within 10% of mean actual intake on the previous day.

TL;DR: In dietary practice, healthy plant-based diets do not necessarily have to be low in fat but should include unsaturated fats as the predominant form of dietary fat, whole grains as the main form of carbohydrate, an abundance of fruit and vegetables, and adequate n-3 fatty acids.

TL;DR: The absence of adequate information on the effects of good-quality, calorie-restricted diets in nonobese humans reflects the difficulties involved in conducting long-term studies in an environment so conducive to overfeeding.

TL;DR: These BIA equations to predict total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) with the use of a multicomponent model for children and adults have excellent precision and are recommended for use in epidemiologic studies to describe normal levels of body composition.

TL;DR: The results document the feasibility of implementing a multicomponent program for obesity prevention in elementary schools serving American Indian communities and produce significant positive changes in fat intake and in food- and health-related knowledge and behaviors.

TL;DR: In a randomized placebo-controlled study, 39 hypertensive patients received 150 mL/d of either L. helveticus LBK-16H fermented milk or a control product for 21 wk after a 2-week run-in period.

TL;DR: An inverse association between whole-grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes was found and the similar result for cereal fiber intake suggests that the whole- grain association is due to cereal fiber or another factor related to cereal Fiber intake.

TL;DR: Evidence is synthesized that foods and food patterns act synergistically to influence the risk of several chronic diseases and phytochemicals that are located in the fiber matrix, in addition to or instead of the fiber itself, are responsible for the reduced risk.

TL;DR: WC values at the 4 commonly used anatomic sites differ in magnitude depending on sex, are highly reproducible, and are correlated with total body and trunk adiposity in a sex-dependent manner.

TL;DR: Clinical studies that provide information about possible in vivo changes in antioxidant status with fruit and vegetable consumption are provided and a potential role for food flavonoids and polyphenolics as antioxidants is discussed.

TL;DR: Differences in plasma glucose, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormone profiles further confirm the potent biological action of caffeine and suggest that chlorogenic acid might have an antagonistic effect on glucose transport.

TL;DR: Consuming a diet high in fruit, vegetables, reduced-fat dairy, and whole grains and low in red and processed meat, fast food, and soda was associated with smaller gains in BMI and waist circumference.

TL;DR: Improved assessment methods are required to determine whether vegetarians are at risk of zinc deficiency, and elements such as copper appear to be adequately provided by vegetarian diets.

TL;DR: In this article, the relation of whole-grain, refined-grain and fruit and vegetable intake with the risk of total mortality and the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke were studied in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort.

TL;DR: Since the introduction of fluoride, the incidence of caries worldwide has decreased, despite increases in sugars consumption, and other dietary factors (eg, the presence of buffers in dairy products; the use of sugarless chewing gum, particularly gum containing xylitol; and the consumption of sugars as part of meals rather than between meals) may reduce the risk of Caries.

TL;DR: The data show that in 1985-1997, the prevalence of overweight and obesity combined doubled and that of obesity trebled among young Australians, but the increase over the previous 16 y was far smaller.

TL;DR: Replacing carbohydrate with protein from meat, poultry, and dairy foods has beneficial metabolic effects and no adverse effects on markers of bone turnover or calcium excretion.

TL;DR: Allowing children to select their own portion size may circumvent the effects of exposure to large portions on children's eating and constitute an "obesigenic" environmental influence for preschool-aged children by producing excessive intake at meals.

TL;DR: The concept that both hyperinsulinemia and a low-fat diet increase DNL is supported, and that DNL contributes to hypertriglyceridemia is supported.

TL;DR: Large hip and thigh circumferences are associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, independently of BMI, age, and waist circumference, whereas a larger waist circumference is associated withA higher risk.