Showing papers in "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2004"

TL;DR: The nature and contents of the various polyphenols present in food sources and the influence of agricultural practices and industrial processes are reviewed, and bioavailability appears to differ greatly between the variousPolyphenols, and the most abundantpolyphenols in the authors' diet are not necessarily those that have the best bioavailability profile.

TL;DR: This economic framework provides an explanation for the observed links between socioeconomic variables and obesity when taste, dietary energy density, and diet costs are used as intervening variables.

TL;DR: Maintaining blood concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D above 80 nmol/L (approximately 30 ng/mL) not only is important for maximizing intestinal calcium absorption but also may be important for providing the extrarenal 1alpha-hydroxylase that is present in most tissues to produce 1,25-dihydroxyv vitamin D3.

TL;DR: An overview of the physiologic, endocrinologic, and molecular biologic characteristics of vitamin D is provided and information on new selective analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroyvitamin D3 for therapy is provided.

TL;DR: WC, and not BMI, explains obesity-related health risk; for a given WC value, overweight and obese persons and normal-weight persons have comparable health risks, however, when WC is dichotomized as normal or high, BMI remains a significant predictor of health risk.

TL;DR: The increase in consumption of HFCS has a temporal relation to the epidemic of obesity, and the overconsumption of H FCS in calorically sweetened beverages may play a role in the epidemic.

TL;DR: The role of vitamin D deficiency in increasing the risk of many common and serious diseases, including some common cancers, type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis is discussed in this article.

TL;DR: The strategy of using food additives to protect farm animals from the toxin may also provide effective and economical new approaches to protecting human populations.

TL;DR: A positive correlation of 25(OH)D concentration with insulin sensitivity and a negative effect of hypovitaminosis D on beta cell function are shown, which are at higher risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.

TL;DR: A significant proportion of deaths in young children worldwide is attributable to low weight-for-age, and efforts to reduce malnutrition should be a policy priority.

TL;DR: In both active and inactive ambulatory persons aged > or =60 y, 25(OH)D concentrations between 40 and 94 nmol/L are associated with better musculoskeletal function in the lower extremities than are concentrations < 40 nmol /L.

TL;DR: Several molecular mechanisms whereby n-3 fatty acids may modify the carcinogenic process have been proposed, and influences on transcription factor activity, gene expression, and signal transduction pathways; alteration of estrogen metabolism; increased or decreased production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species; and mechanisms involving insulin sensitivity and membrane fluidity are proposed.

TL;DR: An increased vulnerability to oxidative stress and a decreased capacity for methylation may contribute to the development and clinical manifestation of autism.

TL;DR: The growing body of evidence shows that betaine is an important nutrient for the prevention of chronic disease and has been shown to protect internal organs, improve vascular risk factors, and enhance performance.

TL;DR: Because endothelial dysfunction is an early step in the development of atherosclerosis, this study suggests a mechanism for the role of dietary patterns in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.

TL;DR: A diet high in rapidly absorbed carbohydrates and low in cereal fiber is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

TL;DR: Increasing intakes of refined carbohydrate (corn syrup) concomitant with decreasing intakes of fiber paralleled the upward trend in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes observed in the United States during the 20th century.

TL;DR: Vitamin D-deficient mice on low-calcium diets developed the most severe IBD, and 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment of mice onLow-cal calcium diets improved IBD symptoms, however, the best results for IBD were observed when the calcium concentration was high and 1-25( OH) 2D3 was administered.

TL;DR: Diminished appetite (anorexia) is associated with higher concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and higher levels of erythropoietin hyporesponsiveness and poor clinical outcome, including a 4-fold increase in mortality, greater hospitalization rates, and a poor QoL in MHD patients.

TL;DR: People who get 30 min of moderate-intensity exercise per day are likely to achieve additional health benefits if they exercise more, and people should engage in resistance training and flexibility exercises at least twice a week to enable long-term participation in regular physical activity and promote quality of life.

TL;DR: A critical summary of studies that focused on physiologic measures relating to subjectively rated appetite, actual food intake, or both and made a distinction between biomarkers of satiation or meal termination and those of meal initiation related to satiety and between markers in the brain [central nervous system (CNS)] and those related to signals from the periphery to the CNS.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined dynamic patterns of change in obesity among white, black, Hispanic, and Asian US adolescents as they transitioned to young adulthood, and found that during a 5-y transitional period between adolescence and young adulthood the proportion of adolescents becoming and remaining obese into adulthood was very high.

TL;DR: Cross-sectional studies suggest that current US/Canadian fortification practices are not effective in preventing hypovitaminosis D, particularly among vulnerable populations during the winter, whereas supplement use shows more promise.

TL;DR: Mutual adjustment between olive oil and vegetables, which are frequently consumed together, indicated that olive oil has the dominant beneficial effect on arterial blood pressure in this population.

TL;DR: Human intervention studies have provided clear evidence that dietary polyphenols are at least partly absorbed and that they have the potential to exert biological effects.

TL;DR: Although substantial evidence currently exists to support a beneficial effect of yogurt consumption on gastrointestinal health, there is inconsistency in reported results, which may be due to differences in the strains of LAB used, in routes of administration, or in investigational procedures or to the lack of objective definition of "gut health."

TL;DR: The American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition have joined together to issue this statement on the use of lifestyle modification in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.

TL;DR: The accumulated amount of time spent at moderate and vigorous PA is related to body fatness in children, but this relation is weak; the explained variance was <1%.

TL;DR: Evidence is provided from a randomized controlled trial that a dietary intervention designed to elicit weight loss reduces overall inflammation in older, obese persons.