Showing papers in "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2006"

TL;DR: The weight of epidemiologic and experimental evidence indicates that a greater consumption of SSBs is associated with weight gain and obesity, and sufficient evidence exists for public health strategies to discourage consumption of sugary drinks as part of a healthy lifestyle.

TL;DR: Evidence from studies that evaluated thresholds for serum 25(OH)D concentrations in relation to bone mineral density, lower-extremity function, dental health, and risk of falls, fractures, and colorectal cancer suggests that an increase in the currently recommended intake of vitamin D is warranted.

TL;DR: At sufficiently high intakes, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as found in oily fish and fish oils, decrease the production of inflammatory eicosanoids, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species and the expression of adhesion molecules, and are potentially potent antiinflammatory agents.

TL;DR: Understanding of the adipocyte as an endocrine organ is leading to new insights into obesity and health, and exercise activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in muscle and other tissues, a pathway that increases fat oxidation and glucose transport.

TL;DR: It is imperative that factors directly related to muscle mass, strength, and metabolic function be included in future studies designed to demonstrate optimal lifestyle behaviors throughout the life span, including physical activity and diet.

TL;DR: This article documents the high levels of overweight and obesity found across higher- and lower-income countries and the global shift of this burden toward the poor and toward urban and rural populations.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the most predictable way to increase a specific long-chain n-3 fatty acid in plasma, tissues, or human milk is to supplement with the fatty acid of interest.

TL;DR: Investigators now appreciate that narrowing arteries do not necessarily presage myocardial infarction and that simply treating narrowed blood vessels does not prolong life.

TL;DR: Evidence suggests that increased consumption of n-3 FAs from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not of alpha-linolenic acid, reduces the rates of all-cause mortality, cardiac and sudden death, and possibly stroke.

TL;DR: Vitamin D(3) reduces the inflammatory milieu in CHF patients and might serve as a new antiinflammatory agent for the future treatment of the disease.

TL;DR: The pathophysiology of cachexia is reviewed and the major cause appears to be cytokine excess, which affects more than 5 million persons in the United States.

TL;DR: Although probiotics have an excellent overall safety record, they should be used with caution in certain patient groups-particularly neonates born prematurely or with immune deficiency, and further investigation is needed in these areas.

TL;DR: The 3-factor profile (weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation) identifies patients with both adverse function and prognosis and applies particularly to cachectic patients with localized disease.

TL;DR: Directions for future research include RCTs to confirm the initial trials showing that EPA plus DHA decreases cardiovascular death and additional studies to determine whether this effect is due to EPA, DHA, or the combination; the dosage of the effective components; and whether the mechanism of action in humans is prevention of fatal arrhythmias.

TL;DR: The evidence base supports a dietary recommendation of approximately 500 mg/d of EPA and DHA for cardiovascular disease risk reduction and treatment of existing cardiovascular disease, and a dietary strategy for achieving the 500-mg/d recommendation is to consume 2 fish meals per week.

TL;DR: With caveats inherent for ecologic, nutrient disappearance analyses, a healthy dietary allowance for n-3 LCFAs for current US diets was estimated at 3.5 g/d for a 2000-kcal diet, which can likely be reduced to one-tenth of that amount by consuming fewer n-6 fats.

TL;DR: A ranked antioxidant food table with values for total content of redox-active compounds above a certain cutoff reduction potential provides a useful tool for investigations into the possible health benefit of dietary antioxidants.

TL;DR: The case that vitamin D D2 should no longer be considered equivalent to vitamin D3 is based on differences in their efficacy at raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diminished binding of vitamin D2 metabolites to Vitamin D binding protein in plasma, and a nonphysiologic metabolism and shorter shelf life of Vitamin D2.

TL;DR: Higher intakes of fruit and vegetables are associated with a lower risk of the metabolic syndrome; the lower risk may be the result of lower CRP concentrations, which support current dietary recommendations to increase daily intakes of Fruit and vegetables as a primary preventive measure against cardiovascular disease.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the relation between various outcomes of human reproduction and folate nutrition and metabolism, homocysteine metabolism, and polymorphisms of genes that encode folate-related enzymes or proteins, and identifies issues for future research.

TL;DR: Complex patterns in the association between SES and overweight exist; Efforts solely targeting reductions in income disparities probably cannot effectively reduce racial disparities in obesity.

TL;DR: The argument that diagnosing the metabolic syndrome in a person has neither pedagogical nor clinical utility is developed, and it is suggested that the clinical emphasis should be on treating effectively any CVD risk factor that is present.

TL;DR: Risks of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and nonspine fractures were significantly higher for subjects with higher percentage body fat independent of body weight, physical activity, and age.

TL;DR: These results corroborate previous findings that empirically derived dietary patterns are associated with inflammation and show that these relations in an ethnically diverse population with unique dietary habits are similar to findings in more homogeneous populations.

TL;DR: Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets favorably affect body mass and composition independent of energy intake, which in part supports the proposed metabolic advantage of these diets.

TL;DR: Breastfeeding in infancy is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, with marginally lower insulin concentrations in later life, and with lower blood glucose and serum insulin concentration in infancy.

TL;DR: Further research is needed to ascertain the areas of the world in which subclinical toxicity exists and to evaluate its effects on overall health and well-being, because emerging evidence suggests that subtoxicity without clinical signs of toxicity may be a growing concern.

TL;DR: The hypothesis that a relation exists between the consumption of an energy-dense diet and obesity is supported and evidence of the importance of fruit and vegetable consumption for weight management is provided.

TL;DR: The Beverage Guidance Panel was assembled to provide guidance on the relative health and nutritional benefits and risks of various beverage categories as mentioned in this paper, and the panel's purpose is to attempt to systematically review the literature on beverages and health and provide guidance to the consumer, and develop a deeper dialog among the scientific community on overall beverage consumption patterns in the United States and on the great potential to change this pattern as a way to improve health.

TL;DR: Although it is clear that a higher intake of fruit and vegetables can help prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with heart diseases, more information is needed to ascertain the association between the intake of single nutrients, such as carotenoids, and the risk of CVD.