Showing papers in "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2008"

TL;DR: Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children and will precipitate and exacerbate osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures in adults, and foods that are fortified with vitamin D are often inadequate to satisfy either a child's or an adult's vitamin D requirement.

TL;DR: If higher SES is a causal determinant of diet quality, then the reported associations between diet quality and better health may have been confounded by unobserved indexes of social class, and some current strategies for health promotion, based on recommending high-cost foods to low-income people, may prove to be wholly ineffective.

TL;DR: Although the AMPM accurately reported EIs in normal-weight subjects, research is warranted to enhance its accuracy in overweight and obese persons.

TL;DR: Evaluating the relations among smoking, body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance found that nicotine increases energy expenditure and could reduce appetite may explain why smokers tend to have lower body weight than do nonsmokers and why smoking cessation is frequently followed by weight gain.

TL;DR: The effects of flavonoids from soy and cocoa have been the main focus of attention and future studies should focus on other commonly consumed subclasses, examine dose-response effects, and be of long enough duration to allow assessment of clinically relevant endpoints.

TL;DR: Low-GI and/or low-GL diets are independently associated with a reduced risk of certain chronic diseases and the hypothesis that higher postprandial glycemia is a universal mechanism for disease progression is supported.

TL;DR: Dietary protein may be a modifiable risk factor for sarcopenia in older adults and should be studied further to determine its effects on preserving LM in this population.

TL;DR: Aberrant compositional development of the gut microbiota precedes overweight, offering new possibilities for preventive and therapeutic applications in weight management.

TL;DR: The nutritional guidelines for vitamin D(3) intake should be reevaluated, taking into account the contributions to good health that all 36 VDR target organs can provide.

TL;DR: Current data support the viewpoint that the biomarker plasma 25(OH)D concentration must rise above 750 nmol/L to produce vitamin D toxicity, and the more prudent upper limit of 250 nmol /L might be retained to ensure a wide safety margin.

TL;DR: Vitamin C supplementation decreases training efficiency because it prevents some cellular adaptations to exercise, and may result from its capacity to reduce the exercise-induced expression of key transcription factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.

TL;DR: Gut microbiota composition and weight are linked, and mother's weight gain is affected by microbiota, and microbiota modification before and during pregnancy may offer new directions for preventive and therapeutic applications in reducing the risk of overweight and obesity.

TL;DR: Genetic influences on BMI and abdominal adiposity are high in children born since the onset of the pediatric obesity epidemic, and most of the genetic effect on abdomen adiposity is common to BMI, but 40% is attributable to independent genetic influences.

TL;DR: Overall, mean serum 25(OH)D was lower in 2000-2004 than 1988-1994, and combined changes in BMI, milk intake, and sun protection appeared to contribute to a real decline in vitamin D status.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the combined associations of prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain with pregnancy outcomes and evaluated the trade-offs between mother and infant for different weight gains.

TL;DR: Nations considering fortification should be cautious and stimulate further research to identify the effects, good and bad, caused by a high intake of folic acid from fortified food or dietary supplements.

TL;DR: Experimental data suggest that fat was more efficient in transporting bacterial LPS from the gut lumen into the bloodstream, and a link between food intake and plasma LPS was found in this large sample of healthy men.

TL;DR: This article reviews the currently available methods for serum 25(OH)D quantitation and considers important issues such as whether both the D2 and the D3 forms of the vitamin should be assayed, whether total or free concentrations are most important, and what measures should be taken to ensure the fidelity of the measurements.

TL;DR: Any potential benefits associated with a moderately elevated protein intake must be evaluated in the light of customary dietary practices and individual variability.

TL;DR: The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) was considered to be the most accurate in identifying hemodialysis patients at nutritional risk, because the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve generated with the MIS value was the largest.

TL;DR: The positive association of neighborhood SES with fruit and vegetable intake is one important pathway through which the social environment of neighborhoods affects population health and nutrition for whites, blacks, and Hispanics in the United States.

TL;DR: Information currently available in the National Nutrition Monitoring System that is relevant to assessing the vitamin D status of US population groups is described, the strengths and limitations of this information, and selected results of vitamin D nutritional status assessments are described.

TL;DR: The consumption of moderate amounts of berries resulted in favorable changes in platelet function, HDL cholesterol, and BP, indicating that regular consumption of berries may play a role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

TL;DR: B-GOS administration to healthy elderly persons resulted in positive effects on both the microflora composition and the immune response, and may be a useful dietary candidate for the enhancement of gastrointestinal health and immune function in elderly persons.

TL;DR: Consumption of reduced glycemic response diets are followed by favorable changes in the health markers examined, and the case for the use of such diets looks compelling.

TL;DR: Evidence of abnormal copper transport and aberrant copper-protein interactions in numerous human neurological disorders supports the critical importance of this trace metal for proper neurodevelopment and neurological function.

TL;DR: Consumption of legumes, soybeans in particular, was inversely associated with the risk type 2 DM, and an inverse association between quintiles of total legume intake and 3 mutually exclusive legume groups and type 2DM incidence was observed.

TL;DR: Declines in energy expenditure favoring the regain of lost weight persist well beyond the period of dynamic weight loss.

TL;DR: There is little evidence that links high protein intakes to increased risk for impaired kidney function in healthy individuals, however, renal function decreases with age, and high protein intake is contraindicated in individuals with renal disease.

TL;DR: In the short term, high-protein, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets reduce hunger and lower food intake significantly more than do high- protein, medium- Carbohydrate nonketogenic diets.