Showing papers in "The Asian Journal of Public Administration in 1999"

The 1998 Administrative Reform in China: Issues, Challenges and Prospects

Abstract: This article examines China’s 1998 administrative reform in its current as well as its historical context. It reviews critical issues related to China’s reform endeavors and discusses the prospects for the success of the reform. It argues that China is now at critical crossroads where opportunities and challenges coexist. The choices made by the leaders in China as well as the leaders of the world today will significantly shape China’s future.

Intergovernmental Revenue Allocation Theory and Practice: An Application to Nepal

Abstract: This article focuses on the revenue components necessary for successful fiscal decentralization in developing countries. Following a discussion of the theory and practice of revenue allocation, the article summarizes a general typology for intergovernmental revenue allocation and applies the relevant concepts to revenue allocation between levels of government in Nepal.

Public Enterprises in India: Phases of Reform in the 1990s

Abstract: (1999). Public Enterprises in India: Phases of Reform in the 1990s. Asian Journal of Public Administration: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 220-233.

Public Sector Reform: The Case of Management Performance Appraisal in a Hong Kong Public Sector Hospital

Abstract: This article discusses a case study of management reform in a public sector hospital in Hong Kong. It focusses on the implementation of a management performance appraisal system - Staff Development Review. A questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews are used to explore managers’ and staffs’ experience of and attitudes to the system. The results present the appraisees’ experience in terms of the nature of the appraisal interview, the content of the appraisal discussion, and the behaviour of the appraiser. Respondents ‘views on the performance standards, their degree of satisfaction with the system, and its perceived benefits are then presented. These findings suggest that the system is achieving its primary objectives of concentrating managers’ attention on the performance and development of their staff.

Public Enterprises in Saudi Arabia: An Introduction to their Development, Management and Change

Abstract: (1999). Public Enterprises in Saudi Arabia: An Introduction to their Development, Management and Change. Asian Journal of Public Administration: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 234-245.

The Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Mature Asian Nics: “Enterprise Association” and its Modifications

Abstract: The Asian financial crisis can be attributed in part to the “enterprise association” model of governance pursued in East and Southeast Asia. As a consequence, business has served governmentally defined ends, the independence of the social sphere has been stymied, and autonomous legal institutions have been slow to develop. Although this model has conditioned important policies pursued in Singapore and Taiwan, other influences have mitigated - though unintentionally - its worst effects. In Singapore, the elites have seen the importance for international financial credibility of the rule of law as it applies in many areas of commerce; the desire to limit for political ends the development of a powerful local bourgeoisie has encouraged it to keep the country particularly open to the activities of trans-national corporations. In Taiwan, the division (before the mid 1980s) of politics and business which reflected the divide between “mainlanders” and “Taiwanese”, and the institutionalised resourcing of the ruli...

Banking on Gender: Uncovering Masculinism in the World Bank’s Environmental Policies

Abstract: The World Bank, the largest international development agency, has in the last two decades increasingly sought to “mainstream” environmental concerns into its agenda for economic development. The linchpin of the Bank’s environmental policies is its requirement for an environmental impact assessment (EIA) for all projects that significantly affect the environment. Although EIA has the potential to transform policy making by making it ecologically rational, its ability to do so rests fundamentally on its sensitivity to socio-cultural issues, a major one of which is gender. I undertake a gender evaluation of the Bank’s environmental policies, with a specific focus on its conceptualization of EIA, through an analysis of Bank documents and a case study of the World Bank-financed Sardar Sarovar dam project in India. The analysis reveals that the Bank has failed to acknowledge the gender-specific implications of development in formulating its environmental policies. Gender issues remain at best an add-on to these...

Selling Elk Hills: The Political Economy of US Federal Divestment

Abstract: With a newly elected Congress in 1995, the United States government (USG) began to face a family of questions sun ounding the possible sale of its largest and most profitable asset the giant oil and gas field, Elk Hills, or Naval Petroleum Reserve No 1. Discovered nearly 90 years ago, it became a Federal Reserve by Executive Order of the President in 1912. The fourth largest of some 278 fields in California, and producing over 1.4 billion barrels of oil (energy equivalent for both oil and natural gas) per annum by 1998, it was originally set aside both to protect the resource and to establish a strategic reserve for the US Navy. Although highly productive in the recent past, it was seen by both the USG's industry partner and the Congress as likely to become less profitable as its production declined and costs increased. The industry partner was the private sector oil corporation, Chevron USA, which by 1976 owned an undivided 22 percent interest in the field. Several public institutions were involved in evaluating and creating a future for Elk Hills:

Economy and the Re-invention of the Mexican State

Abstract: In recent years, the important role of the State in formulating and implementing economic policies towards achieving societal growth and development has, broadly speaking, undergone many changes and transformations. In Mexico, the protectionist, statist and populist regime has been replaced by the so-called neoliberal state model which can be said to have achieved some impressive results in terms of economic growth and development. Unfortunately, increasing poverty is one of the most distressing results of neoliberal policies. Further disappointing results include rising unemployment, slumping incomes, and a widening gap between rich and poor, leading to fissures in society and a fueling of guerrilla warfare and crime waves. This article focuses on the fundamental concepts of representation, economic functions and the organization of state models in Mexico. GLOBALIZATION AND THE NEOLIBERAL STATE MODEL According to Moctezuma (1997), the debate over current state models evident in the world has evolved through three different stages. The first stage involved the need for state reform and improvement in efficiency. The second stage concerned itself with the modifying relations within the states and with issues of an economic nature. At the cusp of the millennium, the third and present stage is centered on the transformation of the state with a view to a more participatory society. Recent events have demonstrated the failure of many economic policies that were implemented, in accordance with the welfare state model, by various countries following the Second World War. Even the great conservative revolution initiated by Margaret Thatcher in Britain in 1979, replacing the welfare state model by advancing capitalist principles, has been challenged by Tony Blair and the Labour Party’s election victory on May 1, 1997. Neoliberal economic reforms, also known as the “Washington Consensus”, entail public policies that are directed toward tight fiscal discipline, slashing of social benefits, deregulation and lowering of trade barriers, and privatization of public sector organizations in order to achieve balanced budgets. Several economic analysts have expressed concern about the destabilizing effects of the reforms. Sáenz (1997) believes that the contemporary emergence of ideological divergences and violent manifestations in many parts of the world indicate that the economic policies of the immediate past and their potential projection into the future will not generate consensus. As Harvard’s Mangabeira (Conger, 1997) recently put it in an interview, “The opposition in Latin America is in danger of being represented as a populist backlash of the poor against the rich.” Furthermore, “other critics”, comments Conger (1997), “are focusing their attention and energy on the allegation that these same reforms have also spawned high unemployment and a sharp decline in the standard of living for the majority of Latin Americans.” The state model that emerged from the conservative revolution in Britain has been defined by new economic policies that promise to “unmask the myths of prosperity that the Tories divulged and which do not coincide with reality” (Tello, 1997). According to Semo (1997), Blair frequently talks about transcending differences between right and left and of maintaining old loyalties abroad—changes necessitated by this epoch. Thus, the great challenge for the labourists will be how to manage the process of economic reform initiated and propounded by the conservatives and to simultaneously satisfy the populist promises made to an electorate weary of two decades of adjustments. Some analysts envision the birth of a new form of politics which may dominate the 21 century. Until now, the neoliberal state model seeme d to be the only course, a formula which “promised a dollop of austerity and little else for the time being” (Kuttner, 1997). The recent elections of center-left governments in both Britain and France, however, have demonstrated that “Thatcherism isn’t the only path to structural reform” and that a new strategy and state model can emerge where “growth and job creation becomes possible”, and where a “less austere social policy would certainly ease the task of structural reform” (Almeira, 1997b). The return of social policy in Britain does, however, weaken the alliance between the successors of the Thatcher legacy and Washington. Almeira (1997b) notes that several considerations are necessary for the maintenance of an aggressive military policy, and these include social discipline, high military expenditures and political insensitivity. These are policies that a social democratic government could not implement without encountering serious problems. Recent political events in France witnessed the block formed by the center-left dominating the National Assembly over the center-right, thereby forming a government which maintains “Chirac nationalism” but which forces it into institutional cohabitation on the strength of social policy. French Prime Minister Lionel Jospin’s Socialist Party swept to victory in June 1997, reports Edmonson et al (1997), by promising voters it would create new jobs, slam the brakes on privatization, keep factories open, and shorten the work week. Even so, the welfare state remains intact in France and the French have felt relatively little pain from globalization as Javetski and Edmonson et al (1997) recount. This scenario is in large part due to beliefs “that mankind has been stripped of dignity by the demands of global economy (Forrester, 1997). Business Week analysts Javetski and Edmonson (1997) sustain that if the Socialists carry out their agenda, they will increase government intervention in the economy, stall privatization, bolster a costly welfare state, and tighten labor market rules that are already too rigid. These attempts, however, may not be long lived since much of the Maastricht politics elucidated in Brussels within the margin of national parliaments have expropriated part of the sovereign and democratic decision-making powers of governments and imposed restrictions that may well spell the end of the remaining social policies. This political process could prove to be very contagious in Europe. The south winds blowing over Portugal, Spain, Greece, Belgium, etc., have begun to melt the sociopolitical European panorama formed during the Thatcher-Reagan Glacial Era. Austria, Holland and Sweden, with their left-of-center governments, have demonstrated that “social institutions need not be entirely cast aside but rather made more competitive” (Kuttner, 1997). Therefore, it is possible that a backlash could reverberate in those European countries where Social Democrats are in power, militating against further economic reforms as Javetski and Edmonson et al (1997) have predicted. As an external force, it is evident that the globalization process is revealing a profound ideological split. Those who insist that international capital is the only possible frame of reference cannot reconcile their position with those who refuse to accept that the rule of international capital is inevitable (Almeira, 1997a,b). The main challenge for the former then, is how to convince voters of the need to face up to the necessities of economic globalization. The transformation of the State from one state model to another does not always occur in an orderly and smooth fashion. States that began the process earlier have apparently reached and accomplished certain goals. Britain’s case, however, contradicts this finding in that theories of public choice that were once accepted are now being revised. It is also interesting to note the rich processes occurring in France, where there seems to be a reaffirmation of civil society—a development not identified with any union or political party. THE EVOLUTION OF THE MEXICAN STATE A look at developments in Mexico reveals great difficulties. The Mexican government is facing tremendous challenges 15 years after initiating economic reforms oriented toward strengthening the market economy. The trend of revising the state mission is as apparent in Mexico as it is elsewhere in the world. The pattern of recent political changes shows that the Mexican State is going through a transitional process. Many conflicts have yet to be resolved among the political bureaucratic machinery and partisan teams. In fact, the last elections held in July 1997 showed an unprecedented democratic process of political transformation which will greatly effect the formulation and implementation of future social and economic policies. Although economic reforms in Mexico have surpassed expectations, the scope of political reform has been limited and has resulted in the acceptance, on the one hand, of free market forces, and on the other, of an authoritarian regime which maintains the three fundamental pillars of the Mexican state: presidential authoritarianism, centralism, and corporativism. The legitimacy of the Mexican State has decreased considerably over the last few years, giving way to the weak and erratic growth of social organizations, and the increasing role of political parties and of civil society. This can be attributed to the economic restructuring process that the Mexican government has undertaken which has both weakened the state and undermined the fundamental mechanisms of legitimation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to re-establish an equilibrium between economic policy and political reform of the Mexican State. There are two political and economic conceptions of the Mexican State according to Labastida (1997): the revolutionary conception and the presidential authoritarian conception. The Mexican State’s revolutionary conception, designed following the Mexican Revolution of 1910-17, was proclaimed in the Federal Constitution of 1917 as popular republican, sovereign representative and with a presidential government limited by legislative and judicial powers. Its function