The Australian journal of science 

About: The Australian journal of science is an academic journal. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Poison control & Injury prevention. It has an ISSN identifier of 0365-3668. Over the lifetime, 178 publications have been published receiving 4178 citations.

A Modification of Jerne's Theory of Antibody Production using the Concept of Clonal Selection.

Abstract: There are three current theoretical inter pretations of antibody production which, following Talmage (1957), may be referredto as the directtemplate theoryinwhich theantigenservesasa template against which the specific pat tern of the antibody is synthesized, the indirect template theory which postu lates a secondary template incorporated intothegenetic-synthetic processesof the antibody producing cells (Burnet, 1956), and the natural selection theory in which the antigen acts essentially by selection for excess production of natu ral antibody molecules of corresponding type (Jerne, 1955). The two latter theories were devised primarily to account for two sets of phe nomena for which the direct template theory seems quite irrelevant. The first is the absence of immunological re sponse to “¿ self― constituents and the related phenomena of immunological tolerance; thesecondistheevidencethat antibody production can continue in the absence of antigen. Some means for the recognition anddifferentiation ofpoten tially antigenic components of the body from foreign organic material must be provided in any acceptable formulation. In Burnet and Fenner's (1949) account, a positive recognition of “¿ self― material was ascribed to the presence of “¿ self markers― in all potentially antigenic macromolecules, and corresponding recognition units in the scavenger cells of the body. At the time it was regarded as inconceivable that a mechanism could exist which would recognise in positive fashion all foreign material and no at tempt was made to devise one, despite the fact that we have always recognised the clumsy character of the self-marker, self-recognition scheme. It is the great virtue of Jerne's hypoth esis that it provides an approach to this alternative method of recognising self from not self. There is no doubt about the presence in all mammalian or avian sera of a wide range of reactive globulins whichcan legitimately be called“¿ natu ral antibodies.― Jerne assumed that amongst these globulin molecules were all the possible patterns needed for spe cific immunological type reaction with any antigen, except for those patterns corresponding to body antigens which would be eliminated by in vivo absorp tion. When a foreign antigen enters the blood it unites, according to Jerne's scheme, with one of the corresponding natural antibody molecules. The com plex is taken up by a phagocytic cell in which the antigen plays no further part, but the antibody globulin provokes the Reprinted from The Australian Journal of Science 20 (3): 67-69, 1957.

Musculoskeletal injuries in track and field: incidence, distribution and risk factors.

Abstract: This study evaluated the incidence, distribution and types of musculoskeletal injuries sustained by 95 track and field athletes in a 12 month period using a retrospective cohort design, and analysed selected training, anthropometric, menstrual and clinical biomechanical risk factors. Overall, 72 athletes sustained 130 injuries giving an athlete incidence rate of 76% and an injury exposure rate of 3.9 per 1000 training hours. The majority of injuries were overuse in nature and approximately one-third of all injuries were recurrent. The risk of injury was not influenced by gender or event group. The most common sites of injury were the leg (28%), thigh (22%) and knee (16%) with the most common diagnoses being stress fractures (21%) and hamstring strains (14%). Injury patterns varied between event groups with middle-distance and distance runners sustaining more overuse injuries, and sprinters, hurdlers, jumpers and multi event athletes more acute injuries (p < 0.05). Increasing age, greater overall flexibility and a greater prevalence of menstrual disturbances were associated with a greater likelihood of injury. The results of this study show that track and field athletes are at high risk for musculoskeletal injury and that it may be possible to identify those who are more likely to sustain an injury.

Exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation: a review.

Abstract: Unaccustomed exercise may result in significant damage to skeletal muscle and cause delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in both recreational and elite athletes Two basic mechanisms-'metabolic' and 'mechanical' stress--have been proposed to explain how exercise initiates damage to skeletal muscle fibres The extent of damage, particularly after eccentrically-biased exercise, has been assessed by histological and ultrastructural examination, and the measurement of the efflux of cytosolic enzymes into the circulation The role of reactive oxygen species in the mediation of exercise-induced oxidative damage to muscle and the protection offered by anti-oxidant defence systems have been well studied Free radical generation is normally estimated by indirect methods such as chemiluminescence, spectrophotometry, flow cytometry, or the measurement of products of lipid peroxidation such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) Although several theories have been proposed to account for the DOMS phenomenon, the underlying mechanisms are still to be elucidated A group of proteins known collectively as cytokines regulate inflammatory and immunological processes involved in the repair of damaged tissue

The diagnosis of chronic groin pain in athletes: a review of 189 cases.

Abstract: The case-notes of 189 athletes with chronic groin pain were reviewed to determine the prevalence of the underlying conditions. Diagnoses were determined following a review of their history, clinical examination, local anaesthetic infiltration, radiological investigation, surgical exploration and clinical progress. The most common pathology found was an incipient hernia (50% of cases). Twenty-seven percent were found to have multiple pathologies. An approach to the differential diagnosis and radiological investigation of athletes with chronic groin pain is suggested.

Heart rates and estimated energy expenditure during recreational surfing

Abstract: lMeir, FLA., Lowdon, B.J. and Davie. A.J. (1991) Hean.ates and eslimaled €nergy expendilure du.ing recealional suriing The Auslrallan Joumat ot Sclenc€ and Medlcine In Spori 23(3):70'74. The heart rates and subsequent estimated eneryy expencliture duing apprcximately one hou of recrcational surfing wete examined. Six male volunEers, nean age 21 .2 0: 2.7) yearc, height 1 75.8 (! 5.53) cm and v/eight 6U.9 (! 5.67) k9, panicipated k tttis study. Heatl rate data werc gathered using a modified Sporb Tester PE3000S microcomputer telemetly system, These data were used to estimate energy expendilure using a regression formula ol oxygen uptake ve$us heai rate data eskblished duing a progressive peak orygen uplake test 04 a Repco Swim Bench Eryometer. Mean heai rate while recreational suning wap 135 e 6.9) beats.min', while mean values lor paddling and statbnary were l4 e 1O.5) beats.miri' and 127 (! 6.9) beab.mift'' respectively. There was a slatistically significant differcnce (p eenditule for the total me suiing was 2077 kJ (! 322.1). The estimated nean energy expenditure of 33.7 kJ.min ', suggesE thal recrcalbnal suding E compaable wilh a varie\/ of olher recreational spotlng activilies in terms of energy cost.including freestyle ,sulnning (20.9-46.0 U.nin'), lennis (30.1-41.8 ki.nin'' ) and cycling at 20.8 km.hi' (18.&46.0 kJ.min: t ) (Astrand & Rodahl 1986).