Showing papers in "The international journal of entrepreneurship and innovation in 2007"
TL;DR: This paper examined the interrelationships between religion and enterprise and found that these are highly context-specific, and will vary markedly over time and social setting, mediated by other socio-cultural variables such as political structures and ideologies, and religious symbolism in the workplace.
Abstract: This article examines the interrelationships between religion and enterprise. The authors find that these are highly context-specific, and will vary markedly over time and social setting, mediated by other socio-cultural variables such as political structures and ideologies, and religious symbolism in the workplace. The individual elements making up an entrepreneur's belief matrix influence the entrepreneurial process. Where religious salience is high, entrepreneurs will tend to use religious criteria to inform their decision making, even if it harms their short-term commercial interests. Religious groups can also provide a resource for the generation of entrepreneurial social capital.
153 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the impact of governance on destination development, focusing on public-private relations, formal and informal networks as well as resource dependencies, and the empirical contrib...
Abstract: This article explores the impact of governance on destination development, focusing on public-private relations, formal and informal networks as well as resource dependencies. The empirical contrib ...
130 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on key assets and capabilities from the entrepreneur's business model perspective, taking theories of interorganizational exchange and the resource-based view of the firm as the basis.
Abstract: Network-intensive business behaviour and specialization in core competencies have increased the importance of utilizing resources beyond company boundaries. In recent years, resource exploration and exploitation have attracted increasing attention in the literature on interorganizational exchange and strategic networks. However, resources have not been sufficiently analysed in connection with types of business models. In this study, the authors focus on key assets and capabilities from the entrepreneur's business model perspective. Taking theories of interorganizational exchange and the resource-based view of the firm as the basis, key assets and capabilities are identified in four different types of business models in selected software companies. The key findings indicate that there is a significant difference in the emphasis on internally and externally obtained resources between different types of business models.
84 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors make a theoretical study of the current status of female entrepreneurs in India and discuss the many challenges they face, focusing on their level of education and socio-cultural constraints.
Abstract: Female entrepreneurs are increasingly being considered to be an important catalyst for economic growth and development in India, as they are contributing substantially to employment generation, and, as such, female entrepreneurship has become an area of research interest over the past few years. This paper furthers this research by making a theoretical study of the current status of female entrepreneurs in the country. It discusses the many challenges they face, focusing on their level of education and socio-cultural constraints. It also suggests some solutions to overcome such barriers. These include giving them proper training, developing an entrepreneurial attitude in them, ‘attributional augmenting’, understanding their entrepreneurial motivation, and, most importantly, removing the discriminating social customs imposed on them.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use signalling theory to guide an empirical study utilizing panel study data based on 711 entrepreneurial ventures (334 female-run; 377 male-run) and find that expert capital (social capital from experts) leads to perceptions of higher legitimacy and funding success for female run ventures.
Abstract: Research has shown that female entrepreneurs face unique barriers to entrepreneurial success, such as procuring funding and being perceived as credible. Limited past theory has addressed how these challenges can be met effectively by female-run entrepreneurial ventures. As a result, effective strategies for female entrepreneurs to overcome them are unclear. To address the need for research in this area, the authors use signalling theory to guide an empirical study utilizing panel study data based on 711 entrepreneurial ventures (334 female-run; 377 male-run). Signals perceived by outsiders pertaining to the risk preference, legitimacy and social capital of female-run ventures are examined and linked to venture funding, net worth and longevity outcomes. The results, based on non-parametric analyses and statistical modelling, suggest that expert capital (social capital from experts) leads to perceptions of higher legitimacy and funding success for female-run ventures.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with the margins of entrepreneurship at which small business owners are working almost on their own with no or very few employees, and where some work for low returns and run firms that lack stability and/or prosperous dynamics.
Abstract: This paper deals with the margins of entrepreneurship at which small business owners are working almost on their own with no or very few employees, and where some work for low returns and run firms that lack stability and/or prosperous dynamics. However, even the area of ‘entrepreneurship at the margins’ is a wide field, embracing not only the broad margins of entrepreneurship but also the fluid borders between entrepreneurship and the informal sector on the one side and the labour market system on the other. New firms – even those that are ultimately very successful – may be more or less created in an experimental market and product testing phase, in which business founders are still employed or registered as unemployed before becoming self-employed. In such cases, the practical starting-point of an entrepreneurial existence is part of a fluent continuum of different activities closely connected to the entrepreneur's sphere of dependent work as an employee or job-seeking during a period of unemployment. ...
45 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated how lifestyle entrepreneurs interact with other entrepreneurs in the location where they operate, and their involvement in the local dynamics of the place, and concluded that much of the focus to date has been on the individual entrepreneur.
Abstract: A relatively small body of literature in tourism concentrates on the issues of small firms and entrepreneurs and ‘this area of inquiry is vastly under-researched’ (Thomas, 2004, p 1). A key piece of research (Rimmington et al, 1999) classifies entrepreneurs in the tourism sector, and one category that has received research attention has been that of lifestyle entrepreneurs. This article outlines the literature on lifestyle entrepreneurs and concludes that much of the focus to date has been on the individual entrepreneur. The paper investigates how lifestyle entrepreneurs interact with other entrepreneurs in the location where they operate, and their involvement in the local dynamics of the place. The area studied in this regard is Westport, Co Mayo, Ireland. Rather than focusing within the boundaries of the firm, the attention here is on the interaction between firms and within the location. The first section discusses the literature on lifestyle entrepreneurs and the nature of inter-firm relations; the s...
45 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare two localities of marked social, cultural and economic difference in relation to small tourism business networking and formalization of tourism destination development and find that the destination with a more formalized tourism development is less reliant on horizontal networking.
Abstract: This paper compares two localities of marked social, cultural and economic difference in relation to small tourism business networking and formalization of tourism destination development. The methodological process involves in-depth interviews, supplemented by participant observation. Template development and network-depth analysis are used to interpret the findings. Through ‘thick’ description and analysis of social, communication and exchange networking behaviours, an original cultural understanding of the community embeddedness of informal small business networking behaviours is provided in the context of a developed and a developing country. The study finds that the destination with a more formalized tourism development is less reliant on horizontal networking. This results in a less directly significant contribution to destination development. However, destination size, social network density and cultural differences are also key issues in relation to networking contributions.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that large businesses and multinational corporations dominated the internationalization process of the European tourism industry and that a substructure of large businesses dominated the process of tourism internationalization.
Abstract: Traditionally, large businesses and multinational corporations dominated the internationalization process of the European tourism industry. Recent research evidence, however, indicates that a subst...
35 citations
TL;DR: The international experience points to few countries having designated support programmes that are specific to small tourism firms as discussed by the authors, and South Africa's Tourism Enterprise Programme (TEP) was one of the first countries to provide such support.
Abstract: The international experience points to few countries having designated support programmes that are specific to small tourism firms. In 2000 South Africa's Tourism Enterprise Programme (TEP) was lau...
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, entrepreneurial learning is considered as a "competency", comprising the dimensions of experiential, cognitive-affective, and networking perspectives in previous studies, and the authors considered entrepreneurial learning as a 'competencies' in their study.
Abstract: Unlike the experiential, cognitive–affective and networking perspectives in previous studies, entrepreneurial learning is considered as a ‘competency’ in this paper, comprising the dimensions of in...
TL;DR: The authors argue that to get a sense of the economic culture in a particular context, it is crucial to focus on what a culture's success and failure stories tell about how to get ahead.
Abstract: Entrepreneurs are cultural creatures and culture affects how they conceive their opportunities and how they determine and pursue their interests. Understanding entrepreneurship in any particular context thus requires attention to be paid to prevailing cultural beliefs as well as the formal and informal institutions that affect economic behaviour. This paper adopts the important but seldom used approach of focusing upon the tales of entrepreneurship prevalent in a given culture. The authors argue that to get a sense of the economic culture in a particular context, it is crucial to focus on what a culture's success and failure stories tell about how to get ahead. Arguably, this approach is particularly important if the goal is to understand entrepreneurship amongst subaltern/marginalized groups. Using fiction from the former Soviet bloc, where a one-dimensional form of entrepreneurship flourished even within the command economy, and literature from anglophone Africa and the British Caribbean where black ent...
TL;DR: In this article, a special issue is concerned with entrepreneurial activities that occur at the "margins of entrepreneurship" where many entrepreneurs emerge from pariah groups at the margins of individual societies.
Abstract: This special issue is concerned with entrepreneurial activities that occur at the ‘margins of entrepreneurship’ Traditionally, many entrepreneurs have emerged from pariah groups at the margins of individual societies Moreover, it would appear that entrepreneurship as an activity flourishes at the margins and frontiers of societies, cultures and regions, and at the edge of the ‘known’ and ‘accepted’
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that in most cases such assertions are misplaced because 'partnerships' organized by the public sector are often predicated on an inadequate conceptualization of small firms in tourism, fail to appreciate the importance and complexity of informal economic relations, and usually ignore the particular power relations at play in local tourism policy formation and change.
Abstract: Partnerships have been a central feature of the tourism public policy landscape in advanced capitalist countries for some time. The intuitively appealing argument is that, by sharing expertise and decision making, commitment to the local tourism project is ensured. By participating in partnership working, small firms - which are almost universally characteristic of the sector - are said to contribute to the form and competitiveness of the tourism offer. Drawing on a variety of sources, this paper argues that in most cases such assertions are misplaced because 'partnerships' organized by the public sector are often predicated on an inadequate conceptualization of small firms in tourism, fail to appreciate the importance and complexity of informal economic relations, and usually ignore the particular power relations at play in local tourism policy formation and change.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a traditional Chinese philosophy and folklore, the yin and yang perspective and its competing yet reconciling forces to suggest that the dynamic interaction between alertness and systematic search will increase the chances and improve the effectiveness of opportunity discovery.
Abstract: Opportunity recognition has been widely viewed as a key step in the entrepreneurial process. Two major perspectives that address opportunity recognition offer diametrically opposed predictions: systematic search versus entrepreneurial alertness employed to identify opportunities. Instead of treating alertness and search as contradictory concepts, the current research uses a traditional Chinese philosophy and folklore, the yin and yang perspective and its competing yet reconciling forces, to suggest that the dynamic interaction between alertness and systematic search will increase the chances and improve the effectiveness of opportunity discovery. An alertness/search typology of innovations is also proposed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed SMTE innovation processes and networking dynamics in the Saimaa Holiday network in the Savonlinna region of Finland and confirmed that innovation in SMTE networks was a synthetic process consisting of product, process and resource innovation.
Abstract: Small and medium-sized tourism enterprises (SMTEs) face the challenges of renewing business models to maintain competitiveness in the global economy. SMTE networking and product innovations are typical responses to these challenges. SMTE innovation processes and networking dynamics were analysed in the Saimaa Holiday network in the Savonlinna region of Finland. The Finnish Nationally Networked Centre of Expertise for Tourism (CET) networking model was used for the analysis. It was confirmed that innovation in SMTE networks was a synthetic process consisting of product, process and resource innovation. The network and its links to the university increased innovation potential and creativity in product innovation. Problem areas included business process development and ICT utilization.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a review and rationale concerning the importance of research entrepreneurship amongst those of minority sexual orientation, based on emerging theories about, and evidence of, their orientation.
Abstract: This paper provides a review and rationale concerning the importance of researching entrepreneurship amongst those of minority sexual orientation. Based on emerging theories about, and evidence of,...
TL;DR: This article used newspaper articles to construct an account of the meteoric rise and eventual fall from grace of Takafumi Horie, a Japanese Internet entrepreneur, through a qualitative methodology that analyses the content of articles in international newspapers reporting key events in Horie's story.
Abstract: This paper uses newspaper articles to construct an account of the meteoric rise and eventual fall from grace of Takafumi Horie, a Japanese Internet entrepreneur. This trajectory is explored through a qualitative methodology that analyses the content of articles in international newspapers reporting key events in Horie's story. Tracking the representation of Horie as the story develops uncovers the ambiguous nature of the concept of entrepreneurship in Japan, where the enactment of entrepreneurship takes place within and at times against the mainstream of significant change in the nature of work in Japan. The paper concludes by linking Horie's story to the temporal construction of the entrepreneur in a social context in which bureaucratic challenge leads eventually to entrepreneurial marginalization through the likelihood of a jail term. Overall, the paper adds to the literature concerning the mutable and contested nature of the term 'entrepreneur'.
TL;DR: A survey of the literature on the structural and behavioural aspects of venture capital financing from the entrepreneur's perspective is presented in this article, with the aim of making entrepreneurs aware of best practice for their interactions with venture capital companies.
Abstract: One option for entrepreneurs to finance and grow their companies is venture capital. After the boom and bust of the new economy, the venture capital industry has regained importance in financing innovative companies. This study contributes by providing a survey of the literature on the structural and behavioural aspects of venture capital financing from the entrepreneur's perspective. The aim of this survey is to organize and summarize existing theoretical and empirical work on venture capital financing with a view to making entrepreneurs aware of best practice for their interactions with venture capital companies. The authors conclude that entrepreneurs, before seeking venture capital finance, should consider this option carefully, as investors could pursue their own aims even if they are contradictory to those of the entrepreneur.
TL;DR: In this paper, the presence of entrepreneurs' specific subjective characteristics can influence a firm's strategic orientation and, as a consequence, local development, by analysing the subjective characteristics of entrepreneurs.
Abstract: This paper aims to explain how the presence of entrepreneurs' specific subjective characteristics can influence a firm's strategic orientation and, as a consequence, local development. By analysing...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on case studies of the intrapreneurial characteristics of the SMHTEs in the eastern valleys of south Wales, and assess to what extent intraprenuerial behaviour was occurring in the three organizations investigated and what were the views on enterprise of those surveyed.
Abstract: Heritage is the key to the success of the tourism industry in Wales. Tourism itself is one of the largest and most important industries in the Principality, contributing £2.5 billion in spending from visitors, 7% to GDP and 10% of jobs to the economy. Following a period of substantial growth during the 1980s and 1990s, the industry has seen a period of decline over recent years. This paper analyses the proposition that an attitude of enterprise and innovation must be embraced if the heritage tourism industry in Wales is to be used as a catalyst for economic regeneration and development. The aim of the study was to assess to what extent intrapreneurial behaviour was occurring in the three organizations investigated and what were the views on enterprise of those surveyed. The research reported on case studies of the intrapreneurial characteristics of the small and medium-sized heritage tourism enterprises (SMHTEs) in the eastern valleys of south Wales. Three organizations were analysed and the data collated...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide support for an entrepreneur-mountaineer analogy, suggesting common themes for the roles of both groups, including lofty goals, individualistic efforts, risky and highly uncertain environments, and severe resource constraints.
Abstract: Entrepreneurs and mountaineers face challenges that share many characteristics distinct from mainstream society and managerial activity: lofty goals, individualistic efforts, risky and highly uncertain environments, and severe resource constraints. A qualitative explication of this analogy is extended with a comparative quantitative examination of shared individual traits (risk avoidance, optimism, flexibility and overconfidence) among mountaineers, entrepreneurs and control subjects. The findings provide support for an entrepreneur–mountaineer analogy, suggesting common themes for the roles of both groups. These results are integrated with previous research on the mountaineering personality to suggest ways by which the two groups could learn from each other. The analogy is then extended beyond the individual level by explicit mapping between entrepreneurs and mountaineers in terms of objectives, strategies, resources and risks faced. This mapping is used to suggest areas of entrepreneurship research that...
TL;DR: The authors examines the barriers and drivers for establishing businesses in the wider regional market and observes the first attempts at providing adequate support mechanisms for migrants to break out of the co-ethnic market and develop sustainable businesses.
Abstract: The arrival of unprecedented numbers of migrant workers in the rural counties of the UK, due to EU enlargement, has created a unique opportunity. Many of these migrants wish to become more than just a source of cheap labour; they aspire to become entrepreneurs. Lincolnshire has already seen a burgeoning of migrant businesses, but these have prospered largely by serving their co-ethnic market. This article examines the barriers and drivers for establishing businesses in the wider regional market and observes the first attempts at providing adequate support mechanisms. With improved language skills, there is potential for migrants to break out of the co-ethnic market and develop sustainable businesses.
TL;DR: In this article, responses from a questionnaire survey of wine and tourism businesses operating in regional clusters were analysed using factor analysis, which suggested three factor scores relating to entrepreneurial behaviour; four factor scores related to cluster activities and attributes; and three factors relating to the respondents' personal characteristics.
Abstract: Responses from a questionnaire survey of wine and tourism businesses operating in regional clusters were analysed using factor analysis. These suggested three factor scores relating to entrepreneurial behaviour; four factor scores relating to cluster activities and attributes; and three factors relating to the respondents' personal characteristics. The three entrepreneurial behaviour factor scores were interpreted as: innovator, calculator and venturer. These were used as dependent variables in regression models. The independent variables were the cluster and personal characteristics factor scores, industry and place. The central result was that the cluster activity variables did not have a significant impact on the innovator behaviour variable, which contradicts the standard view. Cluster activities and attributes were found to attract entrepreneurs of the calculator kind, and to a lesser extent, of the venturer kind. Place did seem to offer an attraction to entrepreneurs beyond those offered by the intensities of the cluster activities and attributes.
TL;DR: The relevance of Schumpeter's model and conception of entrepreneurship for political science has been discussed in this paper, where it is argued that contemporary populist politicians share many of the characteristics of Schumpseter's entrepreneurs and that the application of his model provides a new perspective on political science.
Abstract: This paper outlines the relevance of Schumpeter's model and conception of entrepreneurship for political science. While students of politics have studied Schumpeter's views of democracy, his views on entrepreneurship have been neglected by political scientists. Following a brief overview of other definitions of entrepreneurship, Schumpeter's model is presented here. Using the examples of contemporary populist politicians, it is argued that these share many of the characteristics of Schumpeter's entrepreneurs and that the application of his model provides a new perspective on political science.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the motivations, early setbacks and accomplishments of a business founder within the first three years of trading, as well as providing an account of the business's changing trading focus over time.
Abstract: It is the dream of many would-be entrepreneurs to slide seamlessly from their pursuit of a favourite hobby into the
establishment and operation of a business based on their favourite pastime The creative industries, including arts and crafts, designer fashion, film, theatre and the performing arts, broadcast media and recorded music (Henry and Johnston, 2005) are a particularly fertile area for
the extension of personal hobbies into new businesses Indeed, being a creative micro-business 'seems to be the ultimate role model in business nowadays' (Poettschacher, 2005, p 177) Focusing on one of the creative industries,
recorded music, this case explores the motivations, early setbacks and accomplishments of a business founder within the first three years of trading, as well as providing an account of a business's changing trading focus over
time The case highlights the many and various challenges faced by a new business owner and suggests that
business development is often beset by discontinuous and critical incidents
TL;DR: This article developed a rigorous model yielding a closed-form solution for measuring the degree of intrapreneurship within a firm and its impact on the firm's value, but did not directly tie the size of the IZO to the value of the firm.
Abstract: This paper develops a rigorous model yielding a closed form solution for measuring the degree of intrapreneurship within a firm (the size of the intrapreneurial zone of an organization [IZO]) and its impact on the firm's value. The paper represents a major departure from established literature that relies on statistical analysis to relate independent variables on intrapreneurship to firm growth and/or profitability, but does not directly tie the size of the IZO to the value of the firm. This model incorporates multiple factors and the metrics necessary for measuring their level of intensity within the firm and their contribution to the IZO.
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TL;DR: The case studies of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation as mentioned in this paper are concerned with problematical issues that are pertinent to students of entrepreneurship, thus they constitute appropriate teaching and learning vehicles on a variety of postgraduate and undergraduate programs.
Abstract: The Case Study section of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation serves two purposes. First, the case studies presented are concerned with problematical issues that are pertinent to students of entrepreneurship. Thus they constitute appropriate teaching and learning vehicles on a variety of postgraduate and undergraduate programmes. Each case study is accompanied by a set of guidelines for the use of tutors. Second, it is envisaged that those engaged in entrepreneurial activities will find the cases both interesting and useful. This issue’s case study investigates the process of a Hong Kong magazine entering the mainland Chinese market. Understanding that the local magazine market was saturated and the constraints of his product, Mr Lai, the Chief Editor of Model Kit World Magazine decided to enter the mainland market. This study discusses how he chose this market, looked for an appropriate entry model and formulated his marketing strategy. The publication industry on the mainland is a specialized business; he is still exploring different modes of developing this market.