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Showing papers in "The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research in 2017"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants, which are known to show medicinal activity as well as exhibit physiological activity.
Abstract: The phytochemicals are the most important sources for the treatment of common diseases. The present investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants. These are Bauhinia variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don. (Apocynaceae), Lantana camara (Linn.) Var. (Verbenaceae), Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae), Moringa oleifera Lamk. (Moringaceae), Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. (Mimosaceae), Solanum nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier. ex Hook. f. and Th. (Menispermaceae). Methonolic extracts of powder of leaves were screened for qualitative determination of different phytochemicals like alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, protein and amino acid, diterpenes, phenols and tannin. All plant materials were collected from Shivpuri district (M.P.). Key-wordsMedicinal plants, Phytochemical study, Methanolic extracts -------------------------------------------------IJLSSR----------------------------------------------INTRODUCTION Phytochemicals are chemical compounds that are naturally found in plants. They are responsible for the colour and organoleptic properties of the plant [1] . It is also referred to as those chemicals that may have biological significance but are not established as an essentials nutrient in plant [2] . Phytochemicals could be available as dietary supplements, but the potential health benefits of phytochemicals are derived from consumption of the whole plant [3]. Several phytochemicals have a wide range of activities, which helps to give immunity against long term disease. The phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoides, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, phenols, protein and amino acid, diterpens etc. are known to show medicinal activity as well as exhibit physiological activity [4] . Medicinal Plant is of great importance of the health of individual and communities. Access this article online

46 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present study highlights that the impact of nanoparticles on bacterial strains and the release of plant growth promoting substances by PGPR strains was dose dependent, which gives an idea about the level of toxicity of these nanoparticles in the environment.
Abstract: In this study, the effect of ZnO and TiO2-NPs on beneficial soil microorganisms and their secondary metabolite production was investigated. The antibacterial potential of NPs was determined by the growth kinetics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Significantly decreased in the cell viability based on optical density measurements were observed upon treatment with increasing concentrations of NPs. While comparing the effect of the different concentrations of the NPs (200 μg/ml) on IAA production by different bacterial strains, ZnO nanoparticles showed greater inhibitory effect than TiO2-NPs on IAA production by bacterial strains. The effect of Nanoparticles on phosphate solubilization was found inhibitory at 200 μg/ml. Treatment with ZnO shown concentration dependent enhancement in siderophore production by bacteriaby exposure to ZnO-NPs whereas TiO2-NPs showed concentration dependent progressive decline for iron binding siderophore molecules. Reduction in antibiotic production by P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens was noticed in the presence of ZnO and TiO2 as compared to the control. The fluorescence of NADH released by P. aeruginosa was observed to be quenched in the presence of ZnO and TiO2-NPs as compared to control. The present study highlights that the impact of nanoparticles on bacterial strains and the release of plant growth promoting substances by PGPR strains was dose dependent, which gives an idea about the level of toxicity of these nanoparticles in the environment. Therefore, the discharge of nanoparticles in the environment should be carefully monitored so that the loss of both structure and functions of agronomically important microbes could be protected from the toxicity of MO-NPs. Key-wordsMO-NPs, IAA, Phosphate Solubilization, Siderophore, PCA, NADH, ZnO-NPs, TiO2-NPs

28 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The result suggests that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments and possess potent antioxidant, which may lead to the isolation of new and novel secondary compounds for generation of new drugs.
Abstract: Systemic and Scientific investigation was carried out for identification, selection, characterization of popularly grown medicinal plants in and around Patna and their phytochemical analysis was carried out to assess their medicinal value potentialities. The traditional medicine involves the uses of different plant extracts or the phytochemical bioactive constituents, which provides the health application at an affordable cost. Secondary metabolites are responsible for the medicinal activity of plants. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirm the presence of various phytochemicals like saponins, terpenoids, steroids, anthocyanins, coumarins, fatty acids, tannins, leucoanthocyanins and emodins etc. The result suggests that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments and possess potent antioxidant, which may lead to the isolation of new and novel secondary compounds for generation of new drugs. Knowledge of the phytochemical constituents of plants are desirable because such information will be of value for the synthesis of complex chemical substances. Out of 50 medicinal plants subjected to phytochemical screening 11 were found to be highly potent, 18 moderately potential and 21 to be least potential on the basis of presence of phytochemicals in the leaf extract of secondary metabolites. Key-wordsPhytochemical screening; Medicinal plants; Secondary metabolites INTRODUCTION In recent year, interest has been revived in the study and use of traditional medicine in different parts of the world. As a result, countries have sought cooperation in identifying and using safe positive components of traditional medicine in their national health systems. [1] Since ancient times, people have been exploring nature particularly plants, in search of new drugs, and this has resulted in the use of a large number of medicinal plants with curative properties to treat various diseases. In India, almost 95% of the prescriptions have been reported to be plant based on the traditional systems of Unani, Ayurveda, Homeopathy and Siddha. Plants produce primary and secondary metabolites with divergent functions. The primary metabolites, amino acids, simple sugars (glucosides), proteins and lipids are involved in cellular processes. Secondary metabolites are chemically active compounds i.e. (flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.ijlssr.com DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.4.9 steroids, saponins, etc.), which are produced in response to stress with complexity in structure and more restriction in distribution than the primary metabolites. Plants can produce different kind of secondary metabolites also known as natural products as they elicit effects on other organisms. Plant products have been part of phytomedicines since time immemorial. The study of the distribution, diversity and utilization of herbal flora of J & K state (Rajouri) revealed that many ethanomedicinal plants are popularly in used by locals such as Gujjar, Bakarwals & Paharies for cure from various ailments. [8] Similar results were also reported for M.P region. Total 35 plants species from Madhya Pradesh were reported, out of which 23 plant species were effective in treatment of diseases. [9] These can be derived from any part of the plant like bark, leaves, flowers, seeds, etc. i.e., any part of the plant may contain active components. Knowledge of the chemical constituents of plants are desirable because such information will be of value for the synthesis of complex chemical substances. Such phytochemical screenings of various plants are reported by many workers. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of 10 medicinal plants of M.P were found to be the source of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, phytosterols, glycosides, phenol, flavonoids and diterpenoids. [10] Secondary Metabolites or Phytochemicals from plants have ARTICLE RESEARCH Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(4) JULY 2017 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 1152 eminent pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-allergic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic and anti carcinogenic. [11] In the present work, qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out in medicinal plants abundantly found in and around capital city of Patna, Bihar (Latitude: 25o 11̍ N & Longitude: 85o 32̍ E). A total number of 50 species of various families known for their medicinal properties were screened for phytochemical characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fresh leaves of 50 different plant species were collected in and around A. N College campus in Patna during 20132016 and from different locations (N= 6) of Patna district in Bihar, India. Taxonomic identification of plants was carried out and also compared with the herbarium present in the Department. Extraction: The leaves of 50 selected Plants listed in Table 1 were washed thoroughly 2-3 times with running tap water, leaf material was then air dried under the shade. After complete shade drying, the plant material was grinded in mixer, the powder was kept in small plastic bags with paper labeling. The grinded leaves material of 5 gm weighed using an electronic balance and crushed in 25 ml of sterile water, boiled at 50–60oC for 30 minutes on water bath and it was filtered through whatman No. 1 filter paper. Then filtrate was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 15 minutes and filtrate was stored in sterile bottle at 5oC for further use. The plants studied are listed below in Table 1. Table 1: Medicinal Plants Selected For Phytochemical Study S. No Botanical name Common name Family 1. Murraya koenighii L Curry leaf Rustaceae 2. Moras alba L White mulberry Moraceae 3. Heliotropium indicum L Indian heliotrope Boranginaceae 4. Momordica charantia L Bitter gourd Curcurbitaceae 5. Alstonia scholaris L Devil tree Apocynaceae 6. Althea rosea L Hollyhock Malvaceae 7. Solanum nigrum L Mokai Solanaceae 8. Wedellea vidacea L Wedellea Asteraceae 9. Treme orientales L Mustard Ulmaceae 10. Cardiospermum halicacabum L Kanputi Bapindaceae 11. Cannabis sativa L Bhang Cannabinaceae 12. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Ivymorning glory Convolulaceae 13. Alternanthera philoxeroides L Alligator weed Amaranthaceae 14. Oxalis corniculata L Yellow wood sorrel Oxalidaceae 15. Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merr. Blumea Asteraceae 16. Achyranthis aspera L Chaff-flower Amaranthaceae 17. Vernonia cinerea L Dandotapala, sadodi Asteraceae 18. Parthenium hysterophorus L Congress grass Asteraceae 19. Gnephallium indicum L Indian cudweed Asteraceae 20. Vicia faba L Favabean Fabaceae 21. Vicia hirsute L Wildpea Fabaceae 22. Vitex negundo L Five leaved chaste tree Verbenaceae 23. Cassia fistula L. Golden shower Caesalpinaceae 24. Cassia corymbosa Lam. Flowery senna Caesalpinaceae 25. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn) Thwaites False ashoka Anonaceae 26. Euphorbia nivulea Ham. Leafy milk hedge Euphorbiaceae 27. Coccinia indica L Lvy gourd Cucurbitaceae 28. Sagittaria sagittaefolia L Arrow head leaf Alismataceae 29. Crinium annuum L River lily Amaryllidaceae 30. Terminalia catappa Linn. Indian almond leaf Combretaceae 31. Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Jangli tambakoo Solanaceae 32. Cyperus flabelliformis Rottb. Umbrella plant Cyperaceae Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(4) JULY 2017 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 1153 33. Trigonella foenum Linn. Greek hayseed Fabaceae 34. Duranta plumieri Jacq. Golden dew drop Verbenaceae 35. Melletia ovalifolia Kurz. Poonga oil tree Fabaceae 36. Malvaviscus arbareus Cav. Firecracker hibiscus Malavaceae 37. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Luckynut Apocynaceae 38. Teramnus indicum Linn. Indian mallow Fabaceae 39. Sizygium cuminum L Jamun Myriaceae 40. Bauhinia acuminate L White orchid tree Caesalpinaceae 41. Ficus religiosa L Peepal tree Moraceae 42. Catharanthus roseus L Sadabahar Apocynaceae 43. Lathyrus sativa L White pea Fabaceae 44. Sonchus asper L Spiny sowthistle Asteraceae 45. Basella alba L Indian spinach or poi Basellaceae 46. Lantana camara L Lantana or wild saga Verbenaceae 47. Nymphae nelumbo L Indian lotus Nelumbonaceae 48. Erythrina variegate Linn. Indian coral tree Fabaceae 49. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Ajwain patta Lamiaceae 50. Tinospora cardifolia (Willd.) Miers. Giloy Menispermaceae Phytochemical screening: Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out with the following methods: Steroids: 1ml of the extract was dissolved in 10ml of chloroform and equal volume of concentrated sulphuric acid was added by sides of the test tube. The upper layer turns red and sulphuric acid layer showed yellow with green fluorescence. This indicated the presence of steroids. Terpenoids: 2 ml of extract was added to 2ml of acetic anhydride and concentration of H2SO4. Formation of blue, green ring, indicates the presence of terpenoids. Fatty acids: 0.5 ml of extract was mixed with 5 ml of ether. These extracts were allowed for evaporation on filter paper and dried the filter paper. The appearance of transparence on filter paper indicates the presence of fatty acids. Tannins: 2 ml of the extract was added a few drops of 1% lead acetate. A yellowish precipitate indicated the presence of tannins. Saponins: 5ml of extract was mixed with 20 ml distilled water and then agitated in a graduated cylinder for 15 min. Formation of foam indicates the presence of saponins. Anthocyanins: 2 ml of aqueous extract is added to 2 ml of 2N HCL and ammonia. The appearance of pink-red turns blue-violet indicates the presence of anthocyanins. Leucoanthocyanins: 5 ml of aqueous extract added to isoamyl alcohol. Upper layer appears red in colour indicates for presence of leucoanthocyanins. Coumarins: 3 ml of 10% NaOH was added to 2 ml of aqueous extract formation of yellow color indicates the presence of coumarins. Emodins: 2 ml of NH4OH and 3 ml of Benzene

20 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the main reasons are enzymatic browning by the enzymes such as oxidoreductases, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxydase (POD), which is relatively slow and results in colourless products.
Abstract: Fruits and vegetables are important sources of human life. It should be safe and consists of good shelf life, which can improve the level of consumption of fruits and vegetable among society. The processing is such a great parameter which analyses the quality of food. Today fruits and vegetables are susceptible to the growth of microorganism which may be air borne, soil borne, and water borne disease. Enzymes offer the potential for many exciting applications for the improvement of foods. There is still, however, a long way to go in realizing this potential. Economic factors, i.e. achievement of the optimum yields and efficient recovery of desired protein are the main deterrents in the use of enzymes. The changing values in society with respect to recombinant DNA and protein engineering technologies and the growing need to explore all alternative food sources may in time make enzyme applications more attractive to the food industry. Key-wordsBacterial contamination, Enzyme, Enzymes, Food poisoning, immobilization, Perishable foods, Screening -------------------------------------------------IJLSSR----------------------------------------------INTRODUCTION Fruit and vegetables are an important source of health benefits due to their content of fiber, vitamins and antioxidant compounds. However, for the antioxidant compounds many changes occur during harvesting, preparation and storage of these fruits. During harvesting, pronounced loss of the microbiological and antioxidant qualities . The preservation against oxidation in food during processing and storage has become an increasing priority in the food industry. The oxidation is the most important cause of food deterioration after contamination. The main reasons are enzymatic browning by the enzymes such as oxidoreductases, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxydase (POD). PPO catalyzes two reactions; the first, a hydroxylation of monophenols to diphenols, which is relatively slow and results in colourless products. The another oxidation of diphenols to quinines, is rapid and gives colored products . Access this article online

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The phenolic content was found to be linearly proportional to the antioxidant ability of the samples, and that of the phytoconstituents of seed extracts of two varieties of Cucumis melo L. were studied for their antioxidant property by DPPH free radical scavenging method.
Abstract: Secondary metabolites or phytochemicals from plants have eminent pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-allergic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic and anti-carcinogenic. These secondary metabolites protect the cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. They can inhibit oxidation of free radicals in both human body and food system. The food industry uses both natural and synthetic antioxidants to extend shelf life of products. But the application of synthetic antioxidant has been limited due to its carcinogenicity. Recently, research has been focused on fruit materials, which were considered rich source of antioxidant compounds. In this study the phytoconstituents of seed extracts of two varieties of Cucumis melo L., namely Cucumis melo cantalupensis and Cucumis melo reticulatus were studied for their antioxidant property by DPPH free radical scavenging method. During, this investigation, chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone, aqueous, and ethanolic extracts of the fruit seed were made using cold extraction process. Phytochemical study revealed that anthroquinones, quinines, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenols and steroids were present in aqueous extract of both the samples. The total phenolic content of their seed extracts was found to be 8.8 mg GAE/g of dry sample and 9.2 mg GAE/g of dry sample respectively. The phenolic content was found to be linearly proportional to the antioxidant ability of the samples. Key-words: Antioxidant, Cucumis melo cantalupensis, Cucumis melo reticulates, DPPH, Phenolic content,

11 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present experimentation was conducted on a rapid in vitro propagation of Bambusa vulgaris, commonly called as Buddha bamboo, with internode as explant with significant effect on development of the plants with three cytokinins tested (IAA, NAA, and 2,4 D) along with 0.3 mg/l BAP found to be most effective in inducing bud break and multiple shoot formation.
Abstract: B. vulgaris (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl) has been promoted in order to solve the deforested environments and economic problems. The present experimentation was conducted on a rapid in vitro propagation of Bambusa vulgaris, commonly called as Buddha bamboo, with internode as explant. The growth had a significant effect on development of the plants with three cytokinins tested (IAA, NAA, and 2,4 D) along with 0.3 mg/l BAP was found to be most effective in inducing bud break and multiple shoot formation. The growth hormones NAA, IAA, 2,4-D, and BAP shown effective on root and shoot formation. Key-wordsB. vulgaris, Plant growth hormones, Internode, NAA, IAA, 2,4-D, BAP INTRODUCTION Plant micropropagation is one of the most promising methods in plant biotechnology for the development of large-scale production of crops, such as bamboo species [1-2]. Bamboo is one of the fastest growing renewable resources in the world with great scope in reforestation [3]. Liquid media in the micropropagation processes was considered as an ideal solution for reducing cost of plantlet production. Bambusa vulgaris var. wamin, commonly called as Buddha bamboo, is a native of China [4]. The plant is 4-8 m tall, ornamental bamboo with no reports on flowering [5]. Culms are usually dark green in color, have short with much swollen (pitcher shaped) internodes. Some internodes of bamboos remain in vegetative state for indefinite periods. The rate of over exploitation of various economic trees like bamboo, in the world is yielding to a bleak future of various tree plants of significant important [6]. Production by ex-situ conservation is not yet a viable option and conservation of bamboo diversity depends upon the protection of natural habits [6-7]. Propagation through macro proliferation technique is a major breakthrough but is again the limitation of requirement of seeds. Hence the modern method of conservation like Micropropagation provides an alternative for regeneration of new plants rapidly in plants like bamboo [8-9]. Access this article online Quick Response Code www.ijlssr.com DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.3.14 Bambusa vulgaris var. Striata (Yellow bamboo) is a moderate sized bamboo with culms reaching a height of 8-20 m and a diameter of 5-10 cm. Branching is usually from mid-culm to top; nodes prominent, internodes up to 45 cm long. It is easy to propagate by culm and branch cuttings [10-11]. Cuttings taken from 1-2-year-old culms, planted in summer months may give maximum rooting. Multiple shoot production has also been reported from mature shoots in MS medium supplemented with coconut milk, kinetin and BAP. Pre-rooted rhizome and culm cuttings can also be used. Ground layering and air layering are also found successful. Bambusa vulgaris is used for paper-making, scaffolding, poles, fencing, curios, handicraft, edible shoots, medicine, etc [12]. Rings prepared from the split culms are put into ear perforations by the Naga tribes of Manipur. Pulp made from this species is used for mixing with hardwood pulps. Fig 1. Bambusa vulgaris var striata (Yellow variety) ARTICLE RESEARCH Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. MAY 2017 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 1053 MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of Plant Material Healthy plant yellow bamboo spp. (Bambusa vulgaris) is collected from the Raja nursery Jarhabhata chowk, Bilaspur (CG), India at the green to brownish stage and the experimentation was done in Department of Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Bilaspur University, Bilaspur (CG). Preparation of Explant Inter-nodal region of stem were cut upto 3 inches (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl) with sterilized blade. The upper layers of explant were scrubbed off to remove the dust and wax. The internode explant was then washed in running tap water for 10 minutes. The explant was washed with distilled water containing 1% of detergent (Tween 20) for 5 min and rinsed 2–3 times with sterile distilled water and then soaked in fungicide (Bavistin 1%) for 10 min followed by rinsing with sterile distilled water. Thereafter, the explants were surface disinfected with 70% ethanol for 1min and rinsed 2–3 times with sterile distilled water, treated with 0.1% aqueous mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for 5 min and thoroughly washed 4–5 times with sterile distilled water under aseptic condition. Preparation of MS Media Culture medium and growth conditions MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) medium with 2% (w/v) sucrose was used for the present study. The medium was further amended with BAP (0.3mg/L) in combination with 3 mg/l of IAA, NAA and 2,4-D respectively. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.6 before gelling with 1% agar. The chemicals used in this study are prepared media (Hi-media, Qualigens and SD fine chemicals, India). Murashige and Skoog (50ml) each was dispensed into 150 ml sterilized conical flask (Borosil) and plugged with non-absorbent cotton plug. Storage of Prepared Media After preparation the media were autoclaved and the left for a while to reach an ambient temperature and stored in the refrigerator at 6°C. Volume of Culture Media used in Culture Jar For normal propagation plantlet regeneration experiment, 20 ml of semi-solid culture media were dispensed in each conical flask. Establishment of Shoot Surface sterilized immature and semi-hard wood shoots were cultured on MS media with and without 0.1 % activated charcoal and the survived explants were transferred to regeneration media. Percentages of browning and survivals as well as the number of shoot buds initiated, the new leaves formed and callus formation were recorded over a period of 4 weeks. Then, the cultured explants were maintained inside the plant tissue culture room at 25 ± 20C, and 16 h photoperiod were provided by cool white fluorescent tubes. The relative humidity was 5055%. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present experimentation on a rapid in vitro propagation of Bambusa vulgaris, commonly called as Buddha bamboo, with internode as explant was conducted in lab conditions. Table 1 represents various culture conditions taken for in vitro cultivation of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl by plant tissue culture. Inter node explants of Bambusa vulgaris internode survived on MS medium supplemented with IAA NAA and 2,4-D and shoot initiated in 3 weeks. Table 1. Culture condition required for in vitro cultivation of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl Ex–plant Temp. Moisture Light period Time of regenretion Inter node 25± 2 50-55 16 hours 3 Week Table 2 represents survival shoot initiation and regeneration of explant “inter node” in MS media. In the present experimentation, B. vulgaris internode produced multiple shoots on MS medium supplemented with different plant growth regulators in combination. Internode explants took 25 days to initiate shoots. The type and concentration of cytokinin influenced the average number of inter node produced per explant as well as mean length of the shoots. The growth had a significant effect on development of the plants with three cytokinins tested combined with 0.3 mg/l BAP. The reports were found to be most effective in inducing bud break and multiple shoot formation from the explants by producing maximum of (2 cm) shoot lets/explant as an average. Table 2. Culture of explant (Internode region) on MS media in BAP (0.3mg/L) in combination with 3 mg/l of IAA (R1), NAA (R2) and 2,4-D (R3) respectively Note: IAA (R1), NAA (R2) and 2,4-D (R3) Explant in MS Agar Media Percentage (%) of Explant survival Average No. of shoot initiation

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two closely related species of Bauhinia of the same family, B. acuminataLinn.
Abstract: Karyomorphological studies in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. and Bauhinia variegata Linn. belonging to family Caesalpinaceae using leaf tip squash technique and induction of polyploidy in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. was carried out. It was observed that in the Karyomorphological studies both the species have the same number of chromosomes i.e., 2n=28 with chromosome length showing symmetric karyotype, with largely submetacentric and metacentric chromosomes. On induction of polyploidy in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. the result showed that the maximum induction of polyploidy was obtained in the case of seeds treated with 0.10% concentration of colchicine for consecutive 3 days. Karyotype analysis of the induced polyploidy revealed that the chromosome number was obtained 4n=56, tetraploid. The significance of polyploidy showed increase in plant height, leaf size and stomata size of the plant under investigation. Key-wordsKaryomorphology, Induction of Polyploidy, Colchicine, Tetraploid INTRODUCTION Genus Bauhinia has great medicinal value and is the largest genera of the tribe Bauhinieae in the family Caesalpinaceae under De Wit's revised system of classification, 1956 which represents more than 300 species. Bauhinia genus consisting of trees, climbers and shrubs are distributed in India [1] of which 12 species are being reported from North Eastern regions of India . The simple bilobed leaf is an outstanding character of this genus principally responsible for its separate tribal status. This character is not only conspicuous but is universally present in all the species with slight variations in the extent of lobation. Taxonomically it is regarded as a uniform genus by all taxonomists regarding it as a natural assemblage. In this study, two closely related species of Bauhinia of the same family viz., B. acuminataLinn. and B. variegata Linn. were selected. Both the plants are ethnomedicinally important plants of Assam . B. acuminata Linn. commonly called as Mati-katota in Assamese isn’t so Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study of the food and feeding habits of fish species is a subject of continuous research because it constitutes the basis for the development of a successful fisheries management programmed on fish capture and culture and because the aquatic ecosystem is dynamic.
Abstract: Order siluriformes, Bagridae family of four numbers of catfish species provides information on the diets of Mystus bleekeri, M. cavasius, M. tengara, M. vittatus in Lower Manair reservoir. The total of 1021 fish species examined and their stomach content was analyzed. The frequency of occurrence and numerical methods were employed in this study. In the numerical analysis, crustaceans and insect parts (85.91%) constituted the most important diet of M. bleekeri followed by the fish remains (78.40%), plant materials (69.01%), algae/ protozoan (64.79%), molluscs (63.38%), detritus (56.81%) and sand grains (33.80%). The number of food items was enumerated for the crustaceans and insect parts in M. bleekeri had contained the maximum percentage (34.84%) of the content under the frequency of occurrence method followed by algae and protozoan with 20.76%, Molluscs with 18.37%, plant materials with 15.60% and sand grains with 10.44%. The result of the analysis showed that M. cavasius, M. tengara, and M. vittatus fed on similar food items. These were mainly crustaceans, molluscans, fish remains and macrophytes. Other food items include algae, detritus, sand grains. These four species are omnivorous and occupy the same ecological niche. Key-wordsCat fish, Food and feeding, Frequency, Numerical method -------------------------------------------------IJLSSR----------------------------------------------INTRODUCTION The study of the food and feeding habits of fish species is a subject of continuous research because it constitutes the basis for the development of a successful fisheries management programmed on fish capture and culture and because the aquatic ecosystem is dynamic. The gut content is a reflection of the water quality, all other factors being constant. The natural habitats offer a great diversity of organisms that are used as food by fish, which differ in sizes (microscopic and macroscopic) and taxonomy groups . The dietary analysis of fish in their natural habitats enhances the understanding of the growth, abundance, productivity and distribute on of organisms [2,3 ] . Condition factor is used as an index of growth and feeding intensity and decrease with increase in length . It influences the reproductive cycle in fish [5] and it is an important fishery management tool in estimating the relative well being of a fish population in a particular river system. Access this article online

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results of quantitative estimation of Pb in root, stem, leaves and inflorescence showed that roots accumulated highest amount of PB followed by stem and leaves, whereas inflorescence contained least amount of lead.
Abstract: Tagetes erecta L. was raised in pots containing soil treated with various concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500mg/kg). At maturity plants were separated into root, stem, leaves and inflorescence and lead accumulated in each part was quantified. The effects of lead accumulation on growth was analyzed by the measurement of various growth parameters like root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot and total leaf area per plant. Moreover effect of lead accumulation on biochemical parameters was checked by quantitative estimation of various biochemical parameters like chlorophyll, total protein, free amino acids, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch. Results showed that there is no remarkable negative effect of accumulation of lead on the morphological growth of the plant. Biochemical analysis showed that amount of total protein continuously decreased whereas that of free amino acids continuously increased with increasing concentrations of lead. Amount of chlorophyll, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch contents continuously increased till mid-level i.e., Pb 1500 mg/kg and then continuously decreased at higher concentrations. Results of quantitative estimation of Pb in root, stem, leaves and inflorescence showed that roots accumulated highest amount of Pb followed by stem and leaves, whereas inflorescence contained least amount of Pb. Key-wordsLead (Pb), Heavy metal, Tagetes erecta L., Accumulation, Phytoremediation INTRODUCTION Heavy metal pollution is one of the severe problems faced by the world today. As a consequence of the industrial revolution there is an enormous and increasing demand for heavy metals that leads to high anthropogenic emission of heavy metals in the biosphere. Their accumulation in soil becomes dangerous to all kind of organisms including plants. These are a unique class of toxicants since they cannot be broken down to non-toxic forms easily. Metals like Pb, Hg, Cd, Ar, and Cr have no biological function and are toxic to life even at very low concentration. Lead is a potentially toxic heavy metal with characteristic toxic action and is the main source of environmental pollution. Lead is one of the potentially toxic heavy metal pollutants of the environment with no known biological function and its concentrations are rapidly increased in Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A rare case of follicular hyperplasia of gall bladder diagnosed incidently in 36 years old female in a routine cholecystectomy specimen is described.
Abstract: BackgroundFollicular hyperplasia of the gall bladder is an extremely rare and benign entity characterized by hyperplastic lymphoid follicle with germinal center consisting of the lymphoid population. MaterialsWe were reported a rare case of follicular hyperplasia of gall bladder in a 36 yr old female presented in the department of surgery with a right side upper abdomen pain, then she was diagnosed as cholecystitis and managed by cholecystectomy and specimen was received and processed for histopathological examination. ResultsDue to chronic cholecystitis patient present with right upper abdominal pain and upon histopathological examination diagnosed incidently as follicular cholecystitis. ConclusionHistopathological examination reveals a rare case of follicular cholecystitis. Key-wordsFollicular cholecystitis, Gall Bladder, Pseudolymphoma INTRODUCTION Gall Bladder diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Diseases affecting the gall bladder comprise a wide spectrum of diseases including nonspecific inflammatory diseases, acute & chronic cholecystitis, granulomatous cholecystitis, follicular cholecystitis, gall bladder polyp, carcinoma pseudolymphoma. Follicular Cholecystitis is a condition in which there is a formation of numerous prominent lymphoid follicles in lamina propria throughout the gall bladder, creating a pseudolymphoma pattern. Follicle can be present throughout, the wall but most commonly seen in mucosal layer. Follicular cholecystitis constitutes less than 2% of cholecystectomies . This condition also occurs in lungs, orbit, skin and GIT. It has been mentioned in literature that lymphoid hyperplasia, pseudolymphoma and follicular cholecystitis are some of the terms which describes the same lesion of the gall bladder . We describe a rare case of follicular cholecystitis diagnosed incidently in 36 years old female in a routine cholecystectomy specimen. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:

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TL;DR: The genus Impatiens (Compositae) was reviewed for its chemical constituents and biological significance and its traditional uses, and the structure-activity relationship of different compounds as well as recent developments and the scope for future research are discussed.
Abstract: The genus Impatiens (Compositae) was reviewed for its chemical constituents and biological significance and its traditional uses. The genus has been known for its various biological activities like: antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, antiallergic activity, antipruritic activity, antidermatitic activity, transcriptional activity, anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity, anti-histamine activity, testosterone 5α-reductase inhibitory activity, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activity and anti platelet activating activity. Most of the plants of this genus are rich sources of napthoquinones, flanonoids, glycosides and sapogenins. The bioactive constituents or plant extracts may be used for treatment of various diseases and these would be used as a new formulation for the novel drugs discovery in pharmaceutical industries. This review presents comprehensive information on the chemistry and pharmacology of the genus together with the traditional uses of many of its plants. In addition, this review discusses the structure-activity relationship of different compounds as well as recent developments and the scope for future research in this aspect. Key-words: Antiallergic, Antidermatitic, Antipruritic, Flavonoids, Impatiens, 2-Methoxy-1, 4-Napthoquinone -------------------------------------------------IJLSSR----------------------------------------------INTRODUCTION Impatiens sulcata Wallich in Roxb. (Balsaminaceae) syn. Impatiens gigantea Edgew is an annual or biennial herb 50 to 250cm high, found in North-West Himalayas. It is hairless and similar to Himalayan balsam. Its leaves are generally rounded teeth and not acute as Himalayan balsam Fruit is linear where as it is club-shaped and flowers are pink, purple with darker spotted sac like lower sepal. TRADITIONAL USES Impatiens sulcata Wallich in Roxb. (Balsaminaceae) is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine for treatment of several ailments. In traditional medicine, most of the plants belong to the genus Impatiens has been used to treat a wide variety of ailments such as treatment of articular rheumatism, bruises, beriberi. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.ijlssr.com DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.1.20 It is used for antimicrobial, antirheumatic, antipruritic and antitumoural purposes as well as for the treatment of difficult labour and puerperal pain. The seeds of Impatiens balsamina have been used to treat difficult labour, to suppress puerperal pain, expectorant, to act as an emmenagogue, and as an antidote for poisoning from fish in some countries (Ching et al., 1977; Perry et al., 1980). In Thailand, Impatiens balsamina has traditionally been used for the treatment of thorn or glass-puncture wounds, abscesses, ingrown nails and chronic ulcers caused by allergic reaction of detergents (Fransworth et al., 1992). The aerial parts of Impatiens balsamina are used in Chinese herbal medicine to treat articular rheumatism, beriberi, bruises pain and swelling (Su et al., 1997). In some areas of Japan, juice squeezed from the white corolla of Impatiens balsamina is painted topically on the skin as an antipruritic to treat several types of dermatitis including urticaria, antianaphylactic (Ishiguro et al., 1992; Ishiguro et al., 1994; Fukumoto et al., 1996); antihistamine (Fukumoto et al., 1995); antipruritic (Ishiguro et al., 1997; Ishiguro et al., 1998); anti-platelet-activating factor (Oku et al., 1999); anti-dermatitic (Oku et al., 2001). Traditionally, the dried herb is either boiled in water to make a tea used to treat systemic bacterial and fungal infections or applied directly on the skin or nails in a plaster form to treat local infections (Yang et al., 2001). The plants is traditionally used in scrofulosos, carbuncles, dysentery (Kang et al., 1992); isthmus and crural aches, Review Article (Open access) Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., VOL 3, ISSUE 1 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 869 fractures, superficial infections, fingernail inflammation (Jiang et al., 2003); tumor, difficult labor and puerperal pain (Yang et al., 2001); and as emetic, cathartic, diuretic, and for pain in the joints (Ghani, 2003). Ayurvedic system of medicines describes the oil of the plants Impatiens scabrida to be used as a semidrying oil (Yadawa et al., 1992); whole plant of Impatiens textori has been used for detoxication and treatment of carbuncle and contusion in Chinese medicine (Chang et al., 1977). It is also used for decreasing the blood pressure and inflammation (Ueda et al., 2005). Aerial parts of Impatiens emirnensis Bak are used as antimalarial remedy in Madagascar (Rasoanaivo et al., 1992). Rhizomes of Impatiens pritzellii were used as a traditional treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, diarrhea, and acute abdominal pain (Wan et al., 1989). Impatiens siculifer were used traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of rheumatoid pain and paralysis, burns, scalds, and fractures (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999). Impatiens parviflora has been widely used in traditional medicine in Asia to treat rheumatism, fractures, infection and in some area of China people ingest this plant as a vegetable or use as anti-cancer herb (Ding et al., 2008). In America Impatiens capensis has been used to treat hives, and rashes caused by other plants (Henn, 2008). It is also used to prevent poison ivy rash by rubbing it on the skin prior to known exposure or immediately after coming in contact with poison ivy (Foster et al., 1990). CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS The plants of the genus Impatiens contain various types of secondary metabolites including terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, napthoquinones and many others. The plants and their chemical constituents have been summarized below and the chemical structures of various compounds isolated from different parts of genus Impatiens are drawn in Figures 1-91. Impatiens balsamina 2-methoxy-l,4-naphthoquinone (1) (Panichayupakaranant P et al., 1995; Fukumoto et al., 1996; Ishiguro et al., 1997; Isiguro et al., 1998; Oku et al., 1999; Yang et al., 2001; Oku et al., 2002; Ding et al., 2008; Mori et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2012; Sakunphueak et al., 2013); lawsone (2hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) (2) (Panichayupakaranant et al., 1995; Fukumoto et al., 1996; Ishiguro et al., 1997a; Ishiguro et al., 1997b; Oku et al., 1999; Oku et al., 2001; Ishiguro et al., 2002; Motz et al., 2012); kaempferol (3) ( Fukumoto et al., 1996; Ishiguro et al., 1997a; Ishiguro et al., 1997b; Lim et al., 2007); kaemferol-3-O-glucoside (4) (Fukumoto et al., 1996; Ishiguro et al., 1997a; Ishiguro et al., 1997b; Oku et al., 1999); kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (5) (Fukumoto et al., 1996; Ishiguro et al., 1997a; Ishiguro et al., 1997b; Oku et al., 1999; Oku et al., 2001; Ishiguro et al., 2002); kaempferol 3-rhamnosyldiglucoside (6) (Fukumoto et al., 1996; Ishiguro et al., 1997a; Ishiguro et al., 1997b; Oku et al., 1999); kaempferol-3-O-β-Dglucopyranoside (7) (Mori et al., 2011); 7-hydroxy-6methoxycoumarin (scopoletin) (8) (Panichayupakaranant et al., 1995; Oku et al., 2002); impatineol (9) (Ishiguro et al., 2000; Oku et al., 2002a; Oku et al., 2002b); quercetin (10) (Fukumoto et al., 1996; Ishiguro et al., 1997; Oku et al., 1999; Lim et al., 2007); quercetin-3-O-glucoside (11) (Oku et al., 1999); quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (12) (Fukumoto et al., 1996; Ishiguro et al., 1997; Oku et al., 1999); di(2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone-3)-methane (13) (Panichayupakaranant et al., 1995; Fukumoto et al., 1996); balsaminone A (14), balsaminone (B) (15), balsaminone A acetate (16) (Ishiguro et al., 1998); spinosterol (17), isofraxidin (18) (Panichayupakaranant et al., 1995); 2,3dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (19), 2-hydroxy-3methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (20), phydroxybenzoic acid (21), p-coumaric acid (22), furulic acid (23), 2,2'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-1,4naphthoquinone) (24) (Oku et al., 2002); 2-hydroxy-3-(2hydroxyethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (25) (Oku et al., 2002a; Oku et al., 2002b); impatienolate (26), balsaminolate (27) (Oku et al., 2002 ); hosenkol B 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosido-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (28), hosenkol C 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-Dglucopyranosido-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (29), hosenkol B 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (30), hosenkol B 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosido-26-O-β-Dglucopyranoside (31), hosenkol A 3-O-β-Dglucopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (32), hosenkol A 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-O-β-Dglucopyranosido-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosido-28-O-β-Dglucopyranoside (33), hosenkol A 3-O-sophorosido-28-Oglucoside (34), hosenkol D 3,28-O-diglucoside (35), presapogenin (IV) hosenkol A 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (36) (Shoji et al., 1994); presapogenin (II) (hosenkol C 3O-β-D-glucopyranosido-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (37), presapogenin (III) (hosenkol C 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (38), presapogenin (I) (hosenkol B 3-O-β-Dglucopyranoside) (39), hosenkol A (40), hosenkol B (41), hosenkol C (42) (Shoji et al., 1994a; Shoji et al., 1994b); hosenkol A 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→2)-β-Dglucopyranosyl-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (43), hosenkol A 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (44), hosenkol D 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-β-Dglucopyranosyl-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (45), 24R/25R hosenkol A (46) (Shoji et al., 1994); flavonoid-3-β-Dglucosidases (Boylen et al., 1969). Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., VOL 3, ISSUE 1 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 870 O

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TL;DR: The novel selenium nanoparticle-enhanced photodynamic therapy of toluidine blue O against Streptococcus mutans biofilm and cells and SeNPs–TBO conjugate showed twofold higher activities against S mutans than TBO alone are explored.
Abstract: Present work explores the novel selenium nanoparticle-enhanced photodynamic therapy of toluidine blue O against Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Physiochemical (Ultraviolet-visible absorption, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy) and Electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize selenium nanoparticles. The UV spectrum of different concentrations of SeNP were showed distinct peak at ~288 nm, which confirmed the successful synthesis of SeNP in this study. The synthesized Selenium nanoparticles were uniform and spherical in shape with average size ~100 nm. In FTIR spectra of SeNPs there were strong absorption band around 3425cm, 2928 cm and 1647 cm. TBO showed MIC and MBC of 62.5 μg/mL and 125 μg/mL respectively whereas in presence of SeNPs showed MIC and MBC of 31.25 μg/mL and MBC of 62.5 μg/mL. SeNPs–TBO conjugate showed twofold higher activities against S mutans than TBO alone. A 630 nm diode laser was applied for activation of SeNPToluidine blue O (TBO) combination and TBO against S. mutans biofilm and cells. The UV-vis absorption result suggests that TBO is not present on the surface of SeNP. In fluorescence emission spectra, there is enhancement of fluorescence of TBO fluorescence in the presence of nanoparticle. This showed that SeNP are enhancing the photodynamic therapy. Antibiofilm assays and microscopic studies showed significant reduction of biofilm presence of conjugate. A crystal violet assay revealed a maximum percent inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation after 24 hours’ incubation, recorded as 20% and 60% by TBO (31.25 μg/mL) and SeNP–TBO (31.25 μg/mL; TBO) conjugate, respectively. XTT biofilm reduction assay were showed 32% loss in viability in presence of SeNP-TBO conjugate whereas in presence of only TBO there was 22% loss in viability of cells. Fluorescence spectroscopic study confirmed type I photo toxicity against biofilm. Selenium nanoparticle conjugate–mediated photodynamic therapy may be used against recalcitrant biofilm based infections and can be helpful in dentistry. Key-wordsS. mutans, SeNP, TBO, UV absorption, FTIR, fluorescence spectroscopy INTRODUCTION Microorganisms have traditionally been considered as planktonic, freely suspended cells. However in their natural environment bacteria forms biofilm communities which are sessile organisms embedded in hydrated extracellular polymeric matrix. [1] Biofilms are spatially structured heteromorphic microbial communities ensconced in exopolymeric matrix material. It has been shown that a substantial amount of microbial infections occur through biofilm formation. The formation of biofilm is a dynamic process. In process of biofilm formation the bacteria undergo a coordinated series of molecular events in response to the environmental signals that leads to the Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:

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TL;DR: The Galo sub-tribe of Arunachal Pradesh is one of the most important ethnic groups in India as discussed by the authors, which is a culturally rich sub-group descending from Adi tribe.
Abstract: Fermented foods play an important role in the social fabrication of a large number of populations throughout the world. Fermented foods offer several advantages over the raw materials by improving nutritional quality, digestibility, sensory attributes, enhancing vitamins and micronutrients, reducing anti-nutrients and replenishing intestinal microflora. Bamboo is indispensable to the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America due to its versatile uses. India is the second largest bamboo producer of the world and North-eastern states of India contribute the most. Edible bamboo shoots being seasonal and perishable are fermented for their future consumption. Ethnic people of Arunachal Pradesh are credited for developing a multitude of traditional bamboo-based fermented foods. Besides above mentioned attributes, toxic cyanogenic glycosidic compounds present in bamboo shoot can be destroyed during fermentation. Among the various tribes residing in Arunachal Pradesh, Galo is a culturally rich sub-tribe descending from Adi tribe. This article gives an overview of various bamboo based fermented foods prepared by a Galo sub-tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Key-wordsBamboo shoot, Fermented food, Ethnic people, Galo sub-tribe, Cyanogenic glycosides INTRODUCTION Arunachal Pradesh is the largest among the North-eastern states of India covering a total area of 83, 743 sq. km and according to 2011 census report inhabited by 1,382,611 populations. It possesses a rich ecology, floral and faunal biodiversity and contributes most of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot. The mesmerizing scenic beauty of this state is magnified by several ethnic communities having their distinct culture, custom and food habit. At present there are 25 major tribes and about 125 sub-tribes residing in this state . It is generally accepted that the tribes of Arunachal Pradesh belong to the Tibeto-Burman group . Having close proximity with nature, they are heavily dependent on the natural resources for their sustenance and livelihood. Their strong curiosity and keen observation of the nature, natural resources and natural phenomenon have inculcated into them a strong traditional knowledge system that is being transferred to the next generation from time immemorial. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.ijlssr.com DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.4.16 Galo is one of the important sub-tribes inhabiting mainly the West Siang district and adjacent part of the East Siang and Upper Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh . Galo sub-tribe has descended from Adi tribe and they belong to the Tani group. Complex hill system and wide range of elevation has divided this state into varying agro-climatic zones viz., tropical, sub-tropical, temperate and alpine zones. Temperate and humid tropical climate have endowed the lower sub-Himalayan regions with diverse species of bamboo. Abundance of locally available bamboo plays an integral part in the culture, tradition and custom of ethnic peoples of this region. A total of 1200-1500 species of bamboo under 60–70 genera are known to exist worldwide [4] of which around 125 species under 23 genera grow in India. North Eastern states of India represent 84 species of bamboo resources . The common species of bamboo found in this region are Bambusa tulda, B. pallida, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, D. hookerii, Pseudostachyum polymorphum, Arundinaria sp. etc. Of these young shoots of B. tulda and D. hamiltonii are popular as edible . However, massive deforestation for construction of road and building is a threat to their ecological distribution. Due to its very fast growth bamboo is preferred all over the world for reforestation. ARTICLE RESEARCH Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(4) JULY 2017 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 1201 Rapid in vitro propagation of Bambusa vulgaris, commonly called Buddha bamboo, it is possible with addition of cytokines viz., IAA, NAA and 2,4-D . Bamboo is closely associated with the livelihood of the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America due to its versatile uses. Tender, soft, crisp and ivory yellow coloured bamboo shoots emerging out from the bamboo calm during monsoon is widely consumed as vegetables, pickles and fermented products by ethnic communities of Asia. High diversity of bamboo resources in North-eastern states of India plays a significant role in the food and nutritional security in the ethnic community residing in this area . Locally available bamboo shoots being seasonally available and perishable are fermented for different periods in various traditional processes to increase their shelf life and delicacy. Though bamboo shoot fermentation by Nyshi, Adi and Apatani of Arunachal Pradesh has been well documented, no record from Galos could be found in the literature. This paper deals with the traditional processes employed in the fermentation of bamboo shoots to prepare various non-salted acidic end-products. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information about bamboo-based fermented foods was gathered in September, 2015 from male and female respondents of some galo families residing in the Papumpare district of Arunachal Pradesh. The fresh bamboo shoots were collected from local market and some identified persons of the galo sub-tribe were requested to demonstrate the preparation of those fermented foods in their house hold. Preparation of Kupe During preparation of Kupe (Fig. 1m), bamboo shoots are collected (Fig. 1 a,b) in the morning and the outer covering of leaf sheaths are removed with a sharp object. Soft and tender bamboo shoot tips separate from the more mature lower part of the shoot (Fig. 1c) and washed with water. The whole shoot tip of about 15–20 cm length is then fermented or it may be sliced vertically and horizontally to make pieces before fermentation (Fig. 1e). Fermentation can be done in two different ways. In the rural forest villages where bamboo is plenty and open field is available, fermentation is accomplished within the traditional bamboo basket (eegin). Inside of the basket is first covered with leaves of locally available herbs (preferably ekkam leaves (Fig. 1d); Phrynium sp.) and the whole or pieces of tender bamboo shoot tips are put into the basket. The open top of the basket is similarly covered with leaves to make it air-tight. Then heavy weight is put on the top preferably with large stones to drain off excess water oozing out during fermentation. The bamboo baskets are then kept inside the pit near stream. In urban and suburban areas where pit and stream are not available, fermentation is carried out within pieces of mature bamboo having a single node to make a cylinder with a single opening (Fig. 1h,i). The bamboo shoots are then pressed tightly into this bamboo cylinder (Fig. 1j), little water added (Fig. 1k) and the open mouth of the cylinder is covered with ekkam or banana leaves, to make it air tight (Fig. 1l). The bamboo cylinders are then kept in moist places near stream or within pit. After 15–30 days of fermentation, the product is ready for consumption. The product remains fit for consumption, even for 1–2 years, if the air tight condition of the basket is maintained after removing batches of kupe for consumption. Now-adays the product is packed with ekkam leaves and kept within air-tight glass or plastic container in urban and sub-urban areas. Kupe is moist and creamish in colour. It is consumed raw or delicious curry is made with vegetables, meat and fish. Preparation of eepe Kupe is sun dried for 7–10 days to make eepe (Fig. 1n). Eepe is dark brown in colour. It is more pungent and has more shelf life than kupe. Preparation of eeku After removing the top tenderest shoot for kupe, the more mature lower portion is used for preparation of eeku (Fig. 1o). Outer leaf sheaths are removed and hard nodes of the stem are generally discarded. The internodes are cleaned with water and sliced and chopped into small pieces (Fig. 1f,g). Fermentation procedure and storage of eeku is similar to kupe. However, fermentation period may be little longer than kupe owing to more mature fibre in the raw material. Eeku is also moist and creamish in colour. It is consumed raw or used to prepare curry with vegetables, meat and fish. Preparation of eep Eeku is sun dried for 7–10 days to make eep (Fig. 1p). It is more pungent and has more shelf life than eeku. Eep is light brown in colour and the dried chips are smaller than that of eepe. Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(4) JULY 2017 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 1202 a: A Galo woman holding a eegin filled with bamboo shoot, b: A bamboo shoot, c: Soft shoot tip separated from more mature lower part, d: Ekkam leaves (Phrynium sp.; Family Marantaceae), e: Slicing of soft shoot tip for kupe, f: Slicing of mature lower portion of shoot tip for eeku, g: Sliced shoots chopped into small pieces, h: Cutting of mature bamboo, i: Bamboo cylinder with a single node and a single opening, j: Sliced shoots pressed tightly into bamboo cylinder, k: Addition of water, l: Cylinders covered with ekkam leaves to make air tight, m: Kupe, n: Eepe, o: Eeku, p: Eep Fig. 1 (a-p): Processing of bamboo shoot to prepare fermented products by Galo sub-tribe of Arunachal Pradesh, India a o p n m l k i j f h g e d b c Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(4) JULY 2017 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 1203 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The ethnic people of North-eastern states of India are credited for traditional preparation of a number of bamboo based fermented foods (Table 1.) Four different types of fermented products viz., kupe, eepe, eeku and eep from bamboo shoots are prepared by Galos (Fig. 1m-p.) in rainy season when sprouting occurs. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, D. hookeri, D. giganteus, D. lon

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present study reveals that higher values of BMI, body fat (%) and WHR may be responsible for lower score of PFI, which indicates low cardiorespiratory fitness in Bengali overweight and obese children.
Abstract: This study determined the relationship between obesity parameters (Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio, Waist Thigh Ratio and Body Fat Percentage) and cardio respiratory fitness in terms of physical fitness index (PFI) and also were compared the selected physiological parameters (resting pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure) among three body weight categories of selected boys. The present study was carried out in 233 healthy school going Bengali boys aged 11 to <13 years from India. On the basis of Body mass index (BMI)-age-boys Z-scores, boys were categorised in three subdivisions suchnormal weight, overweight, and obese. The Scheffe’s multiple comparison post hoc analyses showed (p<0.05) significant difference of selected physiological parameters in each pair of categories. The lowest (5) to highest (95) percentiles values of PFI were higher in normal weight categories than those in over weight and obese categories. Anthropometric obesity parameters were found to have significant (p<0.001) and negative correlation with PFI. However, multiple regression analysis found that only body mass index and waist hip circumference (WHR) were independently and significantly associated with the physical fitness index (PFI). The present study reveals that higher values of BMI, body fat (%) and WHR may be responsible for lower score of PFI, which indicates low cardiorespiratory fitness in Bengali overweight and obese children. Key-wordsObesity, BMI, WHR, PFI, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Boys -------------------------------------------------IJLSSR----------------------------------------------INTRODUCTION Physical fitness index (PFI) is considered as an important and valuable parameter in the field of sports and exercise physiology and is very important aspect for an individual life. BMI, body fat%, WHR are useful tools for determining obesity. Health related physical fitness of children is dependent on lifestyle related factors such as daily physical activity levels. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.ijlssr.com DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.1.18 It was believed that the low physical fitness level of an individual is associated with higher mortality rate . Determination of PFI is one of the important criteria to assess the cardiopulmonary efficiency of a subject. Physical fitness level of an individual depends on the amount of oxygen which can be transported by the body to working muscles, and the efficiency of muscles to use that oxygen . Distribution of fat centrally, with increases waist circumference thought to reflect increases in visceral fat with age . The relationship between obesity indices and physical fitness index are well documented in other populations by several previous studies , which show the importance of physical fitness index in obesity management in children. Another study on the subjects of Kolkata of West Bengal in India documented similar findings . BMI, body fat% and waist to hip ratio, waist to thigh ratio have been used to evaluate health risks associated with Research Article (Open access) Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., VOL 3, ISSUE 1 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 857 overweight and obesity. The objectives of this study were to evaluated the relationship of PFI score with different anthropometric obesity parameters (i.e., BMI, body fat%, WHR, and WTR) and comparison of PFI score among three body weight categories of boys aged 11 to <13 years in West Bengal. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was carried-out in the 233 healthy school going Bengali boys aged 11 to <13 years. The subjects were drawn by simple random sampling from different urban private schools of mainly three districts (Bankura, Paschim Medinipur and Purba Medinipur) of West Bengal in India. On the basis of BMIage-boys Z-scores (normal weight: -2SD > BMI, Z score < + 1SD, overweight: BMI, Z-score ≤ +2SD, obese: BMI, Z-score > +2SD), boys were categorised in three subdivisions such Normal weight, Overweight and Obese . The age of the boys were determined from their date of birth as recorded in their school registered. Ethical approval and prior permission were obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee before commencement of the study and the experiment was performed in accordance with the ethical standard of the committee. For this study, the parents of the participating boys and also head school were asked to give written approval for their boys to be involved in this research program. Measurement of obesity parameters Body mass index (kg.m) BMI was calculated as the body weight in kilogram divided by height in square meters (kg.m). For the purpose of identification of overweight and obesity of the boys the cut off values of BMI set by the World Health Organization [8] was used. Measurement of circumferences (cm) All the selected circumferences in the present study were measured according to the recommendation of the WHO . Waist circumference was measured midway between the lower rib margin and the iliac crest. Hip circumference was measured horizontally at the level of gluteal muscle (at maximum circumference). Thigh circumference was measured as the horizontal girth at the level of the gluteal fold on the right thigh. Computation of Body fat percentage The skinfold thickness was measured at the right side on the triceps and subscapula with the boys standing in the proper erect posture according to the methods proposed by Johnson & Nelson [10] using Holtain skinfold calliper. For the computation of body fat % of boys were done using triceps and subscapular equation that is developed by Slaughter et al. . The equation is as follows: Body Fat % for boys = 783*(Triceps + Subscapular) – 1.7 Determination of physiological parameters Blood pressure was determined using a mercury sphygmomanometer as per the recommendations of the American Heart Association . The measurements were taken in a quiet room in the sitting posture with the arm resting on the table. The average of three consecutive readings was taken as the blood pressure of the child. Resting heart rate was measured after a complete rest of 3 minutes by taking the radial pulse. Three successive readings were taken in the resting state for 60 seconds each with an interval of one minute while the person was sitting. The resting respiratory rate was determined by the method mentioned by the William et al. . Physical fitness index (PFI) PFI was determined by Modified Harvard Step Test (HST-III). This test was done according to the method developed by Brouha and Ball , applied to elimentary school children. The method is as follows: Every boy studied was advised to step up on the modified Harvard steps on 14 inches height (bench) once in every two seconds (i.e. 30 times per minute) of 3 minutes, a total of 90 steps. Post exercise recovery pulse was recorded as: a) Pulse rate 1 – 2 minutes after exercise b) Pulse rate 2 – 3 minutes after exercise c) Pulse rate 3 – 4 minutes after exercise Duration of exercise in seconds PFI = X 100 2×(Recovery pulse rate 1 st + 2 nd + 3 rd Minutes) STATISTICAL ANALYSIS All the values of anthropometric and physiological variables were expressed as Mean±SD (standard deviation). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Scheffe’s multiple comparison test was performed to find out the mean difference of different anthropometric and physiological variable of different categorised. In each case the significance level was chosen at 0.05 levels. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) was used to examine the co-relationship of anthropometric obesity indices with the physical fitness index. Multiple regressions were used to study the association of anthropometric obesity marker (i.e. BMI, body fat percentage, WHR and WTR) with physical fitness index (PFI). The analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA), and the level of significance was set to p<0.05. Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., VOL 3, ISSUE 1 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 858 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Comparison of selected anthropometric obesity parameters among three body weight categories Comparison of selected anthropometric obesity parameters among three body weight categories of boys are presented in Table 1. One way ANOVA was performed to make an overall comparison of the selected anthropometric obesity parameters among three body weight categories. Further, Scheffe’s multiple comparison tests were performed to identify significant difference in each pair of categories. It is observed from Table 1 that there existed no significant difference in height among three body weight categories. On the other hand, weight, BMI, WHR, and body fat% differed significantly (p<0.001) among three body weight categories. Moreover, in post hoc multiple comparison tests all pairs of body weight categories showed significant difference (p<0.01) among three body weight categories. Comparison of selected physiological parameters among three body weight categories Comparison of selected physiological parameters of three body weight categories has been presented in Table 2. The results from the Table 2 shows the significant variation (p<0.01) of PFI and SBP among three body weight categories. The Scheffe’s multiple comparisons post hoc analysis showed (p<0.05) significant difference of selected physiological parameters in each pair of categories. The mean values of SBP, DBP, pulse rate and respiratory rate significantly higher in obese boys than in normal weight boys. On the other hand, mean values of PFI significantly (p<0.01) higher in normal weight boys than in overweight and obese boys. Earlier, Indian studies have also found PFI score of normal weight boys to be higher than in overweight and obese boys . Blood pre

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present review deals on major Coleopteran beetles of agricultural crop pests include 45 genera and 55 species from 15 families, most of them pest of cereals and millets, vegetables, temperate fruits, spices, stored grains and stored grains.
Abstract: The present review deals on major Coleopteran beetles of agricultural crop pests include 45 genera and 55 species from 15 families. Most of beetles are pest of cereals and millets (3), oil seed crops (2), fibre crops (4), vegetables (11), temperate fruits (7), sub-tropical and tropical fruits (9), ornamental plants (2), plantation crop (8), spices (4) and stored grains (5). Among families; Curculionidae was dominated by 12 (21.8 %) species followed by Chrysomelidae 10(18.18 %), Cerambycidae 9(16.3 %), Scarabaeridae 6(10.9 %), Coccinellidae 3(5.4 %), Apionidae, Bostrychidae, Brachidae, Buprestidae and Scolytidae each with two species (3.6 %). Whereas families like Dermestidae, Lamiidae, Meloidae, Melonithidae and Tenebrionidae contribute each with single species (1.8 %). Key-wordsColeopteran beetle, Cereals, Spices, Stored grains, temperate fruits. INTRODUCTION The coleopterans include more species than any other order, constituting almost 25 % of all known types of animal life forms [1] . About 4, 50,000 species of beetles occurs representing about 40 % of all known insects [2] . Such a large number of species poses special problems for classification. Among them, about 75 % of beetle species are polyphagous in both larval and adult stages, and live in or on plants, wood as well as a variety of stored products [3-4]. Because many of these plants are important for agriculture, forestry and the household, beetles can be considered pest and some of them cause significant damage, particularly direct and indirect losses [5] . There are several studies on different families of coleopteran by different research workers [6-7] . The pest problems originated with the origin of agriculture. As soon as the land was cleared of natural vegetation and replaced by a single species of food plant, human came into conflict with phytophagous insect [8-9] . It was reported that the insect pest problems in agriculture are probably as old as agriculture itself [10] . However, rapidly increasing population during the last century has necessitated intensification of agriculture through expansion of irrigation facilities, introduction of high yielding varieties (HYVs) and application of increased amount of agrochemicals increased the production of land with a concomitant increase in the production lost to insect pest [11-12] . Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The various parts of Moringa oleifera tree have been studied for several pharmacological actions, including antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Abstract: Moringa oleifera is a small, fast growing evergreen or deciduous tree. Moringa is rich in nutrition owing the presence of a variety of essential phytochemicals present in its leaves, pods and seeds. In fact, phytonutrient content of Moringa leaves (weight per weight) provides 7 times more vitamin C than in oranges, 10 times more vitamin A than carrots, 17 times more calcium content than milk, 9 times more protein than yoghurt, 15 times more potassium than bananas and 25 times more iron than in spinach. As numerous parts of Moringa oleifera plant such as roots, seed, bark, leaves, fruit, and immature pods, flowers act as cardiac and circulatory drugs, anti-pyretic, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic properties Moringa is called as Multipurpose Tree or “The Miracle Tree of Life”. Moringa also contains phytochemicals such as tannins, sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids and reducing sugar present along with anti-cancerous agents like glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, glycoside compounds, and glycerol-1-9-octadecanoate respectively. The other chief medicinal properties of the plant include antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Key-wordsAnti-pyretic, Anti-ulcer, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-epileptic, Anti-oxidant, Anti-diabetic INTRODUCTION Moringa oleifera Lam. (Family: Moringaceae) Moringa oleifera is a medium sized tree, growing in Asia, Africa and tropical areas of the world as a valuable food source [1] . Moringa is a fast growing tree with about 10m in height and a diameter of 2.04m at chest height [2] . It has a soft trunk, white corky; and a gummy bark bearing branches with each twice or thrice pinnate-compound leaf bearing small leaf leg. The flowers are pleasantly fragrant, white in color whereas the three wing seeds are scattered by the winds. The flowers, tenders leaves and pods are eaten as vegetables [3] . India being the largest producer of Moringa has an annual production of 1.1 to 1.3 million tones of tender fruits from an area of 380 km2 [4] . The various parts of Moringa oleifera tree have been studied for several pharmacological actions. Many reports have described its leaves have antifungal, antimicrobial, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-fertility, relieving pain, central nervous system depressant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic and regulating hypothyroidism. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative study of medicinal plants was conducted in Datia and Sheopurkalan districts of India, where a total of 35 plant species were reported from both the study regions.
Abstract: The term Ethnobotany was first used by Harshberger (1895) and its scope was much elaborated later. Ethnobotany, as an organized discipline of study in India, is rather young, just about five decades old. A number of ethnobotanists of the world have conducted comparative ethno botanical studies on different ethnic groups and different geographical regions. The comparative ethnobotany is helpful in understanding the plant use patterns and factors that affect the use of plants among different populations inhabiting different environments. During the last two decades a number of comparative ethno botanical studies have been conducted in many regions of the world. The present research work was carried out in 19 villages of 4 blocks of Datia district and 41 villages of 5 blocks of Sheopurkalan district. The research work was carried out from January 2012 to October 2015. A total of 35 plant species were reported from both the study regions. As a result of comparative study of medicinal plants it was observed that 23 plant species were used for the treatment of dissimilar diseases in Datia and Sheopurkalan districts, while 12 plant species were used for similar diseases in Datia and Sheopurkalan districts. Key-words: Comparative study, Datia, Ethnobotany, Sheopurkalan -------------------------------------------------IJLSSR----------------------------------------------INTRODUCTION The term Ethnobotany was first used [1] and its scope was much elaborated later. Ethnobotany, as an organized discipline of study in India, is rather young, just about five decades old. The first bibliography of Ethnobotany in India was published in the early eighties. The term Ethnobotany has often been considered synonymous with traditional medicines or with economic botany. In India alone, three traditional systems of medicines, namely Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani are distinguished . A comparative study of ethnomedicinal plants of Datia and Sheopurkalan provide very useful and interesting results. Because the concept of plant uses differs among different people, ethnobotany has become a more important subject. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.ijlssr.com DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.1.15 In comparative ethno-botanical studies ethnobotany of two or more ethnic groups or ethnobotany of two or more geographical regions can be compared. A number of ethnobotanists of the world have conducted comparative ethno botanical studies on different ethnic groups and different geographical regions. The comparative ethnobotany is helpful in understanding the plant use patterns and factors that affect the use of plants among different populations inhabiting different environments. During the last two decades a number of comparative ethno botanical studies have been conducted in many regions of the world. Leporatti and Ghedira [4] presented comparative analysis of medicinal plants in traditional medicine in Italy and Tunisia. Hart Kimberly Hamblin [5] reported cladistic approach to comparative ethnobotany: dye plants of the South Western United State. Moerman et al. [6] studied a comparative analysis of five medicinal floras. Alfred Maroyi and Cheikh [7] conducted a comparative study of medicinal plants in rural areas of Namibia and Zimbabwe. Kimberly Hutton [8] presented a comparative study of plants used for medicinal purposes by the Creek and Seminole tribes. Research Article (Open access) Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., VOL 3, ISSUE 1 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 839 Mallik et al. [9] presented a comparative analysis of medicinal plants used by folk medicinal healers in three districts of Bangladesh. Vanderbroek et al. [10] studied a comparison of traditional healer’s medicinal plant knowledge in the Bolivian Andes and Amazon. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area and Data Collection The present research work was carried out in 19 villages of 4 blocks of Datia district, and 41 villages of 5 blocks of Sheopurkalan district. The research work was started from January 2012 to October 2015. During present study 51 key informants in Datia and 111 key informants in Sheopurkalan district were selected on the recommendation of knowledgeable elders and local authorities. The Datia district is the smallest district of Madhya Pradesh. It occupies 2902 sq. Km. Out of 308,245 sq. Km. of Madhya Pradesh. It has 786,754 total populations, according to the census of 2011. The main body of the district extends between the parallels of latitude 25°33' and 26°18' N and the meridians of longitude 78°13' and 78°51' E. The district is bounded by Bhind and Gwalior districts in the North, Shivpuri district of M.P. and Jhansi district of U.P. in the South, Gwalior and Shivpuri in the West and Bhind district in the East . The Sheopurkalan district is located in the North western part of Madhya Pradesh is the central province of India. It occupies 6606 sq. Km. out of 308,245 sq. Km. of Madhya Pradesh. It has 687,861 total populations, according to the census 2011. The Sheopurkalan district is lying between 25°15' and 25°45' N latitude and 76°22' and 77°64' E longitude . Many plant species were collected during the study with informants in different villages. In cases where the informants were interviewed in their homes, the specimens of medicinal plants were collected shortly after the interview. The voucher specimens were collected with the help of informants and local people. The plant specimens were collected, dried, preserved and mounted on herbarium sheets. The voucher specimen numbers were assigned as EBH D and EBH S number. The voucher specimens were identified with the help of the flora of Madhya Pradesh and the flora of Upper Gangetic Plain . Semi structured Interview In semi-structured interview method the informants were asked prepared questions about the use of plants. Some questions, which arose during the conversation were also taken into account . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During the survey a total of 35 medicinal plant species were reported in Datia and Sheopurkalan districts. These plant species are useful for different diseases or ailments. The result of comparative study of medicinal plants reported from Datia and Sheopurkalan had shown in followed in Table 1 . Table 1: Comparative study of medicinal plants in Datia and Sheopurkalan districts S.No. Name of plant species Family Study Area Local name Plant part used Disease treated 1 Acalypha indica Linn. Euphorbiaceae Datia Kuppi Leaves Rashes, Pimples, Burnt area Sheopurkalan Kuppi Leaves Cough 2 Achyranthes aspera Linn. Amarantaceae Datia Adhijhara Leaves Jaundice Sheopurkalan Chirchita Leaves, Fruit Asthma, Dysentery 3 Adhatoda vasica Nees Acanthaceae Datia Arusa Leaves Diarrhoea Sheopurkalan Rusa Leaves, Whole Plant Cold & Cough, Constipation 4 Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa Rutaceae Datia Bel Fruit, Leaves Diarrhoea, Diabetes Sheopurkalan Bilpatra Fruit, Leaves Stomachache, Diabetes 5 Ageratum conyzoides Linn. Asteraceae Datia Kobhi Leaves Diarrhoea & Dysentery Sheopurkalan Kobhi Leaves Eye Lotion, Wounds 6 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae Datia Arlu Leaves Clean Wounds Sheopurkalan Maharukh, Mahanimb Bark, Leaves Asthma, Earache 7 Alternanthera sessilis DC. Amaranthaceae Datia Kateeli Whole plant Lactation in cattle Sheopurkalan Jaljamini Whole plant Gonorrhoea Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., VOL 3, ISSUE 1 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 840 8 Bauhinia purpurea Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Datia Kachnar Bark, Leaf Mouth ulcer & Malaria Sheopurkalan Kachnar Bark, Leaf Mouth ulcer & Malaria 9 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Asclepiadaceae Datia Akaua Leaves Discharging the pus Sheopurkalan Akada Bark, root Dysentery, Eczema 10 Cassia tora Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Datia Chakunda Leaves Blemish skin, dark spot Sheopurkalan Chakunda Seeds Cough 11 Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban. Apiaceae Datia Brahmi Whole plant Diarrhoea & dysentery Sheopurkalan Brahmi Whole plant Memory booster 12 Cleome gynandra Linn. Capparaceae Datia Hulhul Leaves Earache Sheopurkalan Hulhul Leaves Earache 13 Clitoria ternatea Linn. Papilionaceae Datia Gokharni Root Rheumatism Sheopurkalan Gokurna Leaves Eyes, Urinary disorders 14 Cocculus hirsutus (Linn.) Diels. Menispermaceae Datia Jamtikibel Whole plant Rheumatism Sheopurkalan Jamtikibel Root Stomachache 15 Drypetes roxburgii (Wall.) Hurusawa. Euphorbiaceae Datia Putranjiva Seeds Headache Sheopurkalan Putranjiva Leaves Fever, Rheumatism 16 Echinops echinatus Roxb. Asteraceae Datia Gokru Fruit Headache Sheopurkalan Ootkanta Root Childbirth 17 Grewia asiatica Linn. Tiliaceae Datia Phalsa Leaves Wounds Sheopurkalan Phalsa Root Rheumatism 18 Holoptelia integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Ulmaceae Datia Chirol Bark, Leaves Rashes & black spot Sheopurkalan Chural Bark, Leaves Rashes & black spot 19 Indigofera tinctoria Linn. Papilionaceae Datia Neel Root Urinary disorder Sheopurkalan Gauchi Whole plant Nervous disorder 20 Lantana camara Linn. Verbenaceae Datia Guldhana Leaves Wounds Sheopurkalan Ganeri Leaves Wounds 21 Mimusops elengi Linn. Sapotaceae Datia Morsali Flower Wounds Sheopurkalan Maulsari Bark Ulcers 22 Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Wild. Cucurbitaceae Datia Janglikarela Root Fever Sheopurkalan Kakora Root Piles 23 Morus indica Linn. Moraceae Datia Janglishetut Leaves Blood purification Sheopurkalan Tula Leaves Blood purification 24 Nycthanthus arbor-tristis Linn. Nycthanthaceae Datia Harsinghar Seeds Cough Sheopurkalan Siyari Seeds Cough 25 Oxalis corniculata Linn. Oxalidaceae Datia Khatibuti Whole plant Dysentery Sheopurkalan Kahtibuti Whole plant Dysentery 26 Prosopis spicigera Linn. Mimosaceae Datia Chekur Bark Rheumatism Sheopurkalan Chaundra Bark Rheumatism 27 Psidium guajava Linn. Myrtaceae Datia Amrood Fruit Diarrhoea Sheopurkalan Jamphal Shoot Diarrhoea 28 Rauvolfia serpentine (Linn.) Benth. ex Kurz. Apocy

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This research identified the components of essential oil from Aniba duckei Kostermans and applied it as larvicide against Aedes aegypti, and its effects were measured by calculation of concentration at which half larvae die (LC50).
Abstract: Aedes aegypti mosquito is the major vector of zika, chikungunya, and dengue fever. These diseases incidence has been growing rapidly in many points of the globe in the past few years. And because there’s no vaccine for them yet, the best way to fight those diseases is to attack their vector, specially by eliminating potential sites for its oviposition and larvae growth. Nowadays, organophosphorus insecticides are used in increasing doses, which targets Aedes aegypti resistant populations. Aniba duckei Kostermans, which is known as rosewood and belongs to the Lauraceae family, is a species with trees up to 30 meters tall and 1 meter in trunk diameter. It’s essential oil is used in perfumery due to its high content of linalool. This research identified the components of essential oil from Aniba duckei Kostermans thin branches and leaves and then applied it as larvicide against Aedes aegypti, and its effects were measured by calculation of concentration at which half larvae die (LC50). Average yield found for oil by plant was 1.93% by mass. The major component in rosewood essential oil is linalool, whose concentration was found 89.34% by mass. LC50 for the essential oil was 250.61 (±2.20) μg mL -1 , for l-linalool, 279.89 (±2.12) μg mL -1 , and for dl-linalool was 346.73 (±2.14) μg mL -1 . Key-wordsEssential oil, Aniba duckei Kostermans, Linalool, Aedes aegypti, Larvicide INTRODUCTION The world has experienced a dengue incidence increase in the last 50 years. Recent studies estimate about 395 million cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever in 100 countries, of which 500 thousand are classified as dengue hemorrhagic fever/ dengue shock syndrome (DHF / DSS) [1] . Disease is caused by four serotypes of dengue virus, DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV4 [2] . This is the most important arbovirosis worldwide with about 50 million infections per year [3] , and it can be asymptomatic or manifest many symptoms, from self-limited febrile illness to severe forms that may lead to death [4] . In terms of morbidity and mortality, dengue is nowadays considered the most important viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, constituting a serious public health problem of urban centers from South & Central America, Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results obtained showed that females showed significantly higher levels of total serum cholesterol and Non-HDL compared to males other than that, their lipid parameters were a little higher than males in general.
Abstract: In today’s modern lifestyle high blood cholesterol is one of the most dreaded causes of heart diseases among the global population. Fast lifestyle, lack of exercise, obesity and improper food intake all sum up to deranged lipid profile as well as diabetes. Diabetes and high blood cholesterol go hand in hand, which leads to an increased incidence of coronary artery and cardiovascular disorders which still remains as one of the leading causes of mortality overall. In the present study there has been an effort put to draw a correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin, which is a marker for levels of blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as deranged lipid profile. Blood samples collected in sterile vials were first centrifuged and then put into analyzer for the computation of the lipid profile and the glycosylated hemoglobin. Results computed were made a note of and then prepared for statistical analysis. Results thus obtained showed that females showed significantly higher levels of total serum cholesterol and Non-HDL compared to males other than that, their lipid parameters were a little higher than males in general. Diabetic female patients showed a significantly higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin. There was a significant difference in the HDL values of patients in the prediabetic state and worst control of glycemic hemoglobin. There were also significant differences observed in the TGL, TGL/HDL and VLDL values between Diabetic and control patients. In general, there were an increased correlation of HbA1c with TSC and LDL and the respective ratios as HbA1c increases while LDL/HDL showed a significant increase with HbA1c. Key-wordsCholesterol, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, HDL, LDL, Lipid ratios

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the changes due to two heavy metals (lead and cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period.
Abstract: Aquatic organisms have been considered to concentrate metals several times greater than environmental levels. Fishes have been used for many decades to evaluate the pollution status of water and thus considered as excellent biological indicator of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Heavy metals are natural tress components of the aquatic environment, but their levels have increased due to domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. These heavy metals when accumulated in the fish tissues, they damage and weaken the mechanisms concerned leading to physiological, pathological and biochemical changes. The lead is non essential element while cobalt is an essential element for living organisms but its presence in fresh water in higher concentration are toxic to organism’s brain, liver, ovary, kidney and gills of the fish. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes due to two heavy metals (lead & cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period. For this study adult fishes were exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 5, 9, 13, and 17 mg/l of lead. Key-wordsZebrafish, Lead, Cobalt, Catalase, LPO, Glutathione, Heavy metals INTRODUCTION Heavy metals are produced from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources [1] . In aquatic environments, heavy metal pollution results from direct atmospheric deposition, geologic weathering or through the discharge of agricultural, municipal, residential or industrial waste products, also via wastewater treatment plants [2-4] . The contamination of heavy metals and metalloids in water and sediment, when occurring in higher concentrations, is a serious threat because of their toxicity, long persistence, and bioaccumulation and bio magnification in the food chain [5] . Generally, metals can be categorized as biologically essential and non-essential. The nonessential metals for example, aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), tin (Sn) and lead (Pb) have no proven biological function also called xenobiotics or foreign elements and their toxicity rises with increasing concentrations [6] . Essential metals for example, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), Molybdenum (Mo) and iron (Fe) on the other hand, have Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.ijlssr.com DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.6.10 known important biological roles [7] , and toxicity occurs either at metabolic deficiencies or at high concentrations [8] . The deficiency of an essential metal can therefore cause an adverse health effect, whereas its high concentration can also result in negative impacts which are equivalent to or worse than those caused by non-essential metals [9] . The river system may be extremely contaminated with heavy metals released from domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural effluents. Heavy metal contamination may have disturbing effects on the ecological balance of the recipient environment and a diversity of aquatic organisms [10-11] . Among animal species, fishes are inhabitants that cannot escape from the detrimental effects of these pollutants [12] . The impact of metals, as well as other pollutants, on aquatic biota can be evaluated by toxicity test, which are used to detect and evaluate the potential toxicological effects of chemicals on aquatic organisms. However, little research has been done on the impact of contaminations on tropical ecosystems [13] . Fish are widely used to evaluate the health of aquatic ecosystems because pollutants build up in the food chain and are responsible for adverse effects and death in the aquatic systems. Fish can obtain their trace elements, either directly from the water through the gills or indirectly from food through the alimentary tract [14] . Heavy metals have been recognized as strong biological poisons because of their persistent nature, tendency to RESEARCH ARTICLE Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(6):1484-1494 November 2017 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 1485 accumulate in organisms and undergo food chain amplification [15] , they also damage the aquatic fauna. The contamination of freshwaters with a wide range of pollutants has become a matter of great concern over the last few decades. Lead is a persistent metal which is commonly used in various industrial processes. It is toxic to living systems and may stay in the environment for a prolonged period of time, due to its persistency; it exists as a free metal in various compounds. Lead is a widespread environmental and occupational xenobiotic and is hazardous to humans and various ecosystems [16] . Its exposure to humans is mainly by ingestion through the mouth and inhalation from fumes and dust in the atmosphere [17] . Exposure to lead is mainly from anthropogenic sources due to its widespread usage. The form in which lead exists determines how toxic it is in the environment. Several studies link inorganic lead like lead acetate compounds to increased incidence of diseases in various organisms. Lead toxicity has been linked to incidence of neurological disorders, hypertension, cognitive impairments etc [18] . Chen et al. [19] reported that exposure of low doses of developmental lead to the embryo of zebra fish resulted in embryonic toxicity, behavioral alteration, and adult learning/memory deficit in zebrafish. It’s accumulation in sediment is of significance for aquatic organisms. It is not a transition metal and cannot readily undergo valence changes, it can induce oxidative damage through direct effects on the cell membrane, interactions between lead and haemoglobin, which increase the auto-oxidation of hemoglobin, auto-oxidized δ-aminolevulinic acid, interactions with glutathione reductase, or through the formation of complexes with selenium, which decrease glutathione peroxidase activity [20] . Lead deposits in various fish organs like liver, brain, kidneys, spleen, digestive tract and gills [21] . Cobalt is an essential nutrient for man and is an integral part of vitamin B12. It performs important biochemical function but its higher concentration in aquatic ecosystems becomes toxic to fish as it interferes with the enzyme systems [22] . It is reported to be a potential carcinogenic compound and has been included recently in group 2A carcinogens i.e., probably carcinogenic to humans. Cobalt can be absorbed from the surrounding water through the gills as well as from the diet. The uptake of waterborne cobalt increased with a rise in temperature and decrease in waterborne calcium. Also, heavy metals are known to induce oxidative stress and carcinogenesis by mediating free radicals e.g. reactive oxygen species [23] . They deplete glutathione, resulting enhanced production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) such as catalase. ROS are considered as critical mediators for the metal-triggered tissue injuries and apoptosis. To prevent oxidation induced damage, there must be effective anti-oxidation system enzyme including free radical scavenging enzymes, such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) changes in the activity of enzymes and other biomarkers are the possible tool for aquatic toxicological research [24] . Zebrafish can be used for bio-indicator of environmental contamination. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present work was conducted in the Zebrafish laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India in the duration of April 2017. Zebrafish, recommended by International Organization for Standardization (IOS, 1976) [25] and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [26] were collected and acclimatized for a month, stocked and reared under laboratory conditions. The aquariums were aerated continuously through stone diffusers connected to a mechanical air compressor and the water temperature was maintained at 25 ±2 o C. The fishes were fed twice daily alternately with raw and chopped goat liver and shrimp powder. Tubifex worm, Tetrabit and spirulina granules purchased from pets shop were also supplemented. For the present study, mature adult zebrafish approximately 3.5 cm in length and 1 g in weight were procured from stock aquarium and exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 05.00, 09.00, 13.00 and 17.00 mg/l of lead calculated from our previous toxicity test. The concentrations of heavy metals were decided for exposures were below the range of 80% 96-h LC50 as calculated earlier Singh and Ansari [27] . Low concentrations were selected since fish can survive the stress of the toxicant. Twenty fishes were exposed to each concentration. The water in the aquarium was replaced daily with fresh treatment of metals. Each experiment was accompanied by their respective control. After exposure periods of 5, 10, 15 and 20 days, required number of treated fish were removed from the experimental and control groups. Their brain were removed and processed. Biochemical AssayThe activity of CAT (EC 1.11.1.6) was estimated according to procedures by Sinha [28] . This method is based on the fact that in acetic acid dichromate is reduced to chromic acetate when heated in the presence of H2O2 with the formation of perchromic acid as an unstable intermediate. The chromic acetate is measured colorimetrically at 620 nm. The catalase preparation is allowed to split H2O2 at different time intervals by the addition of a dichromic acetic acid mixture and the remaining H2O2 is determined colorimetrically. The results were expressed as μM H2O2 utilized/min/mg protein. Glutathione (GSH) content in the brain was estimated according to the method of Paglia et al. [29] . Tissue (brain) was lyses with 2.0 ml of 1g/l EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) solution and 1.5 ml



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The diversity, floristic composition of medicinal plants in two blocks of Rajouri was studied in this article, where a total of 25 plant species belonging to 23 families were recorded Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Amerenthaceae, Polygoneaceae, Fabaceae, Apocynaceae the all were diverse families.
Abstract: The diversity, floristic composition of medicinal plants in the two blocks of Rajouri was studied. A total of 25 plant species belongs to 23 families were recorded Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Amerenthaceae, Polygoneaceae, Fabaceae, Apocynaceae the all were diverse families. The present studied, documented to ethanobotanical information on 25 plant species belong to 23 families were collected and identified by their vernacular and scientific name. In which, 10 species were herb, 9 sharb, and 9 tree out of 25 species flower of 5 plant species, roots of 4 plant species, Leaf of 9 plant species, Fruits of 5 plant species, seed of 3 plant species, stem and bark of 3 plant species, tuber and an aerial portion of 2 plant species respectively. The gujjar and bukkerwal tribes used all 25 species of plants to treat various diseases. Key-wordsEthnomedicinal plants, Rajouri, Traditional knowledge Gujjar-Bakerwaltribes -------------------------------------------------IJLSSR-----------------------------------------------

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TL;DR: Uttrakhand has tremendous potential for medicinal plants cultivation and in becoming one of the important options for sustainable livelihood in the Doon valley as well as all hilly regions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Uttrakhand has tremendous potential for medicinal plants cultivation and in becoming one of the important options for sustainable livelihood in the Doon valley as well as all hilly regions. Doon-valley, Uttrakhand can take advantages of increasing demand and low availability of medicinal and aromatic plants resources in the other parts of the country and start to grow highly valuable medicinal plants in high altitude areas. Medicinal and aromatic plants can play an important role in the subsistence livelihood enhancement rural people, especially women through an environmentally sustainable manner while maintaining the biodiversity of these natural products. Key-wordsEndangered plants, Medicinal flora, Indigenous use, Medicinal and aromatic plants -------------------------------------------------IJLSSR----------------------------------------------INTRODUCTION The plants have been used as a source of medicines by the man from ancient times to the present day. Initially, these were the main parts of folk or ethno medicine practiced in India and other parts of the world like China, Middle East Africa, and South America. Later a considerable part of this indigenous knowledge was formulated, documented and eventually passed into the organized systems of medicines such as Ayurveda, Yunani, Siddha or other systems. Subsequently, with the advance in the techniques of phytochemistry and pharmacology, a number of active principles of medicinal plants were isolated and introduced as valuable drugs in the modern system of medicine [1]. Demands for medicinal plants are increasing in both developing and developed countries. As per WHO estimate, about 80% of the population in developing countries depends directly on plants for medicine. Access this article online

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the present study, it was proved that placenta has considerable functional reserve capacity, which tends to limit the ill-effects of tissue injury and of unfavorable maternal milieu like anemia.
Abstract: Placenta is the mirror of fetomaternal status. The effect of anemia in pregnancy can be diverse and detrimental to the mother and the fetus. This prompted us to carry out the present study, which aimed to observe and compare the morphological features of placenta at term in anemic and non-anemic mothers of North Bengal and to find out the clinical relevance of such structural changes. Total 30 placentas were collected from each group of selected patients after delivery at labor room. Examination of placenta was conducted according to proforma. A general survey of umbilical cord, membranes, fetal surface, and maternal surface was carried out. The diameters were measured, area was estimated, and shape was noted. Placenta and fetus was weighed in the same scale. The volume was estimated by water displacement method. In anemic mothers, mean baby birth weight was found to be significantly less than that of control group. The mean placental weight in test group was significantly increased in comparison to controls. The mean placental volume and mean placental area in case of test group were significantly increased. Occurrence of morphological features, like subchorionic fibrosis; retroplacental clot, gross calcification, or placental infarction etc were found to be significantly higher in anemic mothers in comparison to non-anemic group. In the present study, it was proved that placenta has considerable functional reserve capacity. It tends to limit the ill-effects of tissue injury and of unfavorable maternal milieu like anemia. Our findings were in accordance with the previous studies in this field. Key-wordsPlacenta, Maternal anaemia, Morphological changes, Placental weight INTRODUCTION Placenta is the most accurate record of the infants’ prenatal experience [1] . It is the vital organ for maintaining pregnancy and promoting normal fetal development. The human placenta is a flattened discoid organ, which connects the fetus with the uterine wall. It has a maternal component, decidua basalis and a fetal component, chorion frondosum. The fetus and the placenta share the same genetic makeup and so therefore both should be expected to possess parallel growth potentials. Maturation of placenta causes an increase in the placental nutrient transfer capacity and thus improves placental efficiency, permitting an increase in the number of grams of fetal weight supported by every gram of placental mass. Not surprisingly “Placental insufficiency” is invoked commonly in case of impaired fetal growth [2] . Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.ijlssr.com DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.5.23 At full term the human placenta consists of: 1. Fetal surface, which is smooth, glistening, covered by the amnion and presents the insertion of the umbilical cord close to its centre. 2. Maternal surface rough, irregular consists of 15-30 cotyledons separated by fissures that arise from the folding of the basal plate. 3. Umbilical cord insertion is usually central but may vary in some specimens like battledore/marginal, velamentous, eccentric etc. At full term, the dimensions are as follows: Placental weight is approx. 500gm, diameter: 15-20 cm; thickness: 3cm; volume: 500ml. Length of umbilical cord: 50 cm; breadth: 2cm. These measurements vary widely; there are several types of human placentas with variant cord insertions, and also shape: rounded in 81.6%, oval in 16%, irregular in 2.4% [3-5] . Flattened discoid shape of placenta with an approximately circular outline was described as normal [4] as well as in maternal iron-deficiency anaemial [6] . Size of placenta can be calculated by measuring its diameter, thickness, area, weight and volume [7-8] . Usually, the placenta is 150-200 mm (average 185 mm) in diameter and 10-40mm (average 23mm) in thickness RESEARCH ARTICLE Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(5): 1400-1407 SEPTEMBER 2017 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 1401 [4] . Previously it was observed that presence of low maternal hematocrit was associated with higher placental weight [9] . Recent studies suggested an increase in placental weight in anemic mothers [10] . There is probably a compensatory physiological hypertrophy of the placenta resulting from inadequate oxygen supply to the fetus [11] . Volume of the placenta is proportional to its weight [12] . Placental volume is markedly reduced in abnormally small babies [13] . Volume of placenta is increased in male babies than females [14] . Because of the fact that placenta has a normally unrealized potential for incremental growth [9,15-18] , certain patho-physiological conditions such as high altitude, severe anemia and maternal heart failure are associated with unusually large placental volume. Placenta extrachorialis, the commonest developmental variant of the placenta is found in 25% of all placentas. Circumvallate form of placenta extrachorialis, whether partial or complete, is associated with an increased incidence of low birth weight [12,19-21] , congenital malformation [22] , prematurity, prenatal bleeding and abruption [23] . The normal placenta can contain 8 20 cotyledons [24] . Reduced number of cotyledons can be seen in maternal malnutrition, especially in severe anemia [25] . Calcification of placenta is a sign of physiological maturity of placenta [26] . More mature and heavy the placenta more is the extent of calcified patches [27] . Placental calcification occurs earlier in pregnancy in cigarette smokers [28] . Placenta is subjected to cystic degeneration also, related to maturation [29] . Out of a series of 630 placentas collected from cases of toxemia and diabetes, 40 had cystic changes [30] . Placental infarction is described as an area of necrotic changes; extensive infarction is the hallmark of a severe circulatory compromise in placenta [31] . Woodling et al. [32] described “The placental infarct as a consequence of necrosis of maternal cotyledon caused by occlusion of the utero-placental artery those supplies it”. V. Paul Wentworth [26] divided infarct into “red infarcts” and “other true infarcts” and also found two similar macroscopic lesions and termed them “perivillous fibrin deposition” and “mottled infarct”. Thrombosis within the tissue is a feature of both normal and abnormal placentas. The clinical significance of such thrombosis is either not known or proved to be none [33] . Relevance of present study: Placental change in Anemia Placenta is the mirror of the fetomaternal status. The effect of anemia in pregnancy can be so diverse and detrimental to both mother and developing fetus that it prompted us to carry on the present study to know whether placenta, an organ acting as a bridge between mother and fetus, is associated with major changes in anemia. Finally, an attempt has been made to confirm, agree or deny the findings of the previous workers in this field. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted during the period of June-2006 to May-2007 in the Department of Anatomy in collaboration with the Department of Pathology and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, North Bengal Medical College & Hospital, Darjeeling, India, which caters for patients from all possible social status. The placentas were collected from booked cases delivered in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Permission from the ethics committee was taken; informed consent was taken from the patients. Gravid females up to third parity (Po to P3), aged between 17-30 years; height ranging of 148-170 cm and weight ranging from 50-60 kg were taken into consideration. Routine investigations such as blood grouping, Rh typing, Hemoglobin percentage, Fasting Blood sugar, VDRL, Urine for routine examination were conducted and recorded separately for future references both for test and control groups. Patients suffering from complications such as hypertension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes, antepartum hemorrhage, heart disease and other gross maternal systemic disorders were excluded. Control Group (Group I): This group included healthy non-anemic mothers free from significant medical, surgical and obstetrical complications and 30 placentas were collected in this series following live birth only. Test Group (Group II): This group includes anemic mothers diagnosed clinically and hematologically otherwise free from significant medical, surgical and obstetrical complications and 30 placentas were collected in this series following live birth. Fresh placentas were collected from the patients selected beforehand. After delivery at labor room, placenta were collected and placed in a bowl for subsequent examination. Examinations of placenta were conducted according to proforma adopted by Benirschke [1] . Immediately on collection of placenta, a general survey of umbilical cord, membranes, fetal surface and maternal surface was carried out. Then membranes of placenta were trimmed off by a sharp scissor near the margin as described by Aherne [13] . The placentas were subsequently cleansed free and washed in water. Following parameters of the placenta were determined: (a) Dimensions: The maximum & the minimum diameters were measured by the measuring tape. Thickness of each placenta was measured at its centre & three other places by piercing the placenta by a long needle calibrated in cm. The average thickness of the placenta was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm. (b) Area: The area of placenta was estimated in sq. cm using the formula for the area of an ellipse. Therefore Placental area (cm. 2 ) = π ax Diameter (cm.)/2

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TL;DR: This study aims to conduct a comprehensive baseline data on the pattern of injuries occurred in study area due to road traffic injury and provides feedback on recommendations for protection of vulnerable parts of the body and prevention of accidents to the target population.
Abstract: Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a continuing endemic occurrence both in the developed and developing countries leading to one of the highest causes of mortality and morbidity. A Road Traffic Accident (RTA) can be defined as, 'An event that occurs on a way or street open to public traffic; resulting in one or more persons being injured or killed, where at least one moving vehicle is involved. The current study is a cross sectional study seen the pattern of injuries occurred by RTA. Total numbers of 384 RTA victims were undertaken in this study at Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College, Saharsa, Bihar, India from Jan 2016 to June 2016. Total numbers of 384 RTA victims were undertaken in this study. Age & sex wise distribution were analyzed. Types of injury, causes, and outcome were also analyzed. In this study we were concluded that the age and sex distribution is independent of accident occurrence. It is clear that fractures on head & face are common in RTA. Fractures in lower limb & upper limb are also common in road traffic accidents. Present study showed that the motorcyclist is at more risk. Various reports in India have shown that the outcome of RTA is not only a health hazard but also an economic burden. Key-wordsRoad Traffic Accident, World Health Organization, Public Health Issue -------------------------------------------------IJLSSR----------------------------------------------INTRODUCTION Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a continuing endemic occurrence both in the developed and developing world leading to one of the highest causes of mortality and morbidity. A Road Traffic Accident (RTA) can be defined as, 'An event that occurs on a way or street open to public traffic; resulting in one or more persons being injured or killed, where at least one moving vehicle is involved. The RTA is a collision between vehicles; between vehicles and pedestrians; between vehicles and animals; or between vehicles and geographical or architectural obstacles.' Road traffic accidents are a human tragedy. The Global status report on road safety 2013 indicates that worldwide the total number of road traffic deaths remain unacceptably high at 1.24 million per year. The Road Traffic accidents (RTA) involve high human suffering and socioeconomic costs in terms of premature deaths, injuries, loss of productivity, and so on [1]. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.ijlssr.com DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.2.14 Over 65% of accidents occur because of vehicles travelling at excess speed and or drivers disobeying traffic signals. Road traffic injuries are increasing exponentially year by year along with advances in technology to improve vehicular speed and efficiency. Most of these unfortunate events can be attributed to human errors which are absolutely preventable in nature. According to the information available from World Health Organization (WHO), road traffic injuries are the sixth leading cause of death in India with a greater share of hospitalization, deaths, disabilities and socio-economic losses in the young and middle-aged population [2-4] In India, as per previous data analysis for individuals of more than 4 years of age, more life years are lost due to traffic crashes than due to cardiovascular diseases or neoplasm [4-6]. India is no exception and data showed that more than 1.3 lakh people died on Indian roads giving India the dubious honour of topping the global list of fatalities from road crashes [7]. The financial burden due to road traffic accidents is estimated to be around 12000 crores per year. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive baseline data on the pattern of injuries occurred in study area due to road traffic injury and provides feedback on recommendations for protection of vulnerable parts of the body and prevention of accidents to the target population. The present study also aims to analyze the pattern of injuries in Research Article (Open access) Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., VOL 3, ISSUE 2 http://ijlssr.com Copyright © 2015-2017 International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research Page 962 relation to the mode of travel, type of injury and the distribution over the body the present study was done with particular reference to age and sex. This conducted study may help the policy makers and the researchers to prevent the further deaths and disabilities due to these collisions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Design It was a descriptive, cross– sectional, period prevalence hospital based study. Study Area Study area was including all those patients involved in RTA in Orthopedic OPD of the hospital district. Study Time Period Jan 2016 to June 2016 Target Population, The target populations were the general population of Saharsa, Bihar, India. Sample Size From the review of the previous studies done on the similar lines the sample size was calculated using the given formula:

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was found that all the cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy as well as the medical workers, who were occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations for a variable period of time showed DNA damage, whereas none of the control subjects showed any damage.
Abstract: The study was conducted to assess DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients put on radiotherapy, medical workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations and control group of normal healthy individuals. The blood samples were collected from 20 cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy in Government Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, 16 medical workers from Radiology and Radiotherapy department of the Government Rajindra hospital, Mata Kaushalya hospital, T.B. hospital, Patiala and 10 normal healthy individuals from Punjabi University, Patiala, India. The DNA damage was evaluated by using alkaline COMET assay, the damage was assessed from two COMET parameters i.e. mean COMET tail length and frequency of cells showing migration. It was found that all the cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy as well as the medical workers, who were occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations for a variable period of time showed DNA damage, whereas none of the control subjects showed any damage. The comparison of DNA damage among the cancer patients and medical workers revealed highly significant differences. On the basis of results obtained, it could be said that the exposure to acute high doses of radiations cause greater DNA damage in comparison to chronic low doses of radiations. Key-wordsSingle cell gel electrophoresis, Micronuclei, Thermoluminescent dosimeter, Aberration INTRODUCTION The maintenance of DNA from one generation to the next is one of the primary goals of our biological systems. Any gross change in its structure, base sequence is referred as DNA damage, which can pose serious biological changes in the body. Detection of DNA damage in individual cells first reported in 1978 . The damage was quantified by measuring the ratio of green fluorescence (indicating double strand DNA) to red fluorescence (indicating single strand DNA). The evaluation of the DNA damage plays an important role in genotoxic studies. The techniques utilized to detect DNA damage in humans have involved cytogenetic evaluation of chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges in mitogen stimulated peripheral Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.ijlssr.com DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.4.17 blood lymphocytes, Micronuclei assay, immuno-assays and single cell gel electrophoresis (COMET assay). The technique known as SCGE was developed in 1984 with the introduction of micro electrophoresis, which was later modified in 1988 . Single cell gel electrophoresis is one of the most commonly used assays for the population biomonitoring to identify the DNA instability. It is a simple, rapid, visual and sensitive technique to detect DNA single strand breaks, double strand breaks and alkali labile sites/damage. This technique was based on the principle that DNA is negatively charged and when the electric field is applied, it moves towards the anode. Singh modified the technique of electrophoresis originally given by Ostling . They replaced the neutral buffer an with alkaline buffer (pH>13) during electrophoresis in order to detect the presence of single strand breaks and alkali labile damage in individual cells. The technique has been used to evaluate both DNA damage and repair in the cancer cell lines, cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy/chemotherapy, occupationally exposed workers etc. Though radiotherapy is a powerful weapon against cancer and has great significance, but the radiations also produce marked toxicity at the cancer sites, ultimately resulting in the DNA damARTICLE RESEARCH Int. J. Life Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(4) JULY 2017 Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 1209 age leading to second cancer. Several studies used the COMET assay to evaluate DNA damage in cancer cell lines [5-7] in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy [6,8] and in workers occupationally exposed to radiations. The majority of such studies have indicated radiation induced DNA damage in various cancer cell lines and in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients put on radiotherapy . An inverse correlation was found between cell survival and COMET tail length . Even when the peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy individuals were exposed to varying doses of X-rays or γ-radiations, comets were formed, indicating DNA damage which was correlated with the extent of the dose. Higher doses induced greater DNA damage . Work done on DNA repair revealed quick repair of single strand breaks (SSBs) in comparison to double strand breaks (DSBs) . A significant increase in the damage was reported in the workers, who were occupationally exposed to varying doses of radiations . MATERIALS AND METHODS SubjectsDuration of the study was one year. The study was conducted on 20 cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (group A), 16 workers occupationally exposed to radiations (group B) and 10 healthy subjects (group C). Group A subjects were selected from Government Rajindra Hospital, Patiala. Only those patients who had undergone at least 5 cycles of radiotherapy were selected for the study. Group B workers were selected from T.B. Hospital and Government Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, workers working on X-ray machine or handling machines for at least 5 years. All the workers wore individual TLD (Thermoluminescent dosimeter) badges during their work. The TLD badges were replaced after every 3 months and were sent to BARK, Bombay for estimating radiation exposures. The accumulative dosimeter readings of the exposed workers during the year prior to the study were recorded from the hospital records. Blood SamplesAbout 0.5 ml of whole blood was collected from fingertip using a sterilized lancet from selected subjects. Blood samples were collected in eppendorf tubes containing one drop of EDTA solution. The tubes were numbered and stored in refrigerator till use. COMET AssayThe alkaline COMET assay was performed on lymphocytes under alkaline conditions according to Singh in 1988 with slight modifications . An aliquot of 40 μl of whole blood was used to assess the DNA damage. Slides were prepared in duplicates per sample. Slides were covered with normal melting point agarose (NMPA) and dries for further use. For the second layer 25 μl of whole blood was added to 75 μl of 0.5% low melting point agarose (LMPA) and pipetted out on the precoated slides. The slides were covered with coverslips for the proper spreading of the cells. Further the slides were allowed to gel in the 4oC for 30 minutes. The coverslips were removed and third layer of 110 μl of LMPA was pipetted out on the slides and allowed to gel at 4oC for 30 minutes. After third layering, the uncovered slides were immersed in freshly prepared chilled lysing solution and refrigerated for 2 hours. Slides were then placed in the alkaline electrophoretic buffer (E-buffer, pH=13) for 20 minutes to allow unwinding of the DNA. Electrophoresis was conducted for 25 minutes at 25V adjusted to 300 mA by raising or lowering the buffer level in the tank. Slides were then drained, placed on a tray and washed thrice with neutralizing buffer (N-buffer, pH= 7.5). Finally, all the slides were stained with silver nitrate in the presence of dim light so as to minimize artefactual DNA damage, further the slides were dried and viewed under a microscope. Analysis was performed by using 10x and 40x objectives Zeiss microscope. A total of 100 individual cells was screened per sample (50 cells per slide). An undamaged cell resembles an intact nucleus without a tail and a damaged cell has the appearance of a comet. The length of the DNA migrated in the comet tail, which is an estimate of DNA damage was measured by using an ocular micrometer. Quantification of DNA damage for each cell was calculated as given in the formula: Comet tail length (μm)= Maximum tail length–Head