Showing papers in "The Journal of Anthropological Society of Nippon in 1982"
TL;DR: In this paper, an inter-site distance analysis based on craniometric data shows that the prehistoric population of Japan in the Jomon period were morphologically homogeneous to nearly the same extent as the present-day Japanese population.
Abstract: Inter-site distance analysis based on craniometric data shows that the prehistoric population of Japan in the Jomon period were morphologically homogeneous to nearly the same extent as the present-day Japanese population. But the Jomon population differ widely, with many distinctive osteological features, from the modern Japanese, and are generally close to the Ainu in Hokkaido and the Upper Paleolithic population of Eurasia. On the other hand, the contemporaneous population in Neolithic North China are morphologically distant from the Jomon population and much closer to the modern Japanese. This suggests that the archaic morphology of the Upper Paleolithic Eurasian population were maintained by the food-gathering population in the isolated islands of Japan until the end of the Jomon period. The situation in Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu changed rapidly in the Yayoi and Kofun periods by cultural and genetic impacts from the mainland. But, basically Jomon-like morphology survived in the traditional food-gathering population of the Ainu in Hokkaido till recently.
127 citations
TL;DR: On the basis of the skeletons in 103 Japanese, 100 American Whites and 97 American Blacks, the usefulness of the base-wing index for sexing the sacrum was ascertained by means of the size and shape distances, generalized distances and discriminant functions of the widths of base and lateral part of the wing, in addition to the distribution of the index.
Abstract: On the basis of the skeletons in 103 Japanese, 100 American Whites and 97 American Blacks, the usefulness of the base-wing index for sexing the sacrum was ascertained by means of the size and shape distances, generalized distances and discriminant functions of the widths of base and lateral part (wing) of the sacrum, in addition to the distribution of the index, between the male and female series. In relation to sex differences of the sacrum, the shape component was more important than the size for these measurements, at least. With the discriminant functions of these dimensions, the probability of sexing the sacrum was 75.32% in Japanese, 80.88% in American Whites and 82.70% in American Blacks. In the distribution of the base-wing index, the overlap samples between the mare and _??_ were 26.2%, 22.0% and 16.5% in each population, respectively.
29 citations
TL;DR: The cross sections at the mid-length of the Jomon lower limb bones were measured to obtain their geometric and mechanical properties, such as the cross-sectional area and the moment of inertia of area.
Abstract: The cross sections at the mid-length of the Jomon lower limb bones, that is, the femur, the tibia and the fibula, were measured to obtain their geometric and mechanical properties, such as the cross-sectional area and the moment of inertia of area. The Jomon bones were compared with those of the recent Japanese which were reported already. The cross section of the Jomon bones resisted strongly against the bending moment in the anteroposterior direction without changing greatly the volume of the bone substance. The flatness and the robusticity of the bone were discussed in regard to the difference between the measurements from the outside and from the distribution of the substance inside the bone. The importance of the inside measurement was pointed out.
28 citations
TL;DR: The steadiness reduced in both sexes with increase of age after fifties in QSP and FLP, and after twenties in BLP; the isometric strength of APF, ADF and HF decreased while that of ADF decreased with age after teens in female and after thirties in male.
Abstract: The purposes of this study were to show changes with aging in steadiness and stability of standing posture, and to show the relationships between the steadiness and stability on one hand and the isometric strength of ankle dorsal flexion (ADF), ankle planter flexion (APF), or hallucial flexion (HF) on the other.The steadiness was evaluated by the length (L) of trace of the center of foot pressure (CEP) while maintaining the following postures for 20 seconds: (1) quiet standing posture (QSP), (2) backward leaning posture (BLP) with CFP at 25% from the heel regarding the foot length as 100%, and (3) forward leaning posture (FLP) with CFP at 65%. The stability was evaluated in terms of the CFP in extreme backward and forward leaning postures maintained for 10 seconds. These measurements were obtained while the subjects were standing on a Gravicorder (Anima K. K. ) with the eyes opened and the stance closed. The isometric strength was measured by a strain gage dynamometer in sitting position with the knee extended. The angle of the ankle was fixed at 90 degrees in APF and HF, and at 105 degrees in ADF. The age of subjects, 99 males and 140 females, ranged from 20 to 79 years. The results obtained were as follows:(1) The steadiness reduced in both sexes with increase of age after fifties in QSP and FLP, and after twenties in BLP.(2) The forward limits (FL) of the stability area shifted backward with age after fifties in both sexes, while the backward limits (BL) of the stability area shifted forward after twenties in both sexes.(3) The isometric strength of APF and HF decreased with age after forties in both sexes, while that of ADF decreased with age after twenties in female and after thirties in male. These changes in the muscle strength corresponded with the changes in the steadiness and stability described above.(4) No significant correlations (partial correlation holding the age constant) were shown between the L value in QSP and the isometric strength of APF, ADF and HF. Significant correlations (partial correlation holding the age constant) were shown between the L value in FLP and the APF strength, the BL and the ADF strength, and the FL and the APF as well as the HF strength, respectively.
28 citations
TL;DR: The metrical data of 29 adult male crania of the Middle to Final Jomon periods from various sites in the Tohoku district were compiled and averaged.
Abstract: The metrical data of 29 adult male crania of the Middle to Final Jomon periods from various sites in the Tohoku district were compiled and averaged. The names of the sites, numbers of crania and authors responsible for the measurements are given in Table 1. The locations of the sites are illustrated in Fig. 2.
25 citations
TL;DR: Lengths and angles within the cranial base and vault were measured in cephalometric radiographs of 220 boys and 177 girls ranging in age from 0 to 18 years in The Fels Longitudinal Growth Study.
Abstract: Lengths and angles within the cranial base and vault were measured in cephalometric radiographs of 220 boys and 177 girls ranging in age from 0 to 18 years. These children were participants in The Fels Longitudinal Growth Study. The present study is based on mixed longitudinal data derived from 1861 radiographs for boys and 1401 radiographs for girls. In this study, the anatomical parts of the cranial base are designated as follows: cranial base (nasion-basion), anterior cranial base (nasion-sella), fronto-ethmoidal segment (nasion-sphenoethmoidale), presphenoid segment (sphenoethmoidalesella), posterior cranial base (sella-basion), basisphenoid segment (sella-sphenoccipital), and basioccipital segment (sphenoccipital-basion). Endocranial points are used in the calvarial area for the vertex and anterior and posterior limits. Moreover, three angles are measured (nasion-sella-basion; sella-nasion-point A; nasion..sella-posterior nasal spine). Changes with age in the mean values for each dimension are described. The statistical significance of the observed age changes was tested by linear regression analysis for each variable after dividing the samples into three age groups (0-3, 4-6, 7-18 years). Contrary to reported findings, both basisphenoid and basioccipital segments increase steadily with age in each sex. The angle sella-nasion-point A decreases until the age of 10 years in boys and 9 years in girls; at older ages there is a tendency to increase with age in each sex.
22 citations
TL;DR: Multivariate tests suggest that the most significant coefficients separating the 7 populations is not size but shape of the frontal sinuses, the proportion of the height to the breadth in particular.
Abstract: The frontal sinuses of 829 crania from Kyoto, Kinki, Hokuriku, Ryukyu, Ainu, Korea-China, and Jomon populations were examined radiographically, and their measurements such as height, width and area were compared between these 7 populations. All the measurements except for the area, and square roots of the total area show normal distributions. No bilateral differences was noted, but sex and age differences were significant. Multivariate tests suggest that the most significant coefficients separating the 7 populations is not size but shape of the frontal sinuses, the proportion of the height to the breadth in particular. This index discriminates the Jomon-Ainu-Okinawa populations from the three local populations of Japan and Korea.-China population.
19 citations
TL;DR: Slight enlargement of the anterior facial height and diminution of the facial depth were observed as a general trend and the degree of forward inclination of the maxillary and mandibular incisors increased, and this seems to be the expression of the tooth to denture base discrepancy.
Abstract: Dentofacial morphology of Japanese has been continuously altering through the historic ages toward the pattern of the moderns. Concerning the almost monotonous increase of the tooth to denture base discrepancy, this alteration is considered to tend always to reduction. The present paper deals with this secular change of the dentofacial morphology during the Japanese historic ages.Roentgenographic cephalograms of 95 Japanese skeletal remains from the later Jomon, Kofun, Kamakura, Muromachi and Yedo eras as well as of 288 living Japanese were analysed using 11 linear and 18 angular measurements.As the results, slight enlargement of the anterior facial height and diminution of the facial depth were observed as a general trend. Diminution of jaw bones was also dominant especially in the height of the mandibular ramus and the antero-posterior dimension of the maxillary and mandibular apical bases. Consequently the degree of forward inclination of the maxillary and mandibular incisors increased, and this seems to be the expression of the tooth to denture base discrepancy.
10 citations
TL;DR: EMGs indicated that the back muscles, hip and knee extensors, and plantar-flexor of the ankle were acting almost in a synchrony from the touch-down to the late mid-stance phase of the limb concerned, thus in a basically different manner from the human walking.
Abstract: An experimental analysis was performed on bipedal walking of a gibbon (Hylobates agilis) on flat substrate. Kinematic observation revealed that bipedal walk of the gibbon was characterized with bouncing strides, which occasionally turned daring by pushing off with the propulsive limb and 'pseudo' hyper-extension of the hip caused by the pelvic rotation and an abduction of the hip joint. EMGs indicated that the back muscles, hip and knee extensors, and plantar-flexor of the ankle were acting almost in a synchrony from the touch-down to the late mid-stance phase of the limb concerned, thus in a basically different manner from the human walking. While the vastus lateralis did not show a gradual increase of its activity toward the late mid-stance phase seen in the other nonhuman primates, the gastroc-nemius did so. This feature of the gastrocnemius was more remarkable in fast walk than in slow walk, implying its positive role in the bouncing propulsion of the gibbon.
10 citations
TL;DR: The geometrical properties of the cross section in relation to mechanics as well as their actual use in functional morphology related to anthropology are explained and various methods and equations for the actual measurement of these geometric properties are shown.
Abstract: Owing to the recent development of various kinds of equipment for the measurement of irregular figures, papers dealing with the long bone cross section related to mechanics are increasing in the field of anthropology. However, there have been few explanations of the actual methods, equipments and equations for measuring these properties. This paper explains briefly the geometrical properties of the cross section in relation to mechanics as well as their actual use in functional morphology related to anthropology and shows various methods and equations for the actual measurement of these geometrical properties. Some of the equations presented in this paper have never or rarely been published before.
9 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the Akashi man is comparable neither to Erectus nor to Neanderthal nor to Pleistocene Sapiens but to modern Sapiens, whereas the Minatogawa man and the Mikkabi man are in many respects archaic and seem certain to be the Pleistsian Sapiens.
Abstract: All the human male innominate bones seemingly from the Pleistocene age were morphologically investigated based on the recent advances in knowledge. New measurement methods were applied to these innominates as well as the available fossil innomimate casts and Recent Japanese innominates for comparison. For this measurement and observation new casts were made from all the fossils and restored so as to presume the whole form of the ilium. Some of the multivariate analyses were used for the objective comparison. The results indicate that the Akashi man is comparable neither to Erectus nor to Neanderthal nor to Pleistocene Sapiens but to modern Sapiens, whereas the Minatogawa man and the Mikkabi man are in many respects archaic and seem certain to be the Pleistocene Sapiens.
TL;DR: The dentofacial morphology of Japanese skeletal remains from the later Jomon period is dealt with, as the basis for studying the origin and pathogenic nature of the discrepancy between tooth to denture base discrepancy.
Abstract: Tooth to denture base discrepancy, one of the major pathogenic factors in dental diseases, is considered to be an expression of the evolution of human occlusion. If it is true, there should be preceding changes of jaw bones before the discrepancy becomes dominant. The present paper deals with the dentofacial morphology of Japanese skeletal remains from the later Jomon period, as the basis for studying the origin and pathogenic nature of the discrepancy.Sixteen skulls from the later Jomon period were analyzed by means of roentgenographic cephalometrics, in which 12 linear and 22 angular measurements were included.As the result of analysis, the character of the dentofacial complex was considered as; 1. the size of the facial cranium was almost the same with that of the moderns as a whole, 2. the mandible was very massive with well developed ramus, and, 3. antero-posterior length of the maxillary and mandibular apical bases were larger than those in the moderns. These character-istics seemend to reasonably correspond to the low discrepancy in that period.
TL;DR: In this paper, a discriminant function analysis of 91 lithic assemblages from later Jomon settlements is utilized to divide the Jomon societies into homogeneous subgroups, showing that intensive plant collecting and/or incipient plant cultivating societies flourished in the west, whereas more specialized fishing and hunting societies with less specialized plant collecting activities in the east.
Abstract: This study concerns with the subsistence diversity of the prehistoric hunter-gatherers of Japan during the Jomon period. Discriminant function analysis of 91 lithic assemblages from later Jomon settlements is utilized to divide the Jomon societies into homogeneous subgroups. The study has four sections. First, a general outline of Japanese prehistory is given; second, the approach chosen for the study is described; and third, the results fromthe discriminant analysis of the Jomon settlements and associated lithic assemblages are presented. The concluding part examines the problem of howand why the diversity in subsistence activities and associated technologies occurred in the Jomon societies. The cultural dichotomy between western andeastern Japan during the later Jomon period is studied: intensive plant collecting and/or incipient plant cultivating societies flourished in the west, whereas more specialized fishing and hunting societies with less specializedplant collecting activities flourished in the east.
TL;DR: Factors concerning cranial length, facial depth, cranial and facial breadths, and height of the brain case seem to be most significant for analysing geographical variations, which likely supports the hypothesis of admixture between the migrants from Korea and the native people who settled in Japan since the Jomon age.
Abstract: Based on 476 crania of modern Japanese males, the geographical variations were analysed using several statistical techniques. The factors which explain large part of total variance were extracted by a principal component analysis. Factors concerning cranial length, facial depth, cranial and facial breadths, and height of the brain case seem to be most significant for analysing geographical variations. The shape of the brain case shows an apparent difference between the eastern and western parts of Japan and the result is almost completely parallel to that of analyses on the somatometric data. The cause of such a difference is discussed and concluded that this evidence likely supports the hypothesis of admixture between the migrants from Korea and the native people who settled in Japan since the Jomon age.
TL;DR: Third year high school students of Numatate and Tanegasima were examined by direct inspection and by study of casts and two-dimensional roentgenographic cephalograms as a part of an epidemilogical survey and there were no significant differences in incidence of third molar agenesis between left and right side.
Abstract: Third year high school students of Numatate (Akita Prefecture) and Tanegasima (Kagosima Prefecture) were examined by direct inspection and by study of casts and two-dimensional roentgenographic cephalograms as a part of an epidemilogical survey. Samples consisted of 401 subjects ranging from 17 years 3 months to 18 years 11 months old. There were no significant differences in incidence of third molar agenesis between left and right side. Also, no significant differences were found in incidence of each type of third molar agenesis between local samples and between sexes. No significant difference in the incidence of individuals with fully erupted, partly erupted and impacted third molar was seen between local samples and between sexes. The third molars in 71.9% of the subjects without agenesis were impacted. One or more third molars were missing in 43.1% of subjects. This is higher than any of the rate for other populations so far reported.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the endocranials suture closure has the higher reliablity than the entocranial one and is serviceable enough for the age assessment, and quantification theory model I analysis is more reliable than multiple regression analysis in the age estimation from the cranial sutureclosure.
Abstract: This paper reports the usefulness of the cranial suture closure in the age estimation. Using samples of 141 Japanese male skulls, the reliability of the suture closures as the age indicator was examined by means of multiple regression analysis and quantification theory model I analysis. The results indicate that (1) the endocranial suture closure has the higher reliablity than the entocranial one and is serviceable enough for the age assessment, and (2) quantification theory model I analysis is more reliable than multiple regression analysis in the age estimation from the cranial suture closure. The methods presented here can be applied to only the male samples between 20 and 58 years of age.
TL;DR: The strong flatness and small variation of rotation of the principal axis at the subtrochanteric region suggest the morphological trend of the cross section there, which may be interpreted in mechanical terms.
Abstract: This paper presents a quantitative description of the proximal half of the human femoral diaphysis, Perigraphic shapes of 24 human femurs were investigated successively from the subtrochanteric region toward the midshaft. Flatness and torsion of the outer (periosteal) contour of cross sections of the proximal diaphyses were represented by a newly defined section index and the major principal direction, respectively.First, rotation of the major principal axis along the length of the diaphysis revealed that various extents of "femoral torsion" exist in most of the diaphyses, the term of which used to be the angle between the femoral neck and the lower end of the femur. Second, changes of flatness and torsion of the diaphyseal cross sections were combined to classify femurs and showed that there were at least 4 types of femurs. Third, the strong flatness and small variation of rotation of the principal axis at the subtrochanteric region suggest the morphological trend of the cross section there, which may be interpreted in mechanical terms.
TL;DR: Heart rate decreased significantly under the cold exposure, and in the recovery period, it decreased further significantly, and subjects with the lowest mean skin temperature tended to decrease their heart rate most.
Abstract: In summer, 15 male students wearing only shorts were exposed to 15°C for 90 minutes in supine posture (exposure period), and then they were covered with blankets for 60 minutes (recovery period). Heart rate, blood pressure, heat production, rectal temperature and skin temperatures at 9 sites were recorded on subjects before, during and after exposure to a cold environment.Heart rate decreased significantly under the cold exposure, and in the recovery period, it decreased further significantly. In the recovery period, subjects with the lowest mean skin temperature tended to decrease their heart rate most. Skin temperature at finger was maintained at a higher level due to active vasomotor tone than that at toe during cold exposure, and increase rate of temperature at finger (7.9°C/hr) was larger than that at toe (1. 6°C/hr) in the recovery period. Rectal temperature fell by 0. 38°C by the end of the exposure. For 60 minutes in the recovery period, while the skin temperatures rose quickly, rectal temperature fell steeply to 0.34°C below the end of exposure value. In the recovery period, subjects with the lowest forehead skin temperature tended to fall their rectal temperature most, there was no significant relationships between fall in rectal temperature and change in skin temperatures of other sites.
TL;DR: The finger and palm prints of 328 males and 369 females from Tobishima Island in Yamagata Prefecture were examined for qualitative and quantitative characters, attempting to reveal a regional dermatoglyphic differentation in relation to the population structure reported previously.
Abstract: The finger and palm prints of 328 males and 369 females from Tobishima Island in Yamagata Prefecture were examined for 16 qualitative and 7 quantitative characters, attempting to reveal a regional dermatoglyphic differentation in relation to the population structure reported previously. A high degree of dermatoglyphic differentiation was found among three villages on Tobishima, especially in finger patterns, both hypothenar and thenar/I configurations, total finger ridge counts, and a-b ridge counts. Graphic profiles summarizing variation patterns in qualitative traits were strikingly different from one village to another, suggesting that the dermatoglyphic differentia-tion was apparently of random nature. Such rare variants as hypothenar whorls, hypothenar radial arches, and accessory axial triradii showed an uneven distribution among the villages. Further, a considerable deviation of the Tobishima population from the general Japanese was found in pattern frequencies, especially in missing c triradii, accessory interdigital triradii, thenar/I patterns, and simian creases. These results indicate that, as suggested by the previous report, the regional dermatoglyphic differentiation on Tobishima has been caused mainly by random genetic drift.
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between metabolic rate and air temperature or mean skin temperature were curved, and it was shown that the minimal value of metabolic rate will be obtained when air temperature would become about 25°C or ME would become 32°C.
Abstract: Eight male and six female students, wearing only shorts in male or Bikini swimming suits in female, were exposed to 20, 22, 24, 26 and 28°C in a climatic chamber for 60min in sitting posture on separate days. Air velocity was less than 20cm/sec and relative humidity was 50%. Metabolic rate, rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate and sweat rate were measured. Measurements between the 55th and 60th min of exposure were used for statistical analyses.The analysis of variance comfirmed a significant effect of air temperature on metabolic rate. Metabolic rates at 24 and 26°C were significantly lower than that at 20, 22 and 28°C. The regression analysis disclosed that the relationships between metabolic rate and air temperature or mean skin temperature were curved. According to these parabolic regression equations of metabolic rate on air temperature or mean skin temperature, the minimal value of metabolic rate will be obtained when air temperature would become about 25°C or mean skin temperature would become about 32°C.
TL;DR: The Ishigaki diving-fishers were characterized by larger biceps circumference, while their grip strength was inferior, and significant inter-group differences existed only among the older fishers aged 50 to 59 in the four variables analyzed.
Abstract: Thirteen anthropometric and physiological measurements of 84 male diving-fishers in Ishigaki City, Okinawa Prefecture were conducted. The first comparison was between the present data and the corresponding data of six other groups of Japanese muscular workers, and the second focused upon the differences within the Ishigaki diving-fishers in relation to their work history. The Ishigaki diving-fishers were characterized by larger biceps circumference, while their grip strength was inferior. For the second analysis, the Ishigaki diving-fishers were grouped into three: the first (group B) has exclusively carried out breath-hold diving, the second (BD), breath-hold diving and then mask-and-hose diving, and the third (BH) breath-hold diving followed by hand-line fishing. Significant inter-group differences existed only among the older fishers aged 50 to 59 in the four variables analyzed. Comparing with group BH, group B was higher in weight/height ratio, larger in biceps circumference, stronger in grip strength, and lower in heart rate. These differences are likely to have attributed to cumulative effects of their work.
TL;DR: The multiple correlation for *Tr, Wt, MSF, and VO2 was found to be highly significant, and may indicate that the subcutaneous fat prevents the heat loss from the body during exercise in a warm environment.
Abstract: The relationships between increase in rectal temperature and subcutaneous fat were studied during exercise in 10 male Japanese, aged 18 to 31 years old. The skinfold thicknesses were measured at six sites, i.e., triceps, chest, abdomen, iliac, subscapula, and thigh. Mean skinfold thickness (MSF), body density, body fat %, lean body mass (LBM), and body surface area(BSA) were calculated by the prediction equations. The subjects dressed only shorts and exercised on a bicycle ergometer for 32min at the two work loads, i, e., 300 and 600kgm/min, in a warm environment (DBT=28.5±1.71°C, WBT=23.9±1.62°C). Oxygen uptake (VO2) and increase in rectal temperature (ΔTr) were measured at the last of the exercise. Single correlation appeared to be significant between ΔTr and body weight (Wt), between ΔTr and LBM, and between ΔTr and BSA. The multiple regression equations of ΔTr (°C) on Wt (kg)and VO2 (ml/min), on LBM (kg) and VO2, and on BSA (m2) and VO2 were calculated respectively as, ΔTr=1.20-0.0282 Wt +0.000778 VO2, ΔTr=1.94-0.0469 LBM+0.000787 VO2, ΔTr=2.72-1.95 BSA+0.000780 VO2.These equations denote that the heavy body mass and the learge body surface area depress the increase in body temperature during exercise. The multiple correlation for *Tr, Wt, MSF, and VO2 was found to be highly significant (R=0.963, P<0.001), and the multiple regression equation of ΔTr(°C) on Wt (kg), MSF (mm), and VO2 (ml/min) was calculated as, ΔTr =2.11-0.0504 Wt+0.0416 MSF+0.000788 VO2.This may indicate that the subcutaneous fat prevents the heat loss from the body during exercise in a warm environment.
TL;DR: The incremental layers in the cement of the first lower molar was tested for new age index of the Ryukyu Wild Boar by comparing lower tooth eruption and wear rate and best observation point for age estimation was the cementume on divergence of dental root.
Abstract: The incremental layers in the cement of the first lower molar was tested for new age index of the Ryukyu Wild Boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus) by comparing lower tooth eruption and wear rate. The results were as follows: (1) Best observation point for age estimation was the cementume on divergence of dental root. (2) An age estimation with about half-yearly can be made by observing the incremented layers in the cement of the first lower molar together with the lower tooth eruption and wear rate.
TL;DR: It seems true that the features of adolescent spurt is more sensitive to the minute difference of environmental conditions rather than the final absolute size of the body is.
Abstract: The age-change patterns in the intra-pair similarity were analysed of 216 twins about 4 metric traits for the age span from 7 to 17 years old. Patterns were discriminated into 6 types (A, B, C, D, E, F, ) according to the criterion set based on standardized RPD which was defined by the present authors in 1980. In all types but A, the intra-pair difference is markedly large in dizygotic twins (DZ) than in monozygotic twins (MZ). Types D, E, F in which the difference is large at the final age are far more frequent in DZ than in MZ. Type B in which the difference is for a while passingly large is considered to be brought about from the intra-pair discrepancy of the age at peak velocity, and the largeness of this discrepancy of DZ is three times as large as that of MZ in case of the stature. More than two thirds of type-A MZ in one trait are judged as the same type in the other 2 or 3 traits, but in DZ there is no such pair in types A and B. It seems true that the features of adolescent spurt is more sensitive to the minute difference of environmental conditions rather than the final absolute size of the body is.
TL;DR: For comparing the pattern of interrelationship of seven anthropometric measurements and eight body build indices in the different phase of growth, principal component analysis was applied to each of ten cohorts of three-year age range consisting of 7-18 years old school children of Nase City.
Abstract: For comparing the pattern of interrelationship of seven anthropometric measurements and eight body build indices in the different phase of growth, principal component analysis was applied to each of ten cohorts of three-year age range consisting of 7-18 years old school children of Nase City. The loading patterns of component I indicating body size started to change at the time corresponding to adolescent growth spurt. Rohrer index, Livi index, ponderal index and relative weight were highly significantly correlated in most cohorts with component II representing body build, and are considered to be appropriate as body build indices. Those indices, however, are much less suitable in a quantitative sense for body build indices in girls at puberty who correspond to junior high school girls. W/H and Quetelet index were involved bilaterally with body size and body build and are not specified either of them. The skinfold thickness was closely associated with component III which is orthogonal to componentII must be taken into consideration in evaluating body fatness of children.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the attrition lesions of articular cartilage sometimes bring the knee joint to osteo-arthritis.
Abstract: As well known, Japanese habitually adopt formal sitting and squatting postures, the extreme flexion of the knees allowing of this. The influence exercised by pressure and posture are, therefore, found at the knee joints in Japanese. The attrition lesions of articular cartilage due to the postures in question are present on the supero-posterior surfaces of the lateral and medial femoral condyles as well as in the posterior one-third of the meniscuscovered segment on the lateral tibial condyle. The sites involved are functionally explained in relation to the mechanism of the joint. The attrition lesions are more frequent in females than in males. The decreased frequencies of the lesions in males are attributed to their postural habit of tending to adopt sartorial position. The attrition lesions include roughening, ulceration and destruction of articular cartilage. The onset is over thirty years of age, and the lesions are in order of increasing frequency with advancing age. It is suggested that the attrition lesions of articular cartilage sometimes bring the knee joint to osteo-arthritis.