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Showing papers in "The Journal of The Association for Persons With Severe Handicaps in 1988"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a critical analysis of the principle of the least restrictive environment (LRE) and present a review of the origins of LRE in professional writings and law and policy.
Abstract: This article presents a critical analysis of the principle of the least restrictive environment (LRE). The article begins with a review of the origins of LRE in professional writings and law and mo...

246 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an instructional strategy, system of least prompts, and reviews the use of the procedure in the applied research literature is described and analyzed in terms of the populations for which the procedure has been used, the type of skills that have been taught with the procedure, and the results when the procedure was employed.
Abstract: This manuscript describes an instructional strategy, system of least prompts, and reviews the use of the procedure in the applied research literature. The literature is analyzed in terms of the populations for which the procedure has been used, the type of skills that have been taught with the procedure, and the results when the procedure was employed. The literature also is described in terms of previously identified parameters of the system of least prompts including (a) the number and type of prompts included in the least-to-most assistance prompt hierarchies, (b) the presentation of the target stimulus at each prompt level, (c) use of a fixed response interval, and (d) the delivery of reinforcement following correct prompted and unprompted responses. Summary statements and recommendations about future use and research are included.

134 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of agency-sponsored job coaches in supporting employees with severe disabilities in integrated work environments is discussed and a broader concept of supported employment is proposed, based on studies of the supports and informal interactions characteristic of natural work environments.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to examine some of the basic premises of supported employment initiatives In particular, the role of agency-sponsored job coaches in supporting employees with severe disabilities in integrated work environments is discussed A broader concept of supported employment is proposed, based on studies of the supports and informal interactions characteristic of natural work environments Alternative support options, entitled the Mentor Option, the Training Consultant Option, the Job Sharing Option, and the Attendant Option, which involve the active participation of supervisors and co-workers, are presented with suggestions for implementation

120 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative methodologists study informants with severe retardation whose use of communication is heavily dependent on good communication between the researcher and the informant, and they find that good communication is essential for good research.
Abstract: Qualitative research methods generally depend heavily on good communication between researcher and informant. When qualitative methodologists study informants with severe retardation whose use of l...

102 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, three students with severe disabilities were taught to initiate a conversation and participate in conversation turntaking throughout a 10min session across a variety of school and co-learning environments.
Abstract: Three students with severe disabilities were taught to independently initiate a conversation and participate in conversation turntaking throughout a 10-min session across a variety of school and co...

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors explored how parents interpret the events of transition within families in both their historical and their cultural context, and found that transitions within families are socially constructed processes that need to be understood in both the historical and cultural context.
Abstract: Transitions within families are socially constructed processes that need to be understood in both their historical and their cultural context. This study explored how parents interpret the events a...

85 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the issue of who are the most severely disabled students and clients and how they have or have not benefited from educational and postschool professional services to date.
Abstract: This article examines the issue of who are the most severely disabled students and clients and how they have or have not benefited from educational and postschool professional services to date. A l...

61 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study report describes various treatments implemented over a 3-year period in an effort to reduce and eliminate multiple and severe self-injurious behaviors in a 45-year-old man who suffered from depression.
Abstract: This case study report describes the various treatments implemented over a 3-year period in an effort to reduce and eliminate multiple and severe self-injurious behaviors in a 45-year-old man who h...

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data is presented showing different profiles in biobehavioral states among students with severe and profound disabilities, with similar descriptions of physical and psychological functioning described in the head-trauma literature compared with similar education and intervention problems.
Abstract: Implications of biobehavioral state measures for the assessment of students with profoundly handicapping conditions are discussed in relation to similar behaviors observed in infants and among persons recovering from severe head trauma. Data are presented showing different profiles in biobehavioral states among students with severe and profound disabilities. These profiles are compared with similar descriptions of physical and psychological functioning described in the head-trauma literature, with a discussion of similar education and intervention problems and the need for more exchange of information between special education and rehabilitation therapy for persons with severe neurological impairments. Additionally, biobehavioral state measures among persons with severe and profound disabilities are offered as a potentially valuable assessment tool with important implications for improved intervention strategies and future research directions.

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, increased emphasis is being placed on providing integrated and normalizing work experiences for people with severe disabilities through supported employment, where more individuals are offered trainin-the-bootstraps.
Abstract: Increased emphasis is being placed on providing integrated and normalizing work experiences for people with severe disabilities through supported employment. As more individuals are offered trainin...

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the effectiveness of a behavioral parent training package that included initial training in two settings in the home with generalization of parenting skills (and the need for ad-hoc training).
Abstract: This study examined the effectiveness of a behavioral parent training package that included initial training in two settings in the home with generalization of parenting skills (and the need for ad...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, students with severe to profound mental retardation, sensory impairments, medical problems, and severe physical disabilities are often the recipients of passive programming and instruction and are often referred to as passive learners.
Abstract: Students who have severe to profound mental retardation, sensory impairments, medical problems, and severe physical disabilities are often the recipients of passive programming and instruction. The...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relative effectiveness and efficiency of general case in vivo and general case simulation plus in vivo training in teaching six students with moderate and severe disabilities to purchase drink and food items in fast-food restaurants was examined.
Abstract: This study examined the relative effectiveness and efficiency of general case in vivo and general case simulation plus in vivo training in teaching six students with moderate and severe disabilities to purchase drink and food items in fast-food restaurants. General case in vivo training consisted of instruction in three fast-food restaurants located near the students' school. General case simulation plus in vivo training alternated classroom training with training in a single restaurant. Generalization was assessed in three novel restaurants. Results indicated that both strategies led to reliable performance in nontrained settings. However, students who received general case in vivo instruction required fewer training trials to criterion, made fewer errors to criterion, and required less training time to criterion than students who received general case simulation plus in vivo training. In addition, the overall costs of general case in vivo instruction were lower than the costs of the general case simulat...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the use of supported employment via the supported jobs model to provide competitive work experience for a 19-year-old student with severe disabilities, including emptying trash cans, detail cleaning, and daily cleaning.
Abstract: There is a need for empirically based studies to support public school on-the-job training programs for students with severe disabilities. This study examined the use of supported employment via the supported jobs model to provide competitive work experience for a 19-year-old student with severe disabilities. The job trained involved a complex set of janitorial skills, including emptying trash cans, detail cleaning, and daily cleaning. Training consisted of a combination of total task presentation and an individualized prompting hierarchy. A multiple baseline across behaviors design was employed across the three sets of behaviors. Results demonstrated the acquisition and maintenance of all skills at 100% accuracy. The use of supported employment as a means of providing competitive work experience for students with severe disabilities and the need for further research on effective community-based vocational training strategies are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address integrated public school education for students with disabilities from both a legal and an educational perspective, including the influence of the media, the need for increased dissemination of legal and educational findings, and a critical examination of the existing data base.
Abstract: This article addresses integrated public school education for students with disabilities from both a legal and an educational perspective. Variables critical to public integration, including the influence of the media, the need for increased dissemination of legal and educational findings, the need for well-developed IEPs, and a critical examination of the existing data base are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of the Individualized Curriculum Sequencing (ICS) model on the acquisition and generalization of skills by two preschoolers with severe handicaps were evaluated using a within-subject m...
Abstract: The effects of the Individualized Curriculum Sequencing (ICS) model on the acquisition and generalization of skills by two preschoolers with severe handicaps were evaluated using a within-subject m...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, single-case research designs have emerged as a major methodological strategy in some areas of social science research, yet, single-subject research is plagued by a number of methodological, concept, and concept-based problems.
Abstract: Single-case research designs have emerged as a major methodological strategy in some areas of social science research. Yet, single-subject research is plagued by a number of methodological, concept...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, mothers of students with severe disabilities were compared with mothers of nondisabled students and students with mild to moderate disabilities regarding their perceptions of school involvement, and the results indicated that in comparison to the parents of students in regular education, parents of those with disabilities were offered more opportunities to be involved, were more satisfied with their involvement and felt more able to influence their children's education.
Abstract: The importance of parental participation in the educational process has been recognized in both regular and special education. However, most of what is known about parent involvement in special education has been garnered through studies at the elementary age level and with families of students with mild disabilities. In this study, mothers of students with severe disabilities were compared with mothers of nondisabled students and students with mild to moderate disabilities regarding their perceptions of school involvement. A total of 117 mothers were interviewed. The results indicated that in comparison to the parents of students in regular education, parents of students with disabilities were offered more opportunities to be involved, were more satisfied with their involvement, and felt more able to influence their children's education. This was true over the school age span. No significant differences were related to the severity of the children's disability. Types of activities in which the mothers we...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: One-hundred fifty teachers of students with severe and multiple impairments were surveyed to identify the prevalence of health-related procedures being used in the classrooms, the person(s) routinely responsible for implementing the procedure(s), and the persons the teachers felt should be responsible for implement the procedures.
Abstract: One-hundred fifty teachers of students with severe and multiple impairments were surveyed to identify the prevalence of health-related procedures being used in the classrooms, the person(s) routine...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the case is made that parents and professionals working in concert can form a more effective advocacy partnership, particularly when districts present resistance to integrated options, and strategies for obtaining integrated options through advocacy partnerships are suggested.
Abstract: The lack of integrated educational options in many communities suggests the need for continued advocacy efforts with local school districts. The case is made here that parents and professionals working in concert can form a more effective advocacy partnership, particularly when districts present resistance to integrated options. Strategies for obtaining integrated options through advocacy partnerships are suggested, with examples provided. The strategies are drawn from direct experience as well as from recommendations in the professional literature.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the area of severe-profound retardation, researchers are faced with small sample sizes and the question of statistical power is critical as mentioned in this paper, and three commonly used tests for treatment-co...
Abstract: In the area of severe-profound retardation, researchers are faced with small sample sizes. The question of statistical power is critical. In this article, three commonly used tests for treatment-co...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of program coordinators was conducted to provide a description of services for children and youth (ages 0 to 21) with deaf-blindness as discussed by the authors, and the majority of respondents indicated that transition programs are in place in their service areas, but that individualized transition plans (ITPs) are not mandated.
Abstract: Specialized service programs for children and youth (ages 0 to 21) with deaf-blindness have received federal support since 1968. Currently, a combination of single state and multistate/regional programs serve students with dual sensory impairments. A national survey of program coordinators was conducted to provide a description of services. Respondents completed a 57-item questionnaire about their program's administrative structure, teacher certification requirements, technical assistance, eligibility determination, educational placement, curricula/instructional settings, transition, and unmet educational needs. Thirty-two surveys (a response rate of 59%) were returned and analyzed. Most coordinators indicated that they work only part time in the position and that technical assistance to practitioners and families constitutes a major part of their responsibilities. Educational placements for students with deaf-blindness include classrooms for persons with severe handicaps/sensory impairments, residential programs, and vocational programs. The majority of respondents noted that transition programs are in place in their service areas, but that individualized transition plans (ITPs) are not mandated. Services to families of preschool and elementary students were identified as an area needing further attention, and the lack of appropriate curricula materials was identified as a problem across age groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that active euthanasia of infants with anencephaly is undesirable and should be prohibited in order to safeguard the rights of all persons with severe neurological disabilities.
Abstract: Recent advances in medical technology have made it possible to transplant organs into infants with severe heart and kidney disease, but the need for these organs exceeds the presently available supply. Some have suggested that infants born with the severe neurological defect of anencephaly might be used as organ donors, even if these infants do not meet the criteria for brain death. Current criteria for brain death are reviewed and it is concluded that this proposal represents active euthanasia or medical killing of infants with anencephaly. Justification of active euthanasia is discussed in medical, ethical, and historical terms. Recently developed protocols to obtain organs for transplantation from infants with anencephaly after brain death has been determined are described and their ethical implications are discussed. It is argued that active euthanasia of infants with anencephaly is undesirable and should be prohibited in order to safeguard the rights of all persons with severe neurological disabilities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review existing extended school year literature, provide a case analysis, and make recommendations for developing explicit criteria for eligibility, and provide empirical guidelines from which to develop policy on the eligibility and provision of such services.
Abstract: Litigation in the 1970s and early 1980s encouraged the provision of school services in excess of 180 days for certain students who demonstrated summer regression and poor recoupment. Criteria for these services have varied widely and have sometimes been difficult to surmise. The literature on extended school year is sparse, providing administrators with few empirical guidelines from which to develop policy on the eligibility and provision of such services. By contrast, the literature on maintenance provides useful strategies for extended school year assessment and planning. In this article we review existing extended school year literature, provide a case analysis, and make recommendations for developing explicit criteria for eligibility.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The status of extended school year (ESY) services was assessed through a national survey of the chapters of the National Society for Children and Adults with Autism (NSAC) as mentioned in this paper, and the results of the 66 NSAC chapters that responded were compared with previous research that surveyed state and local education agencies about ESY implementation.
Abstract: The status of extended school year (ESY) services was assessed through a national survey of the chapters of the National Society for Children and Adults with Autism (NSAC). The results of the 66 NSAC chapters that responded were compared with previous research that surveyed state and local education agencies about ESY implementation. Although the availability of ESY programs appears to be increasing, public officials and consumers differ in their perceptions of the methods and criteria employed by states to implement ESY services. Differences among states were evident with regard to the operationalization of various aspects of ESY such as eligibility criteria and length of programs.