The North American Journal of Economics and Finance 

TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply a gravity model to 1980?1996 annual nonfuel imports data for 58 countries to quantify the effects of recently created or revamped PTAs on trade.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effects of fragmentation on national welfare, on patterns of specialization and trade, and on factor prices in the Ricardian model and the Heckscher-Ohlin model.

TL;DR: The authors examined the implications of international production fragmentation for global and regional trade patterns, with special emphasis on countries in East Asia, and found that, while trade in parts and components has generally grown faster than total world manufacturing trade, the degree of dependence of East Asia on this new form of international specialization is proportionately larger than in North America and Europe.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the issue in the context of a conventional trade framework that has been amended to allow production to be disaggregated into its constituent activities, and concluded that offshore sourcing generally increases employment in an industry by creating more jobs in the remaining activities than are lost to sub-contracting.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors decompose machinery trade into one-way trade, vertical intra-industry trade (vertical IIT), and horizontal intra industry trade (horizontal IIT) using finely disaggregated international trade data.