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Showing papers in "The Sociological Review in 2015"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the sociology of class should be grounded not in the assumption and valorisation of class identities but in an understanding of class as struggles against classification, which can contribute to the development of alternative social and political imaginaries to the biopolitics of disposability symptomatic of neoliberal governmentality.
Abstract: The fate of groups is bound up with the words that designate them (Bourdieu, 1984). The problem that the concept of ‘class’ describes is inequality. The transition from industrial to financial capitalism (neoliberalism) in Europe has effected ‘deepening inequalities of income, health and life chances within and between countries, on a scale not seen since before the second world War’ (Hall, Massey, Rushtin, 2014: 9). In this context, class is an essential point of orientation for sociology if it is to grasp the problem of inequality today. Tracing a route through Pierre Bourdieu’s relational understanding of class, Beverley Skeggs’ understanding of class as struggles (over value), and Wendy Brown’s argument that neoliberalism is characterized by the culturalization of political struggles, this article animates forms of class-analysis, with which we might better apprehend the forms of class exploitation that distinguish post-industrial societies. Taking a cue from Jacques Ranciere, the central argument is that the sociology of class should be grounded not in the assumption and valorisation of class identities but in an understanding of class as struggles against classification. In this way, sociology can contribute to the development of alternative social and political imaginaries to the biopolitics of disposability symptomatic of neoliberal governmentality.

158 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This chapter addresses work ‘segregation’ by sex in the cultural industries by claiming that the following stereotypes or prevailing discourses, concerning the distinctive attributes of women and men, may influence such segregation: that women are more caring, supportive and nurturing; women are better communicators; that women is ‘better organized’; and that men are more creative because they are less bound by rules.
Abstract: This chapter addresses work ‘segregation’ by sex in the cultural industries. We outline some of the main forms this takes, according to our observations: the high presence of women in marketing and public relations roles; the high numbers of women in production co-ordination and similar roles; the domination of men of more prestigious creative roles; and the domination by men of technical jobs. We then turn to explanation: what gender dynamics drive such patterns of work segregation according to sex? Drawing on interviews, we claim that the following stereotypes or prevailing discourses, concerning the distinctive attributes of women and men, may influence such segregation: that women are more caring, supportive and nurturing; that women are better communicators; that women are ‘better organized’; and that men are more creative because they are less bound by rules.

106 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that even when the upwardly mobile are successful in entering elite occupations, they invariably fail to accumulate the same economic, cultural and social capital as those from privileged backgrounds, and also found that the mobile tend to have considerably lower incomes.
Abstract: In this paper we use the unusually large sample size of the Great British Class Survey to compare rates of social mobility into different elite occupations. We find a distinction between ‘traditional’ professions, such as law, medicine and finance, which are dominated by the children of higher managers and professionals, and technical or emerging high-status occupations, particularly those related to IT, that appear to recruit more widely. Second, we find that even when the upwardly mobile are successful in entering elite occupations they invariably fail to accumulate the same economic, cultural and social capital as those from privileged backgrounds. While many such differences may be explained by inheritance, we also find that the mobile tend to have considerably lower incomes. Investigating this further we demonstrate that even when controlling for important variables such as schooling, education, location, age, and cultural and social capital, the upwardly mobile in eight occupations – located largely in the business sector – have considerably lower incomes than their higher-origin colleagues. These findings underline the value of analyses of mobility into specific high-status occupations as well as illustrating how, beyond entry, the mobile often face considerable disadvantage within occupations.

102 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the association between social background, university attended and social position for over 85,000 graduates and found strong evidence of distinct stratification of outcomes by university attended, even within the prestigious Russell Group.
Abstract: We use the Great British Class Survey to examine the association between social background, university attended and social position for over 85,000 graduates. This unique dataset allows us to look beyond the very early labour market experiences of graduates investigated in previous studies and to examine the outcome of attending particular institutions. We find strong evidence of distinct stratification of outcomes by university attended, even within the prestigious Russell Group. There are marked differences in entry to elite positions for graduates of different universities, with sharp gradients in levels of economic capital in particular. The ‘golden triangle’ of Oxford, Cambridge and certain London institutions emerges as a distinct elite. However, even within that grouping there are striking differences, with Oxford ahead of Cambridge on several measures. These findings underline the importance of a geographically concentrated set of elite universities in channelling access to top positions in British society.

86 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the relationship between working-class participation in higher education (HE) and social and cultural mobility and argued that embarking on a university education for workingclass people has been construed in governmental discourses as an instrumental means of achieving upward mobility, or of aspiring to become middle class.
Abstract: This paper interrogates the relationship between working-class participation in higher education (HE) in England and social and cultural mobility. It argues that embarking on a university education for working-class people has been construed in governmental discourses as an instrumental means of achieving upward mobility, or of aspiring to ‘become middle class’. Education in this sense is thus not only understood as having the potential to confer value on individuals, as they pursue different ‘forms of capital’, or symbolic ‘mastery’ (Bourdieu, 1986), but as incurring a form of debt to society. In this sense, the university can be understood as a type of ‘creditor’ to whom the working-class participants are symbolically indebted, while the middle classes pass through unencumbered. Through the analysis of empirical research conducted with staff from working-class backgrounds employed on a university Widening Participation project in England, the article examines resistance to dominant educational discourses, which understand working-class culture as ‘deficient’ and working-class participation in HE as an instrumental means of securing upward mobility. Challenging the problematic notion of ‘escape’ implicit in mobility discourses, this paper concludes by positing the alternative concept of ‘fugitivity’, to contest the accepted relationship in HE between creditor and debtor.

83 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored how increasingly ethnically diverse population routinely share and mix in urban places and social spaces and found that corporate spaces which are more often dismissed as commercial, globalized spaces of soulless homogeneity can be locally inflected spaces whose cultural blandness may generate confident familiarity, ethnic mixity, mundane copresence and inattentive forms of conviviality.
Abstract: This paper engages with an emergent literature on multiculture and concepts such as conviviality and negotiation to explore how increasingly ethnically diverse population routinely share and mix in urban places and social spaces. As part of a wider ESRC funded, two-year qualitative study of changing social life and everyday multiculture in different geographical areas of contemporary England, this paper draws on participant observation data from three branches of franchised leisure and consumption cafe spaces. We pay particular attention to the ways these spaces work as settings of encounter and shared presence between groups often envisaged as separated by ethnic difference. Our findings suggest that corporate spaces which are more often dismissed as commercial, globalized spaces of soulless homogeneity can be locally inflected spaces whose cultural blandness may generate confident familiarity, ethnic mixity, mundane co-presence and inattentive forms of conviviality.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue for a sociology which acknowledges the way we are co-constituted with a range of non-human species as part of the condition of life on this planet.
Abstract: Influential voices have argued for a sociology which acknowledges the way we are co-constituted with a range of non-human species as part of the condition of life on this planet. Despite this, soci...

79 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a speculative method for engaging with the not-as-yet is proposed, focusing on the becoming-with-character of social events, and propose a speculative approach to explore energy-demand reduction in Twitter.
Abstract: This paper aims to contribute to recent innovations in social scientific methodology that aspire to address the complex, iterative and performative dimensions of method. In particular, we focus on the becoming-with character of social events, and propose a speculative method for engaging with the not-as-yet. This work, being part of a larger project that uses Speculative Design and ethnographic methods to explore energy-demand reduction, specifically considers the ways in which energy-demand reduction features in the Twitter-sphere. Developing and deploying three automated Bots whose function and communications are at best obscure, and not uncommonly nonsensical, we trace some of ways in which they intervene and provoke. Heuristically, we draw on the ‘conceptual characters’ of idiot, parasite and diplomat in order to grasp how the Bots act within Twitter to evoke the instability and emergent eventuations of energy-demand reduction, community and related practices. We conclude by drawing out some of the wider implications of this particular enactment of speculative method.

69 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that it is vital to reorient class analysis away from its long term preoccupation with class boundaries in the middle levels of the class structure towards a focus on the class formation at the top.
Abstract: This introductory paper argues that it is vital to reorient class analysis away from its long term preoccupation with class boundaries in the middle levels of the class structure towards a focus on the class formation at the top. This will permit sociological analysis to engage more effectively with concerns about the ‘1 percent’ and accentuating wealth which are increasingly evident. Accordingly I sketch out the persistence of the ‘problematic of the proletariat’ in sociological analysis before considering theoretical resources which might permit an engagement with the ‘wealth elite’. This paper serves to introduce the other papers of this special issue which use the GBCS to explore different facets of the wealth elite in Britain today.

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the experiences of young Canadian women working in Toronto and New York who have undertaken unpaid internships in the creative sector, and found that despite the economic precarity of paid internships, the young women articulated strong desires to find meaningful, secure, and paid employment.
Abstract: This paper examines the experiences of young Canadian women working in Toronto and New York who have undertaken unpaid internships in the creative sector. Interviews focused on their internship experiences, ability to secure paid employment, knowledge of the legal status of unpaid internships, and familiarity with emergent activism against unpaid internships. Findings reinforce the class-based privilege of unpaid internships in the creative sector. Despite the economic precarity of unpaid internships, the young women articulated strong desires to find meaningful, secure, and paid employment.

64 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the persistence of gender inequalities within these fields and highlight the ways in which gender inequality is mediated by age and parental status, and the impact of intersectional identities on women's ability to sustain a career in film and television.
Abstract: This article looks at the predominance of freelancing in the film and television industries as a lens to examine the persistence of gender inequalities within these fields. Previous research has indicated that women fare better in larger organizations with more stable patterns of employment, and in this article we explore why that might be the case, by focusing on the experiences of female freelancers at a moment when project-based, precarious work and informal recruitment practices are increasing in the UK film and television sector. We highlight in particular the ways in which gender inequality is mediated by age and parental status, and the impact of intersectional identities on women's ability to sustain a career in film and television.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper significantly advances understanding of the true meaning of spatial inequality in the UK by broadening that definition to encompass not only the economic, but also the social and cultural arenas, using data available from the BBC's Great British Class Survey experiment.
Abstract: There is an enduring, indeed increasing awareness of the role of spatial location in defining and reinforcing inequality in this country and beyond. In the UK, much of the debate around these issues has focussed on the established trope of a long-standing ‘north-south divide’, a divide which appears to have deepened in recent decades with the inexorable de-industrialisation of northern Britain presented in stark counterpoint to the burgeoning concentration of wealth in London and the south-east, driven by the financial and ancillary services sectors. Due to a lack of available data, such debates have tended to focus solely on economic inequalities between places, and until now there was little understanding of how these disparities played out in the social and cultural domains. This paper significantly advances our understanding of the true meaning of spatial inequality in the UK by broadening that definition to encompass not only the economic, but also the social and cultural arenas, using data available from the BBC's Great British Class Survey experiment. We argue that these data shine a light not only on the economic inequalities between different parts of the country which existing debates have already uncovered but to understand how these are both reinforced and mediated across the social and cultural dimensions. Fundamentally, we concur with a great many others in seeing London and the south-east as a vortex for economic accumulation but it is also much more than that; it is a space where the coming together of intense economic, social and cultural resources enables the crystallisation of particular and nuanced forms of elite social class formations, formations in which place is not incidental but integral to their very existence.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The MYPLACE project as discussed by the authors maps the relationship between political heritage, current levels and forms of civic and political engagement of young people in Europe, and their potential receptivity to radical and populist political agendas.
Abstract: This introductory article introduces the MYPLACE (Memory, Youth, Political Legacy and Civic Engagement) project the findings of which articles in this volume are based. MYPLACE maps the relationship between political heritage, current levels and forms of civic and political engagement of young people in Europe, and their potential receptivity to radical and populist political agendas. In this introductory article, the implications of the project?s three-way gaze - to the past, present and future - are explored by addressing three questions that run through contributions to this volume: What is politics, and why do many young people say they hate it? How does the past shape the present and the future? Are young people receptive to populist and radical right political agendas? The article outlines the distinctive case study approach to the project and its integrated mixed method design, detailing the common survey, interview, focus group and ethnographic research instruments employed in the project and the principles of analysis followed for the analysis of survey and qualitative research data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors locates the GBCS papers on the elite, and their respondents, within a context, and emphasizes some of the key points made by the respondents in order to intervene in a discussion about what is at stake in doing sociological research on class.
Abstract: This general introduction locates the GBCS papers on the elite, and their respondents, within a context. It emphasizes some of the key points made by the respondents in order to intervene in a discussion about what is at stake in doing sociological research on class. It draws attention to the differences between on the one hand status and stratification, and on the other class struggle perspectives, and hence the difference between a hierarchical gradational analysis and a relational one based on the struggle between groups over value. I begin to answer a question raised by many of the respondents in this special issue: ‘what is the question that the analysis of class is designed to answer?’ I also draw attention to some of the problems with Bourdieu's ‘structuring architecture’, showing how the partial reproduction of Bourdieu presents fundamental problems, leading to a Great British Stratification Survey (‘GBSs’) rather than a GBCS. The different trajectories in class analysis that confusingly merge ove...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address the question of how gender inequalities are produced in the film industry and present a solution to the problem of gender inequality in the movie industry, in the absence of industry or organizational interventions.
Abstract: This article addresses the question of how gender inequalities are produced in the film industry. In the absence of industry or organizational interventions, these inequalities seem unmanageable. W...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored the gendered dynamics of self-promotion by drawing on 64 in-depth interviews with female, classically trained musicians in London and Berlin, and found that women are more likely to be attracted to self-love than men.
Abstract: This chapter explores the gendered dynamics of self-promotion by drawing on 64 in-depth interviews with female, classically trained musicians in London and Berlin. As in other sectors in the cultur...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The UK trend of people working for themselves has been discussed in this article, where the authors explore the wider implications of a discursive drift by which discourses of entrepreneurialism and contemporary creative work converge on the new figure of the worker who leaves paid employment for the supposed satisfactions of working from home.
Abstract: This article discusses the growing UK trend of people working for themselves Beginning with the example of a media representation, it explores the wider implications of a discursive drift by which discourses of entrepreneurialism and contemporary creative work converge on the new figure of the worker who leaves paid employment for the supposed satisfactions of working from home The article argues that, in contrast to the heroic masculine figures of the entrepreneur and artist, this is a feminized low-status worker Its celebration is part of a ‘new mystique’ resembling the ‘housewife trap’ described by Friedan (1963) half a century ago, because for increasing numbers of people, both male and female, working for yourself amounts to exclusion to an almost subsistence level of economic activity on the margins of the neoliberal economy

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative youth survey in 14 European countries was conducted to investigate which individual or contextual factors are associated with a higher propensity among young people towards getting involved in far right movements.
Abstract: The last decade has seen a notable increase in support for far right parties and an alarming rise of right-wing extremism across Europe. Drawing on a new comparative youth survey in 14 European countries, this article provides deeper insight into young people's support for nationalist and far right ideology: negative attitudes towards minorities, xenophobia, welfare chauvinism and exclusionism in relation to migrants. We first map the support for far right ideology among youth in Europe, and then use multilevel regression analysis (16,935 individuals nested in 30 locations) to investigate which individual or contextual factors are associated with a higher propensity among young people towards getting involved in far right movements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored how pet owners grieve their pets and view their transience, drawing on Butler's notion of the differential allocation of grievability, and analyzed eighteen interviews with pet owners.
Abstract: This study explores how pet owners grieve their pets and view their pets’ transience. Drawing on Butler’s notion of the differential allocation of grievability, I have analyzed eighteen interviews ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that it is the milieu of the smaller student societies that are crucial for facilitating the habitus of the student citizen and argue that these processes of politicization are increasingly enacted through social media networks that foreground their importance for de...
Abstract: The university campus has often been seen as an important site for the politicization of young people. Recent explanations for this have focused attention upon the role of the student union as a means to enable a ‘critical mass’ of previously isolated individuals to produce social networks of common interest. What is missing from these accounts, however, and what this article seeks to address, is how these factors actually facilitate the development of political norms and the active engagement of many students. Drawing upon qualitative data from three countries we argue that it is the milieu of the smaller student societies that are crucial for facilitating the habitus of the student citizen. They provide the space for creative development and performance of the political self, affiliations to particular fields and access to cultural and social capital. Moreover, we contend that these processes of politicization are increasingly enacted through social media networks that foreground their importance for de...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a theoretical framework that draws on key concepts and debates in different strands of sociology: the increasing demand for paid care-domestic work due to the ageing population and the growth of native-born women's rates of activity; the commodification of care and the state management of migration; the affectivity and spatial fixity of caredomestic labour.
Abstract: he purpose of this article is to remedy the lack of explanatory endeavours concerning the positive performance of female migrant workers during the recent economic crisis in Western Europe. This phenomenon both interrogates the established association between economic downturns and their negative impact on migrant labour in low-skilled jobs and enriches the theory of the reserve army of labour, which has been applied to understanding the fragile status of migrant workers in Western economies. Secondary analysis of Labor Force Survey (LFS) and OECD data concerning the impact of the crisis on migrant labour shows that women employed in the care-domestic sector have been affected significantly less than men employed in manufacture and constructions. To explain this evidence, the article proposes a theoretical framework that draws on key concepts and debates in different strands of sociology: the increasing demand for paid care-domestic work due to the ageing population and the growth of native-born women's rates of activity; the commodification of care and the state management of migration; the affectivity and spatial fixity of care-domestic labour. All these factors contribute to configure female migrant labour, mostly employed in the reproductive sector, as a ‘regular’ rather than a reserve army of labour.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the "socialized worker" is subject as discussed by the authors, and even among the creative industries, film is a hot topic.
Abstract: The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the ‘socialized worker’ (Gill and Pratt, 2008) is subject. Even among the creative industries, film...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Bourdieu as mentioned in this paper asserted that food preferences, as much as any other element of culture, are distributed within a space of difference more or less homologous with the social order.
Abstract: Thirty-five years ago Pierre Bourdieu asserted that food preferences, as much as any other element of culture, are distributed within a space of difference more or less homologous with the social s...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that young men from working-class backgrounds, who are steeped in the traditions of communities of practice, are less able than young women to endure the rigours of the creative career, preferring the stable and cooperative forms of the work group to the individualistic and competitive structures of the new economy.
Abstract: The growth of the new economy and creative work has posed a range of challenges for young workers in the West. Creativity has come to signify something more than simply performing symbolic and knowledge work. To be creative is now also to exhibit an entrepreneurial savviness and a readiness to endure the vagaries of precarious work and the scrutiny of creative gatekeepers. In this paper, based on research in Australia amongst creative aspirants, we suggest that young men from working-class backgrounds, who are steeped in the traditions of communities of practice, are less able than young women to endure the rigours of the creative career. They are disinclined to ‘sell themselves’ and their skills, in churning creative labour markets, preferring the stable and cooperative forms of the work group to the individualistic and competitive structures of the new economy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the reasons behind the proliferation of surveillance devices in schools, considering the role of key protagonists and the promises made regarding these technologies, and concluded that failure to recognize these new dynamics may result in schools quietly, subtly becoming experimental labs and then junkyards for our surveillance future.
Abstract: In late modernity there has been a massive growth in ‘new’ surveillance devices situated within schools. This paper explores the reasons behind this proliferation, considering the role of key protagonists and the promises made regarding these technologies. It is suggested that there is strong connection between notions of neoliberal governmentality (Foucault, 2008; Gane, 2012) and arguments relating to increased security, improved efficiency, the desirability of techno-surveillance devices and desensitization to pervasive monitoring. In particular, it is maintained that the devolution of state power, the marketization of education, increased responsibilization and the nature of observation in the viewer society all help to explain the emergence of ‘surveillance schools’. It is concluded that failure to recognize these new dynamics may result in schools quietly, subtly becoming experimental labs and then junkyards for our surveillance futures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a relational approach to the notion of cultural capital may shed light on how stratification and the mechanisms of social domination have developed in France by using several studies focused on a range of social classes, and demonstrates how cultural capital is being used in changing ways, at every level of the social hierarchy.
Abstract: This article shows that a relational approach to the notion of cultural capital may shed light on how stratification and the mechanisms of social domination have developed in France. By using several studies focused on a range of social classes, it demonstrates how cultural capital is being used in changing ways, at every level of the social hierarchy. The article is intended to move away from a substantialist definition of cultural capital, which cannot be solely defined by its contents, such as an educational degree or a collection of cultural practices. In order to understand the transformations of the boundaries between social classes, it is necessary to analyse developments in the relationship between cultural and economic capitals, and between cultural capital's incorporated, objectified and institutionalized forms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, women can use living apart together (LAT) for a reflexive and strategic undoing of the gendered norms of cohabitation, and they examine this assertion empirically.
Abstract: Recent research suggests that women can use living apart together (LAT) for a reflexive and strategic undoing of the gendered norms of cohabitation. In this article we examine this assertion empiri...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that young people who feel that their father, mother or friends hold more distant political views are less likely to engage in political discussions with each of them, and that there are significant gender differences when analysing the role of the parents as political discussion partners.
Abstract: Young people's engagement in political discussions with parents and friends represents a significant component of the political socialization process and can be seen as an activity where they learn some very basic democratic skills. Based on data from qualitative interviews and a questionnaire survey, this article explores how young people experience political discussions in their everyday life. Our data indicate that young people who feel that their father, mother or friends, respectively, hold more distant political views are less likely to engage in political discussions with each of them. These findings support previous studies in political communication suggesting that people tend to avoid social situations where political disagreements are likely to appear. Furthermore, the results show that there are significant gender differences when analysing the role of the parents as political discussion partners.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The case of household recycling was used by as mentioned in this paper to demonstrate the importance of consumption work for the organization of the waste management industry in England and make the case for a renewed conception of division of labour to account for transformations and interconnections between work of different forms within contemporary society.
Abstract: Consumers play an integral role in societal divisions of labour. Rather than simply consume, they frequently perform labour. Incorporating consumers into the division of labour poses a challenge to this foundational and enduring concept, given its traditional focus on the technical division of tasks/skills within a labour process. Yet, insofar as completion of a circuit of production, distribution, exchange and consumption is predicated on consumers undertaking work in order to/after they consume, analysis of the division of labour would be incomplete without their inclusion. This paper uses the case of household recycling to demonstrate the importance of ‘consumption work’ for the organization of the waste management industry in England. By sorting their waste, consumers initiate a new economic process, providing feedstock (such as metals, plastics and paper) which in turn creates jobs/profits within the recycling, processing and manufacturing industries. Consumers also reconfigure public and private sector responsibilities when they sort their recyclable materials from general household waste, revealing the interdependency of consumption work with labour conducted under different socio-economic relations and across differing socio-economic domains. This paper makes the case for a renewed conception of division of labour to account for transformations and interconnections between work of different forms within contemporary society.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored whether there are variations in levels of "Britishness" and perceptions of the compatibility between Britishness and other cultural/religious identities among different minoritized groups in England and Wales, focusing on similarities and differences in a sense of access to forms of Britishness among migrant groups.
Abstract: Negative rhetoric and policy regarding Muslims has been justified according to a perceived lack of integration into British society. However, this lack of integration has not been empirically established and remains poorly described. This paper explores whether there are variations in levels of ‘Britishness’ and perceptions of the compatibility between Britishness and other cultural/religious identities among different minoritized groups in England and Wales. It examines the impact of racialization and other forms of social and economic exclusion on ideas of Britishness, focusing on similarities and differences in a sense of access to forms of Britishness among migrant groups. Descriptive and multivariate analyses of Citizenship Survey data showed that 90 per cent of Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and Christians felt part of Britain. Muslims were more likely than Caribbean Christians to report a strong British identification and (along with Hindus and Sikhs) to recognize potential compatibility between this and o...