Showing papers in "TIJ's Research Journal of Social Science & Management - RJSSM in 2018"

Women Empowerment through Self Help Groups: Problems and Prospects in Ethiopia

Abstract: Women empowerment is a process in which women are facing numerous challenges with existing norms and cultural values to promote their wellbeing of the life. In this contemporary scenario, the participation of women in self-help groups made impacts on their empowerment in social as well as economic aspects. The purpose of the study addresses the issues relating to women empowerment through Self-help groups in Ethiopia. The primary and secondary data were collected for the study purpose. The main objective of the study is to identify the problems and prospects of rural women and analyze the factors contributing to the socio-economic status of rural women. The data were collected from the member of SHGs in Amhara Region using a structured questionnaire. Percentage analysis, one sample t-test, and factor analysis were used to find out the problems and prospects of women SHGs. For the study purpose, 262 women SHGs were selected using purposive sampling. Women SHGs helps for self-reliance through building up of small business through income and employment generation which is an important indicator for women empowerment.

Influence of Servant Leadership on Job Performance

Abstract: In this study the impact of Servant Leadership on Employees Job Performance has been investigated. Organizational Commitment and Job Involvement were used as mediating variables between Servant Leadership and Job Performance. The data was collected by distributing 300 questionnaires in different public sector organizations of Pakistan. The collected data was then analyzed using SPSS, AMOS and MS Excel. Confirmatory Factory Analysis, Convergent and Discriminant Validity, Good Fit Model indices was done in the study. It is revealed in the study that moral love has positive impact on organizational commitment and has no strong relationship with Job Involvement. The Humility has positive effects on Organization Commitment and Job Involvement. The Empowerment has no strong relationship with Organizational Commitment but has positive effect on Job Involvement. The Vision has no strong relationship with Job Involvement as well as with Organizational Commitment. The Trust has positive effects on Organizational Commitment as well as on Job Involvement. The Organizational Commitment has no strong relationship with Job Performance but the Job Involvement is positively associated with Employee’s Job Performance. The instruments used in this study are seems to be valid measurement tools except the measuring tool of Organizational Commitment in Pakistan context. Keywords: Servant Leadership, Organizational Commitment, Job Involvement, Job Performance

An Exploratory Study of Business Students Perspectives on Demonetization in India: With Special Reference to Allahabad City

Abstract: The Demonetization was a surprised step taken by government of India on 8 Nov 2016. The mix of reaction was expressed by prestigious economist and academic scholar. Now it will have become one year within few coming days since its implementation. It is necessary to know the people perception about Demonetization. In this study entitled “An Exploratory Study of Business Students Perspectives on Demonetization in India: With Special Reference to Allahabad City”, attempted to know how business student perceive about Demonetization when actual data has been coming. It is an exploratory study based on primary data. The data has been collected through a structured questionnaire based on five-point Likert type scale. The Mann Whitney U test has been used to test the hypothesis. the respondents have been compared on the basis of Gender, Area, and Education. Our two factors i.e. Gender and Education shows that it is affecting the attitude of students. And one factor i.e. Area has no effect on attitude of business students. If the results analysed deeply it has been found that all the deprived group i.e. female, Rural and UG has more robust averages than its competing groups.

Factors and influences of self-regulation learning among sport science undergraduate students in ethiopian universities

Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the factors associated with students’ self-regulation learning and the possible influences on the overall academic achievement in undergraduate Sport Science programs in Ethiopia. To meet this intended objective, open-ended survey questions, focus groups, and individual interviews were applied. The study participants were purposefully selected Sport Science students, their department heads and college deans from two universities in Ethiopia. The study findings indicated that, most of the study participants believed that self-regulated learning is an important component of learning, in which students who use self-capacity to control their behavior and learning are better in terms of successfully acquiring academic achievement than students who did not use self-capacity to control behavior and learning. Nevertheless, study participants listed some negative factors that hindered the use of self-regulation learning. According to the study participants view, the first factor was making use of method of classifying, assigning and placing undergraduate students to different colleges and departments, the other one was the lack of study place and conducive environment. Still,other factors were mentioned such as students’ level of using their self–regulation learning and the use and application of continuous assessment. Findings suggest that these factors contributed for the happenstance of several problems, including failure to manage multiple tasks equally, teachers’ application of continuous assessment unknowingly hampered students’ self-regulation learning, scarcity of fundamental resources for education like reference books, handouts and shortage of technological resources in the universities.

Women victims of sexual harassment in public transport system in bangladesh: a sociological survey at dhaka city

Abstract: Women harassment in public transport is a common and unexpected social phenomena all over the world. Developing country like Bangladesh, the outline of transport system usually became an unfriendly environment for women. This study portrays the unwelcoming and unexpected experiences by women while traveling by different public transports within Dhaka city. More often the transports remain overcrowded due to insufficiency and disgraceful administration which cause the unfavourable and risky condition for the commuters, particularly for women. Women are confronting verbal or nonverbal harassment, unwelcoming contacts, and at times coordinate contact with the sexual parts by co-travellers or conductor that is hindering individual and social development. This research aims to investigate the actual reason, nature of harassment, effects on the victim and address the solution of woman harassment on the public transport. To conduct the study both qualitative and quantitative techniques have been used. Firstly an exploratory was done to find out actual fact and online surveys had been developed through structured questionnaire; data were collected from the target population. Results of the study revealed that - lacking social justice and strong protest against woman harassment on the bus has a significant impact on identified factors.

Trends of major crops productivity to climate variability in Lay Gayint Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia

Abstract: Climate change is expected to have serious economic, social and environmental impacts in Africa in general and sub-Saharan Africa in particular. Ethiopia is largely an agrarian country with agriculture continuing to be the largest sector in its economy. The country is highly vulnerable to inter-annual climate variation, often cited as one of the important factors in explaining various socio-economic problems such as food insecurity and household vulnerability to poverty. Climate change like higher temperatures and changes in precipitation will directly affect crop yields. It influences crop production and productivity to a greater extent in countries like Ethiopia where agriculture depends largely on natural circumstances. A comparison of yield in a good rainfall year (1996) with that of a drought year (2001/2002) indicate that the national average yields drop by 40-50% during drought years.. Therefore, The main objectives of this study is to analyze the effect of climate variability on of major crops (Cereals, pulses and oilseeds) productivity trend in Lay Gayint Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia. The study used secondary data on all the variables. The yield data for three major crops: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds were obtained from South Gondar Agricultural Offices from 1998-2016 whereas climatic data (temperature and rainfall time series) from 1998 –2017 was collected from the Ethiopian Meteorological Services. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the climatic elements and the selected crop yields indicated that the increasing amount of maximum temperature leads to declining the yields of these particular crops and correlation between rainfalls against these particular crops are weak. The multiple linear regression analysis of crops produced in the study area with rainfall and temperature elements of climate explains 14.8 %, 57%, 7.6%, 27.7%, 9.8%, 50.6%, 29% and 53.6 % of the variation of the for teff, wheat, barley, beans, pea, lentils, oilniger and linseed yield respectively can be as a result of the impact of rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature. It is concluded that current climate variability has a significant influence on crop production in the area and any unfavorable change in the local climate in the future will have serious implications for household level food security. This study recommends that efforts to adapt to the ongoing climate change should begin from tackling the current climate variability and take a climate risk management approach for adapting to the ongoing climate change. Key words: Climate variability, Crop productivity trend, Correlation and regression analyses

Beach tourism growth and its implications towards the local communities in Sarawak, Malaysia.

Abstract: This paper tries to analyse and explore the beach tourism growth and its implications towards the local communities in the state of Sarawak, situated in Malaysia. The main areas focused in this research are the degree of local communities’ involvement in beach tourism, community perception, the impact of beach tourism towards the communities, level of satisfaction of communities and the effect of beach tourism in the Damai and Santubong beach destinations. Mixed methodology used in this research consisted of survey method, interview and observation was conducted to gain reliable information. The findings of the study showed that majority of the ethnic tribal communities are directly or indirectly involved in the beach tourism activities and tourism has contributed positively to their socio-economic development. The beach tourism is in the apathy stage (Doxey) and the communities are welcoming the growth. The analysis of community perception pinpoint the positive impacts are exceeding the negative impacts. In addition to that, occupational shift is visible. The community satisfaction is in the areas of infrastructure development, cultural-heritage preservation and rejuvenation, and conservation of biodiversity. The significance of this research findings give valuable guidance to the planners and policy makers to the state to develop a sustainable tourism strategy for the beach tourism at Damai and Santubong in Sarawak. Keywords: Beach tourism, local community, community participation, socio-cultural impact, Sarawak.

Agricultural Regionalization in relation to Irrigation and Crop Diversification: A Case Study of Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal

Abstract: Agricultural regionalization is a process of delineating an area into territorial units of complexes of uniformities on the basis of physical, social, economic and agricultural parameters. It has a significant bearing on the development of agriculture and regional planning in developing countries. Agricultural development depends on efficiency of an agricultural system in terms of productivity, diversification, commercialisation and ecological balance etc. Irrigation plays a significant role in crop diversification of a region along with other physical and socio-economic determinants. The present study analyzes the impact of irrigation on crop diversification and makes an attempt to delineate agricultural regions on the basis of relationship between these two components. Pearson’s Product Moment Co-relation Co-efficient has been used to find out the relation between irrigation and crop diversification. Gibb’s method of crop diversification has been used to find out crop diversification. Cluster analysis method has been applied to demarcate agricultural regions of the district. The study concludes that six distinct agricultural regions may be identified on the basis of irrigation intensity and crop diversification. KEY WORDS: Irrigation, Crop Diversification, Agricultural Regionalization.

Microfinance: A Review On institutionalist And Welfarist approach

Abstract: This paper is a comparison of two opposite schools of thoughts on Microfinance viz., Institutionalist viewpoint and Welfarist viewpoint. The Institutionalist approach claims that without financial self-sufficiency, it is not possible for microfinance institutions to sustain their operations by relying mainly on government and donor aids. The Welfarist approach propounds that the ultimate goal is to reach the maximum number of poor beneficiaries for their wellbeing irrespective of who bears the cost for this service. There have been mix reactions in several studies in the different time period and different parts of the world with different methodology with respect to profitability and outreach of microfinance institutions. Some literature says that outreach and profitability can be achieved together, some say they are negatively correlated where there is a need for balancing between them. Therefore, the net consolidation between institutionalist and welfarist stands for the ambiguous position. Microfinance must be extended as a social and economic obligation of the fund provider to eliminate, or at least reduce poverty, to ensure a just and equitable society. Yet, it is essential that microfinance institutions serve poverty and also attain self-sufficiency concurrently.

Gap assessment in participation of community on the five year (GTP one); as the juncture from MDG to SDG: the case of Gedeo zone education sector, Ethiopia.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the gap of community participation on the five year growth and transformation plan (GTP) I. in the education sector of Gedeo zone (SNNPRS) in Ethiopia in 2015/16. A cross-sectional research design was used to address these objectives. The population were staffs in nine elementary and three high schools in three out of seven Gedeo zone Woredas (provinces). The participants were teachers, principals, students and parents and non-parents as the community representatives. The Woredas in the zone were deliberately selected. This study has revealed that more than 80 percent of participants have reported that they do have the awareness about GTP and there exist the plan in schools; in addition 83 percent of the respondents agreed that there is no considerable gap between the GTP statements regarding community participation and the actual performance of schools but teachers and supervisors were better participants. Moreover, 60 percent of the respondents stated that some leadership styles; high teachers turnover were among challenges; on the other hand good relationship between staff members and students; better resource allocation were good opportunities to achieve better community participation in schools; continuous discussion about the usefulness and implementation of GTP with the community, and inspirational and participatory leadership and sharing responsibilities had become the intention or implication of the majority participants to achieve GTP two in a better way.

Assessment of service delivery practice and customer satisfaction of micro finance institutions: (the case of acsi, gondar)

Abstract: The main aim of this study is to assess the service delivery practice in terms of quality and customer satisfaction in Amhara Credit and Saving Institution (ACSI) in case of Gondar city branches. The required data was collected from a sample of 314 customers. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze and interpret the collected data. Questionnaires and report analysis were used as a data collection instruments. According to this research finding, the majority of customers are dissatisfied with the service delivery process of ACSI. Thus, credit and saving institutions are concerned about customer satisfaction and have to pay attention to understand their customers’ preferences to survive in a competitive environment. Key words: Service Delivery Practice, Customer satisfaction, Micro-finance.

The right to self- government and representation under ethiopian federation: an assessment of the practice and challenges

Abstract: The 1995 FDRE Constitution established an ethnic based federal state structure. Accordingly the constitution recognized the right to self-determination as given to all Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia to have cultural, linguistic, and the right to self-administration as a solution to resolve historical injustice and civil calamities. However, the current Ethiopian reality shows that member states of the federal government are very much controlled by central government as well as all ethnic groups are not adequately represented in all government institutions. Practically, it is a challenging task to adequately and fairly represent the 85 ethnic groups in nine regional states. To this regard, from among the estimated 85 ethnic groups only few ethnic groups were allowed to have their own self administration regions where as many several dozen smaller ethnic groups were either put together in multi-ethnic regions or attached as minority ethnic groups to the bigger ethnic communities. Accordingly the main objective of this study is to determine the extent to which the right to self -administration is implemented under Ethiopian federation. Furthermore, it tries to explore the legal and practical constraints to enforce the right to self- administration and representation of Nations, Nationalities and Peoples at all levels of government structure. To do so, the study draws from extensive literature reviews, journal articles, and the FDRE constitution.

Tourist destination strategic planning: The role of stakeholders, internet and marketing in the brand development

Abstract: The tourist destination strategic planning should include, from the beginning, the brand image to be divulgated. For that, the role of stakeholders, internet and marketing should be taken into consideration to empower the brand image. This article enlists those roles, so that the tourist destination strategic planning can include them in the elaboration of its plans.

Assessing the key contributory factors for women to become managers in organisations

Abstract: Purpose: This paper takes a deep insight into the factors having contributed for the success of women to become managers. There is a need to understand the facts about the career progress for those successful women reaching their respective positions. There are several elements such as education, perseverance, spousal support, management support and other factors which have contributed for the career advancement of women in organisations. Design/methodology/approach: For this study, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 10 women managers from different organisations. They were both from public and private sectors in Mauritius. Findings: The research identifies the main factors which contributed towards the achievement of women to become managers. From the data collection, the participants described different elements for their career success, such as educational qualifications, family support, personality traits, working experience and organisational support. Their responses were also validated from the literature. Research limitations/implications: Future research is needed to examine the contributory factors for women’s career advancement. As this research work cannot be generalised to all women managers, extensive in-depth studies by using different medium on the theme could give better results. Practical implications: Top level management should take cognizance of the difficulties women face during their career. An equal gender policy should be applied at management level. Originality/Value: The paper contributes to the literature with regards to the evolution of Mauritian women managers in organisations and identifies the key elements having contributed for their current success. Keywords: Contributory factors, Career, Managers, Organisations.

Do community members are aware of obstetric fistula? A community based cross sectional study, Dabat district, Northwest Ethiopia.

Abstract: Background: Obstetric fistula results from complex interactions of social, biological, and economic influences. Community-awareness can affect hopes and the attitude of fistula patients and could influence the decision of women to seek medical care. This study was aimed at determining community awareness towards obstetric fistula and its associated factors among Dabat district residents, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods: Community-based cross sectional study was conducted using a semi-structured pretested questionnaire. The survey was followed by focus group discussions. Data were coded, and entered to Epi data version 2.0.11.61 and exported to SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were presented in triangulation with qualitative findings and Logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated to awareness. Odds Ratios with 95% CI, p ≤ 0.05 were considered to confirm significance. Results: Seven hundred ninety nine respondents participated in the study with 99.1% response rate. Participants mean age was 38.5±11.3 and 48.2% were females. Among them 36.7% attended formal education, 73.4% heard about obstetric fistula and 54.7% were deemed to have awareness. Reported perceived causes include prolonged labor 39.6%, injury during surgery 9.6% and ‘God’s curse’ 6.7%. The odds of having awareness was 1.87 times higher among females than males (AOR=1.87; 95% CI, 1.64-4.83). Individuals who attended formal education had 3.48 times (AOR= 3.48; 95% CI, 2.4-7.67) and those government employees have 1.6 times (AOR=1.60; 95% CI, 1.10-7.19) higher odds of awareness compared to those who did not attend formal education, and farmer participants respectively. The odds of awareness was 8.2 times higher among individuals who had prior information about obstetric fistula (AOR=8.215; 95% CI, 7.16-11.98) compared to those who did not have prior information. Conclusions: More than half of the participants had awareness towards obstetric fistula but there were few mis perceptions and misconceptions on its nature. Being female, attending formal education, being a government employee, having prior information were factors associated to awareness. Hence, further community awareness creation actions are required in offering accurate information on the causes, nature, and management of obstetric fistula. Key Words: Awareness, Obstetric fistula, Dabat district, Ethiopia

A study on impact of buy back of shares on company eps p/e ratio and market price of the shares.

Abstract: Share repurchase was evolved as an alternative method of payout and a corporate finance tool in 1950 in the USA. Then, gradually it spread to other countries like UK, Canada, etc. It has achieved a significant growth in the last two decades when compared to dividend payment by companies. Buy back of shares is just the opposite of raising capital through issue of shares. It is a process of capital restructuring which allows a company to buy back its own shares, which were issued by it earlier. Companies go for buy back shares either to increase the value of shares still available, or to eliminate any threats by shareholders who may be looking for a controlling stake. However, in India, a continuous demand has been rising from the corporate sector to buy-back shares in order to increase the rate of earning and also the market price per share for the remaining shares after cancelling a part of the shares.

Potentials and Challenges to Heritage Tourism Development: The Case of Tedbabe Mariam Church, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia

Abstract: This paper is intended to assess potentials and challenges of heritage tourism development in Tedbabe Mariam church. Qualitative research approach was employed to collect data from local community elders, Amhara Sayint culture and tourism office employees, servants and leaders of Tedbabe Mariam church, Amhara Sayint diocese, South Wollo Zone culture and tourism department employees selected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Both primary and secondary sources were used to assess potentials and challenges of heritage tourism development in Tedbabe Mariam church. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews, personal observation and focus group discussion whilst published and unpublished documents were employed as secondary sources. Results revealed that long history, mural paintings, tombs of saints, treasury house with collections of parchment manuscripts, crosses, icons, umbrella, and crowns were potentials of heritage tourism development in Tedbabe Mariam church. Despite Tedbabe Mariam church has such huge heritage tourism potentials, it has not yet been properly conserved and utilized due to poor handling system and lack of well-organized museum, underdeveloped infrastructure, lack of skilled manpower, lack of promotion and awareness, theft and illicit trafficking, and lack of documentation. Keywords: Potentials, Challenges, Heritage, Tourism, Tedbabe Mariam, church

Fundraising via Online Banking by Young Donors: An Exploratory Investigation in Bangladesh

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify the major factors that influence the young donors’ involvement in fundraising programs that are accomplished via the various online platforms. To achieve the research objectives, a sample of 342 respondents was selected from various groups of demographics, different employment backgrounds, and education levels within the high population area. These groups of people may or may not have the habit of using online banking services. A set of questionnaires was designed as the instrument used in data collection from the Dhaka city in Bangladesh consisted of adults between 15 to 40 years old who totaled to be with the Internet user experience. Results show that, although there are significant relationships between quality of Internet connection and provided information with customers’ acceptance of fundraising via online banking but there is no significant relationship between security, privacy, and customers’ acceptance of fundraising. Thus, the results of this study offer a good identification of the factors that attract the youths to go for online fundraising. Moreover, the current study brings some implications to the policymakers and regulators as well.

Government Schemes and their Awareness among MSMEs: A Study of Punjab Region

Abstract: MSMEs in India have emerged as a dynamic sector of economy over years as it plays a crucial role in providing large employment opportunities and industrialisation of rural areas. This sector is a major contributor of country’s socio-economic development. The study identifies key government schemes and incentives and tests their awareness among MSMEs. For the purpose of this study, sample of 100 respondents from major cities of Punjab (Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Patiala and Mohali) was interviewed with the help of structured questionnaire. The study revealed that majority of MSMEs are unaware about several schemes available such as credit guarantee scheme credit linked capacity subsidy scheme etc. aimed at providing financial support to these firms for their smooth functioning. Thus all round efforts need to be done by the government as well as by the banks to increase the awareness of these incentives and schemes to further the development of MSMEs in the region.

Assessing the link between perceived wasteful management practices and employees’ attitude to their organization

Abstract: The main aim of this paper was to assess the association between perceived wasteful management practices and employees attitude to their organization. Data was collected from a sample of 210 employees. The respondents were selected randomly. The research instruments used were adapted from the instruments used by other researchers. According to the main findings of this study Wasteful Management practices is rampant and employees’ have negative attitude to their organization. The findings also show that wasteful Management practices and employees’ attitude to their organization have an insignificant and negative relationship. Most male and employees working for having more than 6 years have perceived the manifestation of wasteful Management practices. Employees having five and below years of services, and administrative staff have negative attitude to their college. Keywords: Waste, Wasteful, Practices, Attitude

Global Economic Crisis, Its Origin, Impact and Challenges

Abstract: In 2008 the world economy faced an unprecedented global economic crisis. The global economy slipped into a deep recession, and it took more than a decade for the world economy to revive back. The current paper draws various roots of that global economic crisis and how a financial crisis became a global economic crisis Introduction.The paper draws the impact of global economic crisis on froeign trade and suggests what are the steps that should be taken to meltdown the crisis.

A Notion to Snowball Sampling method in Corporate Social Responsibility

Abstract: There is an impressive history associated with the evolution of the concept and definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR refers to strategies corporations or firms conduct their business in a way that is ethical, society friendly and beneficial to community in terms of development. The community refers to whom and for what and who is calling for firms to be socially responsible? Snowball sampling has been widely used in qualitative sociological research, especially in the study of deviant behavior and is used in places where the population is hard to reach. The purpose of this paper is to give a notion about the chain referral or respondent driven sampling method from a hidden or a hard to reach population by following social links from sample individuals to detect additional members of the target population to make CSR more efficient.

The Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Urban Unemployment in Metropolitan Centers of Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia

Abstract: Introduction: The immense influx of population from rural to urban areas and rapid urbanization together with lack of meticulous urban planning has been accompanied by grave socioeconomic problems like unemployment. The extent of the problems is enormous in developing countries including Ethiopia. Objective: In this study the researchers aim to examine the prevalence and contributing factors of urban unemployment in metropolitan centers of Amhara National Regional state that are Bahir Dar, Dessie and Gondar, North West Ethiopia. Method: To address these objectives, we had employed a cross sectional quantitative research method. Considering land use classification and population density of each cities; proportionately equal number of survey respondents were taken from Gondar and Bahir Dar (i.e. 38% each), while the remaining 23% were residents of Dessie. Result: The result of the study revealed weak, but statistically significant association between the metropolitan cities and economically active population, above the age of 18, (F=2.66; α=.08). Residents of the city of Gondar had significantly higher occupational status score (47.7) as compared to the residents of both Bahir Dar (43.1) and Dessie (39.9) (F=8.32; α=.001).The average unemployment rate of metropolitan cities of the Amhara national regional state is 26.9% with the highest rate in Gondar (33%) followed by Dessie (26%) and least in Bahir Dar (19%).This rate of unemployment was attributed to lack of opportunities (74.5%), domestic responsibilities (9.5%), Lack of motivation or will (7.6%), lack of adequate work experience and marketable skills (5.7%) and physical disability (2.9%). Conclusion: In addition to the vital role of family and the government in addressing individual and structural factors of unemployment, improving ones’ professional and communication skills are also requisites to enhance employability. Key Words: Metropolitan Urban Center, unemployment

Affective commitment: concepts and boundary’s literature

Abstract: The development of Organizational Commitment has attracting more and more scholars to study the Affective Commitment literature. The phenomenon introduced in the domain of organizational commitment gives us more depth and new path of understanding on scientific interest related. Several organizational scholars have conducted the researchers to review the concepts constructs, and measurement of Affective Commitment that has been published up to recent years. The present study has been established based on empirical research and summary of the major research work of Affective Commitment done by previous scholars to indicate the interpretation of its concepts. Besides, the paper gives reader the general review of Affective Commitment studies. Keywords: Affective Commitment, Organizational Commitment, Organization Literature

E-Rickshaw Trend in India

Abstract: Road transport is an important part of infrastructure development in a country. Traditionally; cycle-rickshaw, auto-rickshaw, tempo, van, small buses provide local and short route point-to-point connectivity. However, besides cycle-rickshaw, the other vehicles run on fuels like diesel, petrol, CNG. They burn the fuel and generate exhaust gases that contribute to the pollution. Nowadays, E-Rickshaw is emerging as an alternative local transport system in India. The reduction of air pollution and greenhouse gases are the main reasons for going for E-Rickshaws. Moreover, the E-Rickshaw reduces the manual labour involved in driving a cycle-rickshaw. However, there are challenges in implementation of E-Rickshaws on mass scale; such as vehicle charging infrastructure, governance structure, fare chart, financial plan, driving licence requirement, vehicle registration/ permits, technology etc. Some cities have conducted successful trial runs of E-Rickshaws. The Government, in consultation with the stakeholders, can take a leading role in streamlining and standardizing the E-Rickshaw implementation in the country.

Cyber crimes in macedonian criminal code

Abstract: Today we live in a world of global digital connections. In a simple and inexpensive way, with help of modern digital technologies, we can make an ordinary conversation or multimillion monetary transactions with people who are on the other side of the world. The way we spend our leisure time and the way we conduct business relations is changed by the easy access to the computer systems and the internet as well as from the up growing market of new communication devices. In parallel with these global transformations, the way criminals commit their criminal acts have changed too. The universal digital access opens new opportunities for the modern, computer savvy criminals, who can use this technology and knowledge to cause harm not only to business users but to ordinary users, as well. More worse is the fact that, the computers and networks may be even used for coordination and completion of terroristic attacks, which endanger us all. Unfortunately, in many cases, security services lag behind all those criminals in terms of technical- technological sense, as well as in the personnel training for suppression of this new and up growing threat called computer or cybercrime. Thus, for the Republic of Macedonia and the rest of the countries as an imperative comes the need to make a legal base for sanctioning the computer crimes and then to facilitate adequate capacities that will effectuate the strategy for suppression of this type of crimes. Macedonian experiences in manner of creating and constantly innovating the legal framework, as well as in practical dealings with this type of crimes, may be used as a positive example for successful suppression of cybercrimes. Key words: computer, cybercrimes, reforms, Republic of Macedonia

Volunteerism: A Practical Type of Education for Enabling Development of Societal Abilities. A Literature Review

Abstract: This paper summarizes several aspects of volunteerism and its important traits for an ongoing societal development. Every society has its interests, but most of them only would like to obtain a harmonically demarche for a better evolution and social progression. There are many actors involved in volunteerism, however in this paper there will be taken for discussion (mostly) the relating connections between the volunteer and the society. The volunteerism area is analysed (in the capacity of the author) and is described (shortly) through the “eye” of its utility. Volunteerism’s utility puts an emphasis on intrinsic motivations (from the volunteers point of view) and afterwards in extrinsic motivations (from a society’s point of view). Its idea of involvement is highly desirable, in this paper being described why, how and when.

A Lifetime Voyage with Cancer

Abstract: Cancer is a group of disease caused by the proliferation of abnormal cells in the body which can form into a malignant tumor. The location and the migration of these abnormal cells from one part of the body to another determines the stage of illness and the treatment line that has to be decided based on its severity. There are four major types under which cancer can be divided- Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Leukemia and Lymphoma. Childhood cancer is like any other cancer that is mainly diagnosed among children and is caused due to mutation or change in genetic material. Adults who are later in life diagnosed with cancer also carry mutated genes from the childhood but, the environmental carcinogens later triggers the growth of cells in the body. Though the cancers diagnosed in childhood is found to be aggressive in nature, the rate of remission among them is also found to be high. Family plays a major role during the course of treatment especially in children diagnosed with cancer. They go through situations like caregiver’s burnout and difficulties with physical and mental well-being. The difficulties that the caregiver goes through also needs to addressed. The role of spirituality has also been emphasized during the course of treatment. Children diagnosed with cancer face difficulties in terms of their physical, emotional and social aspects. Government schemes have also been provided for the families of patients diagnosed with such chronic illnesses. Finally, the importance and the need for palliative care for patients diagnosed with terminal illness like cancer have been addressed. As palliative care aims at providing a better quality of life during their final stages of life and therefore, its necessary to help the patient during such a phase of their life.

Cellular phone utilization and the student academic performance

Abstract: Cellular phone is very common nowadays. Its utilization varies from every walk of life. Among senior high school students, most of the students own the item and it replaces their subtle moments as observed in the locale intently studied Eventually, this study aimed to assess the association of using cellphone among the senior high school students and their level of academic performance of the 241 respondent invited to answer the survey which includes the level of academic performance of the student and the extent of cellphone utilization among the senior high school students. Both are treated together statistically to determine the association. The result of the study shall give the teachers and parents the idea of becoming permissive or not of their students’ use of cellular phones. Recommendations shall be identified in order to maximize the benefits of the use of cellular phones in and outside the classroom as well as making the item as a tool that aids teaching and learning activities of the students.

Factors affecting financial audits of Indian financial service sector entities

Abstract: Banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, stock brokers form that part of service sector. They are the components of the financial service sector. They are also part of the financial system. Banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, asset management companies and stock brokers are those which have certain rules and regulations governing them at the same time there is technological system which is used by them for conducting transactions. Hence the role and responsibilities of auditor performing audit for banks, insurance companies, stock brokers is significantly different than others. A survey of audit firms was conducted using random sampling. The audit firms were selected from the Cities of Mumbai and Pune in India. Hypotheses were formulated and tested using Chi Square test. The statistical tests used were Means, T-Test, Chi Square test. The auditors have to significantly update their knowledge regarding the technologies used while rendering services in the service sector. The respondents further believed that auditing of service industries is different from audit of manufacturing sector. The types of transactions are different in service industry than the manufacturing industry. The rules and regulations are different. The auditors, further added that they have to constantly acquaint themselves with the rules formulated by the controlling authorities/regulatory bodies in the service sector such as RBI,SEBI, IRDA. A survey was conducted using likert scale. Hence primary data is used. The paper throws light on the nuances of financial auditing in banks, insurance companies, mutual fund companies and stock brokers