Showing papers in "Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology in 2004"

TL;DR: In the clinic, artificial lamps emitting UVB and UVA radiation in combination with chemical drugs are used in the therapy of many skin diseases including psoriasis and vitiligo, and although such therapy is beneficial, it is accompanied with undesirable side effects.

TL;DR: Based on current understanding of the developmental effects of PFOS and PFOA in rodents, several avenues of research are suggested that would further support the risk assessment of these perfluorinated organic chemicals.

TL;DR: Different PAH compounds have distinct and specific effects on fish at early life history stages, and the relative toxicity of the different mixtures was directly proportional to the amount of phenanthrene, or the dibenzothiophene-phenanthrene total in the mixture.

TL;DR: New findings indicate that developmental neurotoxicity extends to late phases of brain maturation including adolescence, and novel in vitro and in vivo exposure models are being developed to uncover heretofore unsuspected mechanisms and targets for developmental neurotoxicants.

TL;DR: Prospective studies in large area of endemic As poisoning, like Bangladesh or China, where the rate of malignancies is expected to increase within the next several decades, will help to clarify the dose-response relationship between As exposure levels and adverse health effects with enhanced accuracy.

TL;DR: An overview of recent advances in understanding of feedback mechanisms that serve to limit P450 production of ROS is provided, including those that affect physiological and cellular effects of P450 generation of ROS.

TL;DR: Considerable attention was given in this review to pediatric methylmercury exposure and neurodevelopment because it is the most thoroughly investigated Hg species.

TL;DR: CYP3A4 induction in hepatocytes isolated from cirrhotic liver was comparable to that in normal hepatocytes, which supports the "healthy hepatocyte, sick environment" hypothesis of liver cirrhosis and their implications for the use of human liver microsomes and hepatocytes for in vitro studies of drug metabolism and enzyme induction.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the inflammogenic potential of coarse (2.5-10 microm) and fine (< 2.5microm) PM from both a rural and an industrial location in Germany, using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of rat lungs 18 h post intratracheal instillation with PM.

TL;DR: Induction of oxidative stress and interferences in signal transduction or gene expression by arsenic or by its methylated metabolites are the most possible causes to arsenic-induced diabetes mellitus through mechanisms of induction of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction.

TL;DR: The synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) is well documented to be a perinatal carcinogen in both humans and experimental animals as mentioned in this paper, which can permanently alter the programming of estrogen target tissues resulting in benign and malignant abnormalities in the reproductive tract later in life.

TL;DR: A new S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent methyltransferase from rat liver cytosol that catalyzes the conversion of arsenite to methylated and dimethylated species and is closely related to methyltransferases of previously unknown function that have been identified by conceptual translations of cyt19 genes of mouse and human genomes.

TL;DR: It appears that only two proteins are required for inorganic arsenic biotransformation in the human, namely, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V) reductase and arsenic methyltransferase and TMAO.

TL;DR: It is shown that concentrations as low as 1.25 mg/l sodium arsenite were able to enhance the tumorigenicity of solar UV irradiation in mice, suggesting that arsenic in drinking water may need a carcinogenic partner, such as sunlight, in the induction of skin cancers.

TL;DR: Water-soluble CoQ10 can prevent oxidative stress and neuronal damage induced by paraquat and therefore, can be used for the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases caused by environmental toxins.

TL;DR: It was showed that human sperm chromatin is a sensitive target to OP exposure and may contribute to adverse reproductive outcomes and further studies on the relevance of protein phosphorylation as a possible mechanism by which OP alter sperm Chromatin are required.

TL;DR: From the research, it is found that new endemic areas of arsenicosis are continuously emerging in China, and the discovery of wells and coal with high levels of arsenic is continuing sporadically, and a similar scattered distribution pattern of patients is also being observed.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the cardioprotective effects of carvedilol against DOX-induced mitochondrial cardiotoxicity are due to its inherent antioxidant activity and not to its beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism.

TL;DR: Advances in genetic and molecular biologic technology will be of huge importance in the future of epidemiologic research and will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of CBT etiology, and some of the early findings using these technologies are discussed.

TL;DR: There is a small but consistent significant proinflammatory effect of this exposure to ultrafine particles that is greater than the effect of the same exposure to fine CB, which was associated with significant increases in the total numbers of blood leukocytes.

TL;DR: Nicotine activation of PXR will enhance metabolism of nicotine to the non-psychoactive cotinine, these results provide one molecular mechanism for the development of tolerance to nicotine.

TL;DR: Overall, this work provides the first evidence of the existence of significant alterations of the endocrine system of carps from the medium-low course of the Ebro River and demonstrates the ability of several chemicals to modulate the inactivation of endogenous steroids.

TL;DR: This review will examine the thesis that adverse pesticide effects are more likely to occur in children who are at special developmental and behavioral risk, and the possible epidemiological relationships between parental pesticide use or exposure and the risk of adverse reproductive outcomes and childhood cancer.

TL;DR: The data demonstrate that arsenic compounds in the trivalent oxidation state exhibit the strongest genotoxic effects, and postulate that the induction of genot toxic effects caused by the methylated arsenic species is primarily dependent upon their ability to penetrate cell membranes.

TL;DR: Arsenic in urine, fingernails, and hair are positively correlated with water As, suggesting that any of these measurements could be considered as a biomarker to As exposure in the endemic areas.

TL;DR: The results suggest that MMA(III) (GS)(2) is highly toxic compared to other arsenic compounds because of faster accumulation of this species by cells, in addition to having the toxic nature of methylated trivalent organic arsenics.

TL;DR: Results suggest that trivalent arsenicals inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by interfering with the PKB/Akt-dependent mobilization of GLUT4 transporters in adipocytes, which may be, in part, responsible for the development of type-2 diabetes in individuals chronically exposed to iAs.

TL;DR: A group of academic, government, and industry scientists, formed under the leadership of the ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), developed a series of case studies to illustrate the existence of dose-dependent transitions in mechanisms of toxicity.

TL;DR: This paper addresses the issues discussed at both workshops, and presents the consensus conclusions drawn by expert participants on the impact of dose-dependent transitions on the risk assessment process.

TL;DR: This review provides special focus on the development of hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYPs) in early life and how this information, along with many factors unique to children, can be applied to PBPK models for this receptor population.