Showing papers in "Transportation research procedia in 2019"

Usage of e-Scooters in Urban Environments

Abstract: Since the introduction of the internal combustion engine (ICE), modern mobility has fundamentally changed. Today, it is impossible to imagine modern transportation without motorized vehicles. Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs) represent a relevant section of such vehicles. In recent years, electric low-powered PTWs, also called e-scooters, became a notable trend. Without excessive emissions and noise, as well as convenient dimensions, e-scooters can help European cities ease their increasing problems with traffic, emissions, and parking. In this paper, we present the results of a real-life field test, performed in the City of Munich, Germany. By providing six vehicles, 38 subjects were able to incorporate an e-scooter into their everyday lives. Recorded with travel diaries and a pre-post-survey, usage and attitudes were evaluated. Results show that a majority of daily trips is suitable for e-scooters and charging infrastructure is sufficient for this kind of vehicle, while subjective safety, weather conditions, and baggage capacity are restricting attributes.

Ride-Sourcing modeling and pricing in non-equilibrium two-sided markets

Abstract: Ride-sourcing is a prominent transport mode because of its cost-effectiveness and convenience. It provides an on-demand mobility platform that acts as a two-sided market by matching riders with drivers. The conventional models of ride-sourcing systems are based on equilibrium assumption, discrete, and suitable for strategic decisions. This steady-state approach is not suitable for operational decision-making where there is noticeable variation in the state of the system, denying the market enough time to balance back into equilibrium. We introduce a dynamic non-equilibrium ride-sourcing model that tracks the time-varying number of riders, vacant ride-sourcing vehicles, and occupied ride-sourcing vehicles. The drivers are modeled as earning-sensitive, independent contractor, and self-scheduling and the riders are considered price- and quality of service-sensitive such that the supply and demand of the ride-sourcing market are endogenously dependent on (i) the fare requested from the riders and the wage paid to the drivers and (ii) the rider’s waiting time and driver’s cruising time. The model enables to investigate how dynamic wage and fare set by the ride-sourcing service provider affect supply, demand, and states of the market such as average waiting and search time especially when drivers can freely choose when to start and finish working. Furthermore, we propose a controller based on the model predictive control approach to maximize the service provider’s profit by controlling the fare requested from riders and the wage offered to drivers to satisfy a certain quality of market performance. We assess three pricing strategies where the fare and wage are (i) time-varying and unconstrained, (ii) time-varying and constrained so that the fare is higher than the wage such that the instantaneous profit is positive, and (iii) time-invariant and fixed. The proposed model and controller enable the ride-sourcing service provider to offer a wage to the drivers that is higher than the charged fare from the riders. The result demonstrates that this myopic loss can potentially lead to higher overall profit when customer demand rate who may opt to use the ride-sourcing system increases while the demand of ride-sourcing vehicles decreases simultaneously.

On the supply curve of ride-hailing systems

Abstract: This paper studies the supply curve of ride-hailing systems under different market conditions. The curve defines a relationship between the throughput of trips of the system and the cost of riders it serves. We first focus on isotropic markets by revisiting a matching failure identified recently that matches a requesting rider with an idle driver very far away. The failure will cause the supply curve of an e-hailing market to be backward bending, but it is proved that the backward bend does not arise in the street-hailing market. By constructing a double-ended queuing model, we prove that the supply curve of an e-hailing system with finite matching radius is always backward bending, but a smaller matching radius leads to a weaker bend. We further reveal the possibility of completely avoiding the bend by adaptively adjusting the matching radius. We then turn to the anisotropic markets and identify another type of matching failure due to indiscriminate matching between drivers and riders, which again causes a backward bending supply. Given the prevalence of such a matching failure in real-world operations, we discuss how to avoid it using price or rationing discrimination. A conceptualized two-node network is constructed to facilitate the discussion.

Green logistics and circular economy

Abstract: Green logistics (GL) is the main development trend of modern logistics. Green logistics is an inherent condition and a basic system of the development of circular economy (CE). Circular economy is means as a realization of a closed loop of material flows in the economic system. Green logistics is the concept which links between resources and products, products and consumers. Green logistics is helpful for closing the loop of circular economy. Green logistics is an important tool for the development of circular economy. The first section of article explains the term of green logistics and the circular economy. The second part of the paper presents the relationship between green logistics, using the concept of circular economy development of the green practice logistics practices on the example of sludge management.

Evaluating new participative city logistics concepts: The case of cargo hitching

Abstract: Five years ago the project Cargo Hitching started with the goal to use the unused capacity of public transport passenger vehicles for freight and parcel transport. Like many new city logistics initiatives it is a difficult challenge to setup a profitable private business model. A rural pilot project was developed in the East of the Netherlands, building on Dutch government funding (Dinalog), with several Dutch universities, the province of Gelderland, public transport service provider Connexxion and city logistics service provider Binnenstadservice. The paper describes how viability for the cargo hitching project was organized, providing important social and environmental benefits as well as a sustainable business model for the system.

Identifying Key Performance Indicators to be used in Logistics 4.0 and Industry 4.0 for the needs of sustainable municipal logistics by means of the DEMATEL method

Abstract: The article presents the issues covering the transformation of logistics within the currently developed concepts of both Industry 4.0 and Logistics 4.0. In this approach, a research problem arose as to which parameters and characteristics of both logistics and manufacturing processes are the most important from the point of view of sustainability. In addition, mutual relationships between these parameters were established. In the article, a multi-criteria DEMATEL analysis was used to assess these characteristics. The article can be useful to people interested in modern solutions in the production and logistics industries.

Smart Logistics in the development of Smart Cities

Abstract: The challenges posed by Industrie 40 serve as a motivation to introduce changes in practically all the areas: the organizational, production technology and social area The dynamics of the increase of the use of IoT, CPS or SF and the benefits which are obtained by stakeholders have caused these solutions to find their practical applications in other areas of our lives including urbanized areas (cities) The use of sophisticated technologies and equipment that works in the IoT environment has caused us to refer to such solutions as “smart solutions” In the article, the basic assumptions of the functioning of Industrie 40 and IoT are characterized A systematic review of SL notions in the literature area under examination was conducted SL objectives and tasks in Industrie 40 were defined, and the possibilities were indicated of the use of the SL potential in the development of smart cities (CS)

Overview of batteries State of Charge estimation methods

Abstract: In the present, electric and hybrid electric vehicles are more and more common. Usually, the main source of energy are batteries. To achieve optimal utilization and protection of batteries, battery management is used. This battery management system prevents batteries from overdischarge and overcharge and provides cell balancing. Accurate state of charge estimation is necessary for these tasks. There are several methods for state of charge determination which can be divided as direct measurement methods, book-keeping methods, adaptive methods and hybrid methods. In this article, commonly used state of charge estimation methods, advantages and disadvantages are described.

Exploring the Impact of User Preferences on Shared Autonomous Vehicle Modal Split: A Multi-Agent Simulation Approach

Abstract: Shared autonomous vehicles are considered to have a transformative impact on future urban transportation and especially Shared Mobility. In order to assess the transport-related impact of this new mode, various models and simulations are under development. The majority of recently proposed simulations are based on activity-based multi-agent approaches. Thanks to the disaggregated level of data in multi-agent simulation, the traveler decision-making mechanisms might be individualized according the attributes. In this paper, we try to take in advantage of this granularity in order to explore the impact of user preferences on the modal split of shared autonomous vehicles. To illustrate the proposed methodology the transport system of Paris is simulated by using an activity-based multi-agent tool called MATSim. The traveler preferences toward shared autonomous vehicles use are also summarized based on the literature review.

Exact approach to the electric bus fleet scheduling

Abstract: In the recent years the research in the field of electromobility has been gaining a lot of interest. Research in the field of electromobility relates to various problems connected to the limited driving range of vehicles, locating of charging infrastructure and capacity of the electric network. These limitations should also be considered when solving the problem of transforming the public transport fleet of diesel engine busses into the fleet of electric vehicles. One of the tasks that should be solved is the problem of scheduling. This paper deals with the problem of assigning available electric buses to the set of service trips, in other words scheduling of electric buses. Electric buses have limited operation range and must be charged during the operation. Charging process needs more time than refueling of diesel busses and the number of charging points at charging station should be considered. In our case it is assumed that the charging is possible at the depot and at chosen locations. In the paper we propose a linear mathematical model that respects all necessary limitations. The performance of the model will be tested on the data set from the public transport system in the city of Žilina using a standard IP solver to evaluate the quality of the solution and computational time.

Risk management in traditional and agile project management

Abstract: The dynamic development of the business environment has stimulated the efforts of managers for agile project management. This is mainly due to shortening time limits for project realization as well as vaguely set objectives that change during project implementation. The requirements on project managers and methodological risk management of projects have also changed. Organizations use projects to manage changes and to develop and deploy new products. In a competitive environment, only those who can manage the risks and realize the project more efficiently will succeed. The aim of the article is to highlight the importance of risk management and the possibilities of its implementation in traditional and agile approaches to project management.

Impact of Digital Technologies on Labor Market and the Transport Sector

Abstract: The economy and society as we know is constantly changing. One of the key drivers of this change is digital transformation. Digital transformation is based not only on the internet but above all on the latest digital technologies that have become an integral part of our lives. They affect not only our society and economy but also transport industry. The process of digitalization has created opportunities for new products, technologies and processes. On the other hand, digitalization or so called digital disruption has brought threats with it. This threats, like in every other industrial revolution are in the form of new challenges for employers and employees. Digital technologies as well as digital services change the rules of employment and the requirements of competences, knowledge, skills and attitudes of employees. Beginning to promote online work platforms, changing local and global labor markets. Based on this facts, the aim of this paper is to analyze, define and characterize the impact of digital technologies on the labor market and its potential impact in the field of transport labor market.

Assessing Urban Transportation Systems Resilience: A Proposal of Indicators

Abstract: This paper aims to propose a set of indicators to measure the resilience of transportation systems, focusing on urban mobility. For this, a systematic literature review was carry out and, from this, a bibliometric analysis was conducted revealing the influence of the ecological, community and economic domains of resilience on the transportation field. This allowed the identification of the main resilience indicators used by the academic literature in transportation area. Therefore, a framework of indicators, based on resilience properties, was proposed considering that indicators reviewed here can be employed more objectively and consistently.

The evaluation of exhaust emission in RDE tests including dynamic driving conditions

Abstract: The article presents and discusses the research results on the impact of RDE test dynamic parameters on the emission of selected exhaust components. The measurements were carried out in compliance with the latest legislative procedures applicable to passenger cars. Two passenger cars with similar curb weight, equipped with gasoline engine, were selected for the tests in real traffic conditions. All tests were performed on the same research route, which includes urban, rural and motorway conditions. The obtained results were analyzed of RDE procedure’s requirements and the Euro 6c toxicity standard. Then the values of dynamic parameters of both tests were compared (the vehicle velocity and acceleration product, relative positive acceleration and 95th percentile of V·a+). Their effect on the obtained emission results was determined. As a summary, the correlations between the on-road exhaust emission and dynamic parameters were defined.

Public Engagement for Designing New Transport Services: Investigating Citizen Preferences from a Multiple Criteria Perspective

Abstract: This paper presents a multi-criteria-based methodology to involve the general public in transport decision-making, aiming at collecting information useful to design a technically sound and well-accepted transport service. The case study presented is part of a wider participation procedure, involving experts and key stakeholders in the definition of the problem and of the possible solutions. It regards the connection between a metro station and a park-and-ride facility through a short-range transit system in the city of Catania (Italy). Around six hundred citizens have been involved via a wide consultation survey adopting a multi-criteria perspective, asking them to perform pairwise comparisons of different elements (i.e. criteria) that can characterize a transport service. Results of the analysis are useful to understand their heterogeneous preferences and pave the way for a well-thought-out design of a new transport service.

Overview of Battery Models for Sustainable Power and Transport Applications

Abstract: Battery modeling is an excellent way to predict and optimize some batteries’ basic parameters like state of charge, battery lifetime and charge/discharge characteristic. Over the years, many different types of battery models have been developed for different application areas. Individual models differ in complexity, input parameters, available outputs and overall accuracy. This paper categorizes battery models according to various criteria such as approach methods, timescale of modeling or modeling levels. The overview is focused on practical use of individual models and their suitability for different areas of industries, like e-mobility, power engineering or information and communications technology. Finally, the criteria for choosing a suitable battery simulation model for various practical applications are summarized.

Should autonomous shared taxis replace buses? A simulation study

Abstract: The introduction of shared autonomous vehicles (SAV) will likely reduce operation cost per vehicle and might thereby allow to enhance conventional public transit systems with numerous small SAVs offering flexible ridesharing-like feeder services. These demand-responsive services could replace conventional bus lines limited by their fixed routes and their fixed schedules. This simulation study explores the potential of replacing conventional bus lines with shared autonomous vehicles in a suburban area of Berlin. Several scenarios with different fleet sizes and vehicle sizes are simulated using the multi agent transport simulation MAT-Sim. The simulation suggests for all evaluated scenarios higher operating costs and only slight travel time savings in comparison to conventional buses. Door-to-door service allows for significant reductions in average walk time, but causes numerous detours which consume a high share of the time gained. A fleet of 150 SAVs with 4 seats each seemed appropriate for the simulated area with approximately 24 000 inhabitants.

Synthetic fuels in aviation – Current barriers and potential political measures

Abstract: Alternative fuels can contribute to sustainable air transport since these fuels reduce aviation’s climate-relevant emissions. Most promising options from today’s point of view are: biofuels and synthetic fuels (power-to-liquid, short: PtL or e-fuels). Results from a supply perspective show that biofuels are advantageous in the short term while synthetic fuels could be favorable in the long run. As it would certainly be too costly to finance a transitional biofuel system, it might be better to prioritize the use of synthetic fuels from the start. Due to the international character of aviation, the future production and use of synthetic fuels in aviation is a global issue. This paper investigates the following questions: Which are the current barriers to the use of e-fuels in air transport? Which political measures could facilitate the use of e-fuels?

Multi-criterial analysis of oversize cargo transport through the city, using the AHP method

Abstract: The aim of the underlying paper is to evaluate the transport route variants to be used for the transport of oversize cargo through the city of Szczecin using the AHP method together with the selection of the best one. Three route variants have been compared using the Analytic Hierarchy Process method, for the case of simulated steel structure transport. The work presents rational premises for the planning of urban transport of oversize cargoes in accordance with the Green City concept.

Liquefied petroleum gas as an alternative fuel

Abstract: Liquefied petroleum gas, known as LPG, is used as an alternative fuel for vehicles with a combustion engine. LPG is a mixture of propane, butane and other substances of a small amount and it is obtained as a by-product of being manufactured during the refining of petroleum. The purpose of this article lies in the assessment of LPG as an alternative fuel. The article includes the classification of LPG from the economic and safety point of view. It also assesses liquefied petroleum gas as an alternative fuel in terms of emission production.

Designing of logistics systems with using of computer simulation and emulation

Abstract: Designing of logistics systems with using computer simulation and emulation is the main part of effective optimization of manufacturing and warehousing in the company. Latest developments in software tools lead to research in use of computer simulation and emulation, before, during and after logistics system designing. The aim of our research is to describe the logistics system designing by using of computer simulation and emulation with connecting on real parts of logistic system. Through this connection, we can propose a material flow which could improve the speed and accuracy of picking of orders in warehouse or supplies of material to manufacturing. Solution described in this article has many practical applications in company’s operation. Future work will explore the possibility of connecting between computer simulation, emulation and Digital Twin.

The human factor and maritime safety

Abstract: Studies of maritime accidents identify human error as the primary contributing cause for up to 70% of the accidents. By investigating incidents, safety problems can be identified, and preventive measures may be taken. This paper deals with incorporate human factors into an accident investigation program. In order to provide an examples of a human factors taxonomy for the purpose of investigation, the Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), was used. The fundamental issue of the HFACS system is the proper categorisation of the causal factors in one of nineteen sections, known as “coding process”. In this paper, the recommendations for the proper classification of causal factors, focused on marine transport, will be provided.

Demand management with limited cooperation among travellers: a doubly dynamic approach

Abstract: This paper proposes a demand management method that optimizes the network performance by manipulating departure times within limited cooperation settings. The framework builds on the restricted flexibility of travellers’ departure times and exposes the impact of minimal changes in travellers’ schedule on the overall network performance. The test-bed (the plant) is based on the trip-based Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) that relates the network space-mean speed to the vehicle accumulation. Travellers in the trip-based MFD model are characterized by their specific desired arrival times, heterogeneous trip lengths, and earliness and lateness scheduling penalties. The optimization problem, on the other hand, is formulated based on the accumulation-based MFD model that relates the network production (i.e. length-weighted aggregated link flows) to the vehicle accumulation. The accumulation-based MFD is an aggregated parsimonious model and does not consider individual traveller attributes, which enables it to remain analytically tractable and makes it suitable for optimization purposes. The proposed demand management method is also incorporated into a day-to-day evolution model where travellers adapt based on their historical departure times, experienced travel costs, and individual characteristics. The results highlight that the accumulation-based MFD can be efficiently used to develop travel demand management methods with realistic representation of traffic congestion within and across days.

Introduction study of design and layout of UAVs 3D printed wings in relation to optimal lightweight and load distribution

Abstract: Greater technical advancement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) used in air traffic means their possible use not only for entertainment and leisure. UAV technology in the military industry has opened up ground scanning capabilities for various purposes. Optimized design and 3D printing capabilities make it possible to apply UAVs beyond military use, for example, for Search and Rescue or Coast Guard applications that use the long range UAVs. The authors compared the proposed design of wings made with 3D printing. Optimized design of wings for the needs of long range UAVs forms the basis for implementation of UAV systems to life-saving applications. Several designs have been printed during the design process and the one that achieved the best results based on stress test have been printed out of multiple materials to achieve maximum strength. The results of the article show different designs of wings construction, their comparison with loading and selection of the optimal layout of the wing parts of the wing structure.

Smart logistics as a basis for the development of the smart city

Abstract: In this article the issues of role and meaning of intelligent technologies has been undertaken especially in area of logistics, without which development of smart cities would be actually impossible. Even though we can argue about it, what it actually means “intelligent”, without a doubt it covers use of modern Technologies. They let to reduce negative influence of flow of good and people in urbanized areas, at the same time they increase level of quality of life in the city. In the article we discussed a trial of defining concept of ‘smart city’. As a main goal we set indication of result in area of smart logistics, that let to optimize logistic processes through digitalization and use of information Technologies that increase innovation level of cities, at the same time supporting development of smart city. The main idea of the article is that addressing topics about smart city seriously can bring many benefits to all cities - both in the short and long term. The methodology used in this research is based on the critical analysis of Polish and foreign language literature on the topic of smart city.

Investigating the impact of e-bikes on modal share and greenhouse emissions: a system dynamic approach

Abstract: This study employs the ASTRA strategic system dynamics model to investigate the impact of electric bikes (e-bikes) on modal split in Europe at urban level. The resulting reduction of kilometers travelled by conventional internal combustion means of transports will consequently affect the amount of greenhouse emissions (GHG). This paper contributes in quantifying this impact employing an updated ASTRA model version testing the impact of the e-bike in both the baseline scenario (until 2050) and in a policy scenario where car vehicles entering in urban areas are charged. Both scenarios’ results show a relevant growth of electric bikes’ share until 2050, highlighting a considerable difference between the leading countries (The Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Finland) with respect to the rest of Europe. Interestingly, the advent of the e-bike reduces the trips performed with the other modes but also induces new trips. Urban areas greenhouse gas emissions, that already decline in the baseline scenario, are affected by a further reduction in the policy scenario.

Analysis of using cargo bikes in urban logistics on the example of Stargard

Abstract: Contemporary cities are becoming more and more crowded, polluted and devoid of space. At the same time, along with the development of e-commerce, the logistic flows are growing rapidly, which is an increasing challenge for city authorities. Sustainable development of urban logistics is becoming more and more important for the quality of dwellers life, while the solution of two main problems - congestion and poor air quality is the key to success in this field. The use of cargo bikes as a means of transport operating at least part of freight flows within the city has a positive impact on both problems. The article presents the course and results of field research on the use of cargo bikes in urban logistics in Stargard under the Low Carbon Logistic project. Particular attention was paid to the condition of the existing bicycle and road infrastructure in Stargard and the possibility of using cargo bikes for the needs of local government administration. The applied bicycles were also analyzed in terms of adapting their mobility and transport capabilities to the needs of potential users.

How digital transformation can influence business model, Case study for transport industry

Abstract: The digital disruption is a situation which occurs in nowadays business very often. With the development of digital technologies, the classical system of doing business has been disrupted and many companies have to react to digitalization. The digital transformation brings innovations not only into the delivering of product. The companies are trying to rebuild a waterfall approach to agile by using a platform. The aim of this paper is to describe how the transport companies which start their business before digital disruption can change business model according to digitalization. It will include identifying current trends in digital transformation. The case study deals with the process of designing the new tool for recording hours spent by the employees on the different activities or projects typical for transport industry, value or supply chain of transport services and is based on the agile approach.

Modelling noise reductions using electric buses in urban traffic. A case study from Stuttgart, Germany.

Abstract: Buses are heavy vehicles that account for high noise emissions within urban areas. Our case study examines, to what extent noise reduction can be achieved in urban areas using electric buses. We performed extensive sound measurements on three different bus types with conventional and electric drive concepts. The noise profiles were implemented into a sound propagation model and the noise levels were determined along exemplary bus routes in the city of Stuttgart, Germany. An isolated comparison of the buses reveals large sound level differences of up to 14 dB(A) at low speeds. However, these differences decrease with increasing speeds. Taking into account other traffic on exemplary bus routes, we determined almost no noise reduction using the electric buses on heavily trafficked roads. By contrast, in a quiet residential area, the average noise reduction when using electric buses were as high as 5 dB(A). Results show, that there is a great potential for noise reduction when using electric buses on routes with a high bus share of total traffic, low average travel speeds and a low percentage of other heavy traffic and especially at bus stops.

Last-Mile Delivery for Consumer Driven Logistics

Abstract: Nowadays, one of the main tasks of logistics is the effective movement of material flow from the producer to the end user. Modern scientific methods are devoted to solving various problems at different stages of the logistics system. But, at the same time, the efficiency of the functioning of logistics systems on last mile delivery is considered isolated to the problems of increasing the overall efficiency including the end-consumer. There is an interaction between the costs of material flow distribution, consumer expenses and traffic flow movement costs in the city related to purchases. The demand influence on distribution channel of material flows in logistics systems is presented. The proposed approach can be used for evaluating a logistics system’s overall efficiency considering the demand. Practical advice for improving logistics systems according to consumer’s influence are given.