Showing papers in "Transportation research procedia in 2020"

Method to evaluate performance of measurement equipment in automated vehicle traffic control systems

Abstract: The authors develop a unified approach to the substantiation of requirements for the automated traffic control system as a “measurement equipment – identification – vehicle traffic control” system. Studies show that to establish requirements for vehicle identification systems, it is reasonable to use a method for the substantiation of technical requirements and the evaluation of the performance of measurement equipment in automated vehicle traffic control systems based on multi-criterion optimization consisting in the selection of an optimal solution from a defined area of search. The developed method of the automatic vehicle identification system shows high performance for a detection system in real-time. Most previous papers were based on one method: method of template matching or neural network method, which is ideal for the detection of some types but not suited for the detection of others.

Areas of focus in ensuring the environmental safety of motor transport

Abstract: The article addresses the environmental characteristics and factors of motor transport effects on the environment. The amount of harmful substances emitted by a vehicle into the atmosphere is affected by: speed and number of decelerations and accelerations; vehicle condition, quality of repair and maintenance; traffic intensity; climatic conditions in a specific area; and urban development rate. It is shown that the areas of focus in ensuring the environmental safety of motor transport are: limitation of fleet growth; intensive development of transport infrastructure; scientific traffic management; improvement of the environmental characteristics of vehicles; improvement of vehicle maintenance and repair quality; assurance of quality and improvement of automobile operating materials. The article also presents information on environmental exposure to operating materials of vehicles.

Reduction of environmental impact from road transport using analysis and simulation methods

Abstract: Road transport is one of the main sources of atmospheric pollution in urbanized areas. The volume of emissions from road transport has been increasing starting from 2013. This is mainly due to the condition of the transport infrastructure and control systems. Therefore, the development of evidence-based methods of increasing the efficiency of traffic management through the modernization of infrastructure facilities and control systems in problematic areas of the street and road network is crucial and of practical and theoretical interest. This paper analyzes problematic areas of the street and road network in a medium-sized city. The authors have made simulation models of an area of the street and road network on the basis of the discrete-event approach using a road traffic library. Measures to modernize this area are suggested. A computer experiment using a model with a changed configuration has shown that this area has a significant potential of improving traffic flow parameters and, therefore, reducing the environmental impact.

Methodological aspects of building mathematical model to evaluate efficiency of automated vehicle traffic control systems

Abstract: The article addresses the issue of substantiating a methodological approach to evaluating the efficiency of automated information and telecommunication systems for vehicle traffic monitoring, which allows us to quantify the efficiency of their application. The feature of these systems is their service nature. The authors develop a method for the optimal application of technical means of monitoring in the field of traffic safety assurance during the operation of the “driver–vehicle–road” system and obtain a dependence to determine the financial costs of maintaining the proper functioning of the photo and video recording complex throughout its service life. They propose criteria for evaluating the efficiency of automated vehicle traffic monitoring systems, taking into account the stochastic nature of system-forming factors. Promising directions for the formation of control functions in the operation of vehicles based on the use of automated monitoring systems are justified. To evaluate the impact of the automated traffic enforcement system on traffic safety, it is necessary to conduct studies at two levels: at the first level, we shall give an absolute evaluation of the road accidents, at the second level, we shall analyze the influence of automated traffic enforcement systems on the number of road accidents by their location and types. The implementation of the “correlation recording system” allows assessing in practice the efficiency of use of various automated traffic enforcement facilities recording traffic violations, as well as the degree of their influence on the accident rates. The formulated scientific and technical task is solved with the use of methods and software tools implementing the systemic criterion.

Methods for continuous monitoring of compliance of vehicles’ technical condition with safety requirements during operation

Abstract: The technical condition of vehicles may result in road traffic accidents (RTAs) with the most severe consequences. In this connection, despite the statistically low share of such accidents in the overall number of RTAs, systems for the inspection of the technical condition of vehicles in operation by traffic safety parameters are organized and operated. The article suggests a formal mathematical approach to evaluating the efficiency of such systems. We describe the existing organization of systems based on periodic inspection. We also describe the state of the Russian system for the inspection of the technical condition of vehicles in operation, and the effects of constant reforms on its performance. Based on the disadvantages identified, we substantiate the need and feasibility to implement continuous monitoring of the technical condition of vehicles. Using RTA statistics, we provide a rationale for parameters of such monitoring, which relate to the braking system and steering. Methods of their continuous monitoring are suggested. They do not require vehicle design alterations and imply the use of signals from on-board sensors. Results of the experimental testing of these methods are given.

Model of multi-level system managing automated traffic enforcement facilities recording traffic violations

Abstract: The article addresses relevant issues of vehicle traffic management when using operational and technical monitoring systems in the field of traffic safety assurance. The authors provide a rationale for promising directions of traffic management system improvement using automated traffic enforcement facilities to record traffic violations. The operation of a system of technical means of monitoring is modeled. A method to evaluate the efficiency of traffic enforcement system management is proposed. It allows us to determine the implementation degree of management functions assigned to the monitoring system in the field of traffic safety assurance. A stochastic model is developed to evaluate the performance of departments that ensure traffic monitoring using automated traffic enforcement facilities. The results of the study conducted include the developed model as well as a method and algorithm for optimizing the structure of the system managing operational and technical means of vehicle traffic monitoring.

CDF simulation-based research of influence of mechanical defects in nozzles on environmental parameters of automotive diesel engines

Abstract: The article considers whether it is possible to continuously monitor the technical condition of vehicles in operation without significant changes in their design. We analyze a list of faults and parameters to be controlled to ensure continuous monitoring of the technical condition of Isuzu 4FH1 diesel engine supply system elements. The results of simulating the fuel injection process using Star-CCM+ software are presented. The results of an experimental analysis of crankshaft position sensor readings confirming the simulation results are presented as well.

Human factors contributing to the road traffic accident occurrence

Abstract: Analysis of accident causation does not allow to clearly determine the influence of one specific cause. Traffic accident has been a result of many interacting factors. Most of accident causes classification systems have been focused on the errors and actions of the participant that immediately led to the conflict (eg. not giving a way). The actual reasons why the driver failure occurred are not taken into account. The aim of this study has been the analysis of human behavior or condition which can lead to the accident or influenced the accident causation. For the purpose of this study, the most often factors contributing to the traffic accidents occurrence of selected risk groups has been analyzed - eg. young drivers, seniors, risky drivers. For the data analysis, data from the research project Czech In-depth Accident Study (CzIDAS) has been used. The in-depth accident investigation teams document all relevant information on the traffic environment, vehicles, and human factors, at the scene immediately after the occurrence of a traffic accident. The investigation includes an individual interview by a psychologist with traffic accident participants, focused on all relevant information related to causes, actual mental and physical condition of a participant, driving habits and practice, and basic and sociodemographic information about the participant.

Monitoring of vehicles’ active safety systems in operation

Abstract: This paper covers the results of monitoring active safety systems during vehicle operation. The analysis of the existing diagnostic methods for active safety systems in operation shows that on-board diagnostics of active safety systems does not cover the entire list of possible malfunctions. It is also worth considering that the electric drive systems of active safety systems are an integral part of the vehicle’s braking system influencing traffic safety during operation. This issue can be resolved by supplementing the monitoring process with an additional diagnostics complex. This monitoring system receives data on the working processes of the vehicle automated systems’ components in real time. An important difference from existing diagnostic systems is the ability to determine the exact malfunction of a vehicle’s automated system component, as well as to establish the cause of the malfunction, allowing the system to reduce the possibility of a recurring malfunction and improve traffic safety. Coupled together with a data-sharing interface, this monitoring system enables the creation of the active vehicle’s digital twin. We provide an example of how this simulation technology, based on a fusion of virtual and physical elements, helps study vehicle performance in complex, multi-factor operation modes. This diagnostic system, used in combination with a bench chassis model, makes it possible to adapt the system if the manufacturer adjusts the vehicle’s automated system design, thereby simplifying the process of further verification of the digital twin. As automation grows more and more widespread, the use of such systems becomes more and more relevant.

Study of braking energy recovery impact on cost-efficiency and environmental safety of vehicle

Abstract: The article addresses the evaluation of the impact of regenerative braking on fuel consumption and, consequently, on pollutant emissions from vehicles operated under conditions leading to frequent acceleration and deceleration. We assume that the vehicle is equipped with a system of conversion and accumulation of electric energy obtained only from braking. Basic analyzed characteristics are determined by a comparison of gasoline engine operation modes with braking energy recovery and without it. As initial physicomathematical tools, we use relationships of propulsion power and energy analysis and propulsion drive operation, which were previously suggested by one of the authors. As an example of using the mentioned relationships, the article presents the analysis results for a vehicle moving in the low-speed segment of the WLTC driving cycle. Energy passing through the battery and energy reserve in it are calculated. It is assumed that the accumulated braking energy makes it possible to start moving at the next segment not using the gasoline engine; the engine starts its operation only after the energy in the battery is exhausted. Superposition of the curves of gasoline engine operation modes with and without recovery allows us to estimate changes in the energy generated. In order to account for different values of specific fuel consumption, the authors use an adjustment factor, which takes into account pollutant emissions from the vehicle depending on the average speed. Functions of changes in fuel consumption and pollutant emissions when using regenerative braking are obtained by the integration of values. The authors compare the obtained results with the results of road tests of vehicles with the energy recovery system. The materials suggested expand our knowledge of the operational properties of vehicles with electromechanical and electrical power units

Improving safety of using ambulance vehicles in large cities

Abstract: The safe use of ambulance vehicles is ensured by a number of factors, one of which is a proper technical condition of the suspension components, meeting the current requirements of megacities (Dezhurny et al. 2010, Yurkovskiy 2010). These requirements force us to analyze the efficiency of using standard oil twin-tube shock absorbers, as well as their most common types such as hydropneumatic shock absorbers and air suspensions. The results of the study show that single-tube hydropneumatic shock absorbers are the most efficient in terms of stability and running smoothness, which directly affects operational safety. Their use does not require any changes in the design, making it easier to replace standard shock absorbers.

Role and methods of accident ability diagnosis in ensuring traffic safety

Abstract: This paper analyzes the role and methods of diagnosing actor’s accident abilities, applied to traffic safety. We highlight the fact that safety equipment and measures (both industrial and traffic-related) provide only partial protection against various hazards, as the most critical hazard source for any person is the person themself, for a variety of reasons, including safety violations, which begin to occur when people grow accustomed to dangerous conditions and situations. By studying the internal (psychological) motivations behind reckless driving and other dangerous behavior, we gain additional opportunities for ensuring the safety of traffic and other high-risk activities. This paper analyzes studies by Russian and foreign authors that touched upon the factors of high-risk driving, and reviews the possible means of adjusting human behavior in dangerous situations by prompting a fear response. We also examine Russian researchers’ approaches to diagnosing accident abilities, which we define as the abilities to escape a dangerous situation safely; this includes having a sense of danger. We adopt S.A. Eliseev’s approach, wherein a person with a sense of danger is able to: balance between success and safety; avoid risks in conditions that they are accustomed to; not become accustomed to danger; find a safe approach to an unsafe situation; anticipate various actions and sources of danger; detect even subtle danger signs and warnings; learn from previous experiences with danger; predict and avoid danger. Our study includes several possible ways of diagnosing accident abilities: simulation experiments and surveys. We describe the process of designing and testing a survey form aimed at assessing a person’s sense of danger. The study includes a discussion of the future prospects of using this method.

Traffic Accidents with Autonomous Vehicles: Type of Collisions, Manoeuvres and Errors of Conventional Vehicles’ Drivers

Abstract: Autonomous vehicles have the potential to dramatically reduce traffic accidents. This assumption is based on the fact that autonomous vehicles eliminate the impact of a human factor on the occurrence of a traffic accident. Autonomous vehicle’ testing in real traffic conditions is carried out worldwide. In this paper, we analyzed traffic accidents with autonomous vehicles that occurred in the US state of California in the period from 2015 to 2017. In order to better recognize the characteristics of traffic accidents with autonomous vehicles, we were carried out a comparative analysis of traffic accidents with only conventional vehicles at locations where occurred traffic accidents with autonomous vehicles. During the analysis of traffic accidents, we have put emphasis on the type of collision, manoeuvres and errors of the drivers of conventional vehicles that led to the traffic accident. Applying statistical analysis, we were found that the type of collision “rear-end” more often in traffic accidents with autonomous vehicles. Types of collisions “pedestrian” and “broadside” were less in traffic accidents with autonomous vehicles. Drivers’ manoeuvres of conventional vehicles do not differ depending on whether an autonomous vehicle is involved in the traffic accident. Drivers’ errors of conventional vehicles that are more often in accidents with autonomous vehicles are “unsafe speed” and “following too closely”. The obtained results were used to propose measures that will improve communication between autonomous vehicles and drivers’ conventional vehicle.

Smart mobility solutions – necessary precondition for a well-functioning smart city

Abstract: Sustainable management of urban areas is becoming during the last decades, one of the most important challenges of the 21st century that resulted in the concept of “smart city“. The city can be defined as "smart" when social capital, traditional and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure encourage sustainable economic development and high quality of life. Smart Mobility is often highlighted as a key system without which the Smart City could not be sustainable. A number of smart solutions have been analyzed and implemented in the context of smart mobility/movement in the cities and beyond. Many of these solutions are based on IT and they include a vehicle navigation system, e-parking, e-ticket, info-mobility signalization, demand-responsive transport, car sharing, bike sharing, public transport live tracking but also some innovative solutions are not necessarily related to IT (walking bus). Smart Mobility Survey has been conducted in Croatia and Italy during 2017 with the aim to establish users’ opinion on a number of the above-mentioned solutions that have been lately used in the cities worldwide. The survey has examined the familiarity with such solutions, their current use, and future expectations of using smart solutions in everyday life. The results showed, among Croatian responders, more limitations in accepting new technological solutions for mobility in the future. This points to the need to have a more public debate about future mobility solutions and their benefits in order to bring them closer to the wider population.

Method for improving the safety of diesel vehicles when operating on gas engine fuel (gas diesel engines)

Abstract: The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of using gas engine fuel in automobile diesel engines (gas diesel engines). The global energy crisis has become a catalyst for the search for an alternative to diesel fuel. In the 1980s, experiments were carried out with regard to the operation of gas diesel vehicles. The results demonstrated a decrease in the efficiency of transportation, attracted criticism from car users, and were terminated. However, some countries continue to study gas diesel engines. The authors propose their own method of achieving positive results in the development and operation of gas diesel vehicles.

Digital platform and ecosystem for providing regional transport mobility

Abstract: Increasing the efficiency of regional and municipal passenger transport, comfort and safety of transportation by using the principles of the digital transformation of technological and management processes is the main goal and result of this paper. A methodology is developed for designing a state-of-the-art regional passenger transportation system based on establishing a set of digital services and hardware and software modules comprising the digital platform, to which regional support systems, mobile and external services are connected. This creates an ecosystem with passengers in the center together with various services around providing comfort, safety and economic efficiency. The methodology is used in the development of an interregional platform. The mathematical support for the basic subsystems of centralized control and passenger information is being designed and undergoing pilot testing.

From home delivery to parcel lockers: a case study in Amsterdam

Abstract: E-commerce is still a strong growing segment with fierce competition among the parcel delivery service providers. To stay ahead of the competitors innovation is necessary. Currently, parcels are being delivered with large delivery vans which will usually deliver single parcels to doorsteps of their customers. This so called last mile is the most expensive logistics activity. In the literature it is proposed that parcel lockers have high potential to save cost. In our paper a literature review on parcel lockers, 3 methods for analysis are described and the results of a case study are provided.

Autonomous delivery robots and their potential impacts on urban freight energy consumption and emissions

Abstract: E-Commerce and package deliveries are growing at a fast pace and several start-ups have already began pilot studies to deliver packages and groceries to consumers utilizing Autonomous Delivery Robots (ADRs). Two research questions guide this research effort: (a) What are the existing capabilities of ADRs? and (b) What are the energy and emissions reductions that ADRs can bring about? A model to understand potential ADR energy and emissions reductions is presented and several scenarios are analyzed. Results, insights, and potential implications are discussed. The results show that ADRs have the potential to significantly reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions in urban areas.

How Do Autonomous Cars Work

Abstract: The automotive industry is one of the most important industries in Europe. This industry is responsible for 14% of total production and capital investment in the European manufacturing sector. The following rise of driverless vehicles is going to have a major impact on businesses and professionals. Automated vehicles could replace corporate fleets for deliveries or transporting employees, for example. And workers could gain productive hours in the day by working instead of driving during daily commutes. Innovations in this field are also poised to completely change the car insurance industry by reducing accidents - a new report predicts that accidents will drop by 80% by 2040. The interconnection and synchronization of radar and ultrasonic sensors and optical cameras allow completely autonomous driving. This article deals with the description of autonomous cars, specifically their classification, technology, components, working, potential advantages and obstacles.

Assessing the influence of operating factors on the properties of engine oil and the environmental safety of internal combustion engine

Abstract: This paper describes the mechanism of the operating factors’ influence on the operating modes of the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the intensity of changes in the technical condition of its main interacting components. It considers changes in the physical and chemical properties of engine oil and its effect on the content of harmful substances in the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine. The characteristic uprating of modern automobile diesel engines significantly worsens the operating conditions of both friction pairs and oil. Ensuring the reliable operation of such uprated engines is possible by improving the lubrication system and the quality of oils used. The performance properties of engine oils have a great influence on the efficiency of internal combustion engines and largely determine their reliability and durability as well as environmental impact. One of the important factors is the wear resistance of friction pairs, which directly depends on the metal-physical characteristics of the friction surfaces as well as the physical and chemical properties of engine oils, methods of their supply to friction units, and the design of the lubrication system. Based on studies conducted at the Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov we determined patterns of engine oil aging and its consumption, depending on operating factors, especially in uprated engines operating at maximum speeds and loads.

University propensity assessment to car sharing services using mixed survey data: the Italian case study of Enna city

Abstract: The sustainable development of urban areas, characterized by the expansion of university centers, can benefit from car sharing services, expanding the potential of public transport, especially when the population is almost represented by off-side students and commuters. This work focuses on the investigation of a set of attributes able to interpret and measure the propensity of students to join car sharing. The paper provides a discussion about the potential implementation of a car sharing service, particularly referring to the case of Enna (Italy), where university students constitute a significant percentage of residents. Students have been involved via a wide consultation survey and the analysis was conducted by using mixed Internet/paper survey data. The propensity was modelled in applying the Likert Scale and a chi-squared test was calculated to check the difference between expected and observed frequencies for several combinations of the analyzed attributes. Results are useful to understand their heterogeneous preferences and to define the way for a well-thought-out design of a new shared transport service.

Modelling city logistics using recent innovative technologies

Abstract: Recently a range of new information based technologies have been developed that create opportunities to implement more integrated and dynamic City Logistics solutions. Sensor networks and demand models can assist in advancing understanding and the prediction the negative impacts of freight on human health that can be used in evaluation. Advances in autonomous and electric freight vehicles have good potential for improving the efficiency and sustainability of urban freight systems. This paper presents an overview of how models can be used to promote the adoption of advanced technologies for enhancing City Logistics.

Factors influencing accident severity: an analysis by road accident type

Abstract: Nowadays, road safety is an issue particularly relevant because of the increasing occurrence of road accidents. For this reason, it is very important to analyze accident severity and the factors influencing it. This paper aims to investigate on the characteristics that can influence the severity of an accident by distinguishing between the various types of accident (e.g. front/side collision, rear-end collision). The included related factors were grouped in different categories referring to road, external environment, and driver. The proposed analysis has the specific objective to discover the possible differences between accidents severity expressed through information such as the number of dead or injured persons in terms of factors influencing the various crash types. The method proposed to this aim is the logistic regression, which is able to determine the weight of each factor involved in the analysis on accident severity. The emerging results suggest that there are interesting differences between accidents type. The findings show that logistic regression as used in this research is a capable tool in providing significant interpretations that can be used for future safety improvements in Italy.

Blockchain Technology on the Way of Autonomous Vehicles Development

Abstract: The article describes the main trends in the field of intellectualization of transport systems and mobility. The possibility of using the Blockchain technology in transport systems is considered. The article proposes to use Blockchain technology for increasing cybersecurity through the creation of a safe and reliable system for sending parameters of the current state of each vehicle using the signals of neighboring vehicles. The authors have developed a tracking system for car actions using the Blockchain system based on the Exonum platform. Mathematical foundations of this system are presented in the article. Data input and confirmation of their acceptance of the transaction is carried out using an Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA). ECDSA security is related to the complexity of the private key search task described in the article. This largely relates to the management of large-scale systems, such as transport system. Failure to follow simple rules and recommendations can lead to serious consequences, such as road accidents and congestion. Therefore, the proposed system can assist in making decisions with autonomous cars and in investigating crimes as well as traffic offences.

Air Transport Service Quality Factors: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract: Evaluating airport and airline services levels of quality can help to improve the services provided to passengers and tourists, and give them better travel choices. Transportation literature is rich of studies concerning the evaluation of public transport service quality, especially regarding road and rail services; however, in the last decades, also in the field of air transport, the measurement of service quality is becoming a relevant issue. Service quality evaluation in air transport sector seems to be more difficult as regards the other public transport modes. As an example, a relevant first issue concerns the diversity of the services offered by the airlines and the services provided by the companies managing the airports. In order to investigate on the measurement of air transport service quality, we propose this paper for treating some interesting aspects concerning this issue by exploring the literature review of the studies analyzing service quality from the passengers’ point of view, where their opinions are collected by the well-known Customer Satisfaction Surveys (CSS). To provide convenient information of a certain level of quality, we selected papers published within the last decade (2008-2018) on journals indexed on the best database (e.g. Scopus, Web of Science).

BIM And GIS Data Integration: A Novel Approach Of Technical/Environmental Decision-Making Process In Transport Infrastructure Design

Abstract: The European Directive 2014/24/EU and its recent Italian transposition law DM 560/2017 encourage an extensive use of BIM-based practices in transport infrastructure design. Therefore, a shift from the traditional design approach towards a shared and highly integrated model, capable of including the various design phases along with economic, operational and environmental concerns, is observed. In such a framework, this work evaluates the benefits returning from the integration between geospatially-referenced data and the BIM models for a more aware design approach. The major aim of this study is to underline the potential of an interoperable and shared model supplemented by GIS data, in minimizing or definitely removing the possible conflicts that typically arise between the infrastructure design and environmental constraints. Particularly, thanks to both the simultaneous assessment of each environmental component and the evaluation of the different project configurations, this methodology can provide an integrated technical/environmental overview of the design. As a result, it allows for immediately verifying the project to comply with the national minimum environmental criteria, which are mandatory for contractors according to the Italian environmental law n° 221/2015 and the new Italian Public Procurement Code. The proposed approach was finally tested on an airport infrastructure. Preliminary results have shown viability of the data management model for supporting designer’s choices in the various project phases, thereby proving this methodology to be worthy for implementation in infrastructure design procedures.

Integrated assessment of traffic management efficiency in real time based on DTA model

Abstract: Currently, traffic engineering and management methods use many traffic management tools in the form of direct or indirect management systems. In general, a steady transition to intelligent traffic management systems is observed. Any intelligent system is comprised of a large number of subsystems, including a variety of computer dynamic real-time models. The simulation methods used in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) basically can be divided into three classes: dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) models, machine learning-based models with a set of different statistical submodels, models using a hybrid approach including a series of meso-DTA models, micro-level models, and machine learning. The main task of the above-mentioned models is to provide high-quality short-term traffic forecasts with a small estimated time. Such models make it possible to choose the most effective strategies of traffic management based on a variety of data obtained from peripheral devices and control actions with the available tools comprising the ITS. The application of such models requires a constant assessment of the efficiency of particular management scenarios. Usually, it is required to evaluate 3–5 scenarios of traffic management within a short period. Thus, the development of a method for the integrated assessment of traffic management efficiency when simulating traffic management scenarios as part of the ITS based on real-time models represents an important scientific challenge.

Greenhouse gas emissions associated with road transport projects: current status, benchmarking, and assessment tools

Abstract: Global warming and climate change have been two much-debated topics in recent times due to their malevolent consequences not only to ecosystems, but also to the human race. They are indeed negative by-products of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The transportation sector is a major contributor of GHG emissions, accounting for approximately 20 percent of all carbon dioxide (co2) emissions globally, and road transportation accounts for the large majority of those emissions. This paper reviews literature related to GHG emissions produced by construction, operation, and maintenance phases of road projects. It compares country-specific GHG emission levels and provides input on assessment tools that can be used to estimate road project-specific GHG emissions. Lastly, the paper draws conclusions in regards to the magnitude of GHG emissions produced by road transportation, as well as to the status of assessment tools readily available in the market. The authors find that GHG emissions continue to be a concern, especially in the Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC), and recognize the need for reliable modeling tools capable of estimating project-specific GHG emissions. As a result, a model framework is proposed as the first step towards a comprehensive modeling tool capable of estimating GHG emissions produced during the entire life-cycle of a road project. The authors disclose that such tool is currently under development.

Hydrogen-powered vehicles in urban transport systems – current state and development

Abstract: The work is dedicated to the possibility of using hydrogen-powered vehicles in urban transport systems. Due to the need to look for alternative solutions for vehicles with conventional drive in cities, hydrogen-powered cars are one of the practical possibilities of realizing the sustainable transport assumptions and independence from oil imports - which is one of the main priorities of the European Union. This paper presents a literature analysis, the analysis of the current state and development of use hydrogen-powered vehicles in the world. The article refers to the possibilities of use hydrogen-vehicles in different ways of mobility: individual vehicles, taxis and shared mobility. In addition, the author focused on showing the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen-powered vehicles in urban transport systems.

I-BIM for existing airport infrastructures

Abstract: New methods and technologies are changing the sectors of engineering and constructions. International researchers introduce the acronym I-BIM (Infrastructure Building Information Modeling) to point out a management information system of digital processes for infrastructures. In this study is shown the 3D parametric solid model of Lamezia Terme International Civil Airport’s runway located in Southern Italy. The 3D parametric model, including horizontal/vertical profiles and cross sections, was carried out using Autodesk Civil 3D, while the territorial context was recreated in Autodesk Infraworks360. Grip numbers data, collected during surveys from 2004 to 2015, were implemented in the mentioned 3D model. This intelligent 3D model-based process can be used in optimal Airport Pavement Management System (APMS) for planning maintenance operations (BIM seventh dimension) in according to Civil Aviation regulation.