Showing papers in "Trends in Analytical Chemistry in 2020"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed the recent advances in molecular imprinting concerning novel preparation strategies of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and typical applications of MI-SPE.
Abstract: Molecular imprinting-based solid-phase extraction (MI-SPE) has been in the spotlight to improve the recognition selectivity and detection sensitivity. MI-SPE provides a powerful tool for chemo/bioanalysis in complex matrices and meanwhile, benefits from distinguished advantages such as easy operation, high throughput, low cost, high selectivity and durability. This review proposed the recent advances in molecular imprinting concerning novel preparation strategies of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and typical applications of MI-SPE. Preparation strategies are highlighted by dividing into ten sections mainly including dummy imprinting, multi-template imprinting, surface imprinting, water-compatible imprinting, restricted access material combining imprinting etc.; each section provides the descriptions about what restrictions led to the emergence of any strategy, strengths/weaknesses of every strategy and universal applications of upgraded MIPs in various SPE modes prior to chromatographic analysis. The potential of MIPs for implementation in routine laboratory activities and scale-up is expected, and finally remaining challenges and future perspectives are proposed.
278 citations
TL;DR: A brief overview of the most common machine learning techniques employed in Raman, a guideline for new users to implement machine learning in their data analysis process, and an overview of modern applications of machine learning of Raman and SERS are provided.
Abstract: Machine learning is shaping up our lives in many ways. In analytical sciences, machine learning provides an unprecedented opportunity to extract information from complex or big datasets in chromatography, mass spectrometry, NMR, and spectroscopy, among others. This is especially the case in Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques where vibrational spectra of complex chemical mixtures are acquired as large datasets for the analysis or imaging of chemical systems. The classical linear methods of processing the information no longer suffice and thus machine learning methods for extracting the chemical information from Raman and SERS experiments have been implemented recently. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the most common machine learning techniques employed in Raman, a guideline for new users to implement machine learning in their data analysis process, and an overview of modern applications of machine learning in Raman and SERS.
262 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review on photoactive materials and signal strategies used in the PEC biosensors for mycotoxin monitoring is provided and the future prospects in this field are discussed.
Abstract: Mycotoxins, highly toxic secondary metabolites of fungus, have brought considerable threats to human health. It is of great significance to develop low-cost, rapid and efficient analytical methods for monitoring mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensors have been promising tools for mycotoxin detection thanks to their superior properties. Photoactive materials play important roles in the biosensing systems as transducer converting chemical information into detectable PEC signal. Signal strategies based on specific recognition elements also affects a lot on the analytical performance of PEC biosensors. This paper provides a comprehensive review on photoactive materials and signal strategies used in the PEC biosensors for mycotoxin monitoring. The future prospects in this field are also discussed.
239 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the existing treatment processes, their advantages and future perspective of this emerging area and observed that only 18-32% of the pharmaceutical residues could be degraded by the secondary treatment of these seven technologies and it has been increased to 30-65% by tertiary treatment.
Abstract: Recently pharmaceuticals are emerging as a major source of pollution for the environment. It has been well observed that the effluent discharge from hospitals has an eminent quantity of chemical waste as antibiotics, disinfectants and other treatments wastes. Pharmaceutical effluents are bioactive and their existence in the environment has been found harmful to both aquatic life and humans. In developing countries, untreated wastewaters are discharged to local water bodies by just following the local regulations. The current global challenges including high population growth rate and climate change have contributed to the widespread epidemics and emergence of diseases. Besides intractable and decaying antibiotic system, hospitals emit pathogenic waste during treatment process that can lead to situations where a total ban on hospital effluent are needed, for instance in multiple cases where discharge lead to strain on nature and quality of water. In case of pharmaceutical residues, it has been observed that only 18–32% of the pharmaceutical residues could be degraded by the secondary treatment of these seven technologies and it has been increased to 30–65% by tertiary treatment. As far as the pharmaceutical residues are concerned, it has been observed that MBR removes the residues with the efficiency of 28–100%, varying for each pharmaceutical. This paper reviews the existing treatment processes, their advantages and future perspective of this emerging area.
180 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the recent developments in preparation, investigation and application of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for the separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Abstract: This review article summarizes the recent developments in preparation, investigation and application of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for the separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the preparation part the major emphases is placed on covalent immobilization of chiral selector (CS) onto the surface of silica, as well as to the application of monolithic and superficially porous silica as carriers for a CS. In the investigation part the emphases is placed on the thermodynamics of the separation process. In the application part the emphases is made on the combination of chemo- and enantioselectivity, on fast separation of enantiomers, obtaining high separation factors and new potential applications related to this. Traditional applications of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases, such as to pharmaceutical, bioanalytical, environmental and food analyses are not included due to space limitation of the present review paper.
156 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the occurrence and fate of antibiotic in the environment is an uttermost concern due to development of resistant gene and lowering effect of antibiotic on diseases, and the problem is intense due to extensive & uncontrolled use of drugs at different medical facilities.
Abstract: The occurrence and fate of antibiotic in the environment is an uttermost concern due to development of resistant gene and lowering effect of antibiotic on diseases. In India itself, the problem is intense due to extensive & uncontrolled use of drugs at different medical facilities. They get mixed up with ground and surface water due to lack of proper treatment of hospital wastewater before discharging it. As it contains high concentration of antibiotics, drug residues along with certain heavy metals. The contamination due to this is not only limited to water but affects whole ecosystem severely. The concentration of these antibiotics depends upon various factors such as a characteristic of water and soil, irrational water source, cropping forms, seasonal variation of medicines. Many investigations on the toxicity of these antibiotics and their traces in aquatic environment pose serious threats. If we compare treatments with respect to different drugs then we observe that iodinated contrast media shows better removal efficiency in an MBR with UV about 66% of total load and 99% for all other drugs. It can be concluded from this study that use of about 23 mg/L of packed activate carbon with 1.08 g O3/g of DOC with 2400 J/m2 UV will be best for achieving high efficiency in drugs removal. In this paper, our main objective was to review the occurrences and fate of common drugs and antibiotics present in effluents from hospital wastewaters. These effluents get mixed up the others streams of water and are used in various purposes like irrigation and other domestic activities, thus making the situation more complex. The conventional adopted treatment techniques for these hospital effluents are also discussed in detail.
153 citations
TL;DR: A review of the recent trends in potentiometric biosensors can be found in this article, where the authors provide an outlook of the potentiometrics based on the integration of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with new materials and emerging techniques.
Abstract: Potentiometry based on ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) has been injected with new vigor and gone through a renaissance with the improvements in the detection limits and selectivities of ISEs, the introduction of new materials, new sensing concepts (from conventional potentiometry to dynamic electrochemistry approaches), and deeper theoretical understanding and modelling of the potentiometric responses of ISEs. The new breakthroughs encourage innovations in ion sensing and biosensing applications. Moreover, with the introduction of new bioreceptors, such as enzymes, antibodies, aptamers, peptides, versatile sensing protocols have been designed for a broad range of different target molecules by using ISEs as powerful transducers. This paper reviews the recent trends in potentiometric biosensors. Their applications in biosensing of metal ions, small molecules, DNA, proteins, bacteria and toxicities have been discussed. This review provides the outlook of the potentiometric biosensing based on the integration of potentiometric ISEs with new materials and emerging techniques.
152 citations
TL;DR: This article summarizes the recent developments in new data preprocessing strategies and specifically reviews the emerging ensemble approaches to preprocessing fusion in chemometrics.
Abstract: Data generated by analytical instruments, such as spectrometers, may contain unwanted variation due to measurement mode, sample state and other external physical, chemical and environmental factors. Preprocessing is required so that the property of interest can be predicted correctly. Different correction methods may remove specific types of artefacts while still leaving some effects behind. Using multiple preprocessing in a complementary way can remove the artefacts that would be left behind by using only one technique. This article summarizes the recent developments in new data preprocessing strategies and specifically reviews the emerging ensemble approaches to preprocessing fusion in chemometrics. A demonstration case is also presented. In summary, ensemble preprocessing allows the selection of several techniques and their combinations that, in a complementary way, lead to improved models. Ensemble approaches are not limited to spectral data but can be used in all cases where preprocessing is needed and identification of a single best option is not easily done.
140 citations
TL;DR: A critical evaluation of the most common procedures for saliva sampling and a description of the off-the-shelf sampling devices are reported and their suitability for bioanalytical applications and salivary biomarkers detection is discussed.
Abstract: The continuous exchange of chemicals with blood and the non-invasive collection make saliva an interesting specimen for clinical applications, from the detection of biomarkers to the new –omic sciences in medicine. However, saliva sampling is challenging because the suitability of the collection method for the analyte of interest is either poorly investigated or, more often, not mentioned at all in most publications. This review reports a critical evaluation of the most common procedures for saliva sampling and a description of the off-the-shelf sampling devices. Their suitability for bioanalytical applications and salivary biomarkers detection, e.g. representativeness of the sample, sampling feasibility, analyte recovery, and sample amount, is discussed.
133 citations
TL;DR: An overview on the fundamentals and characteristics of Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis as well as the main advances and trends in this topic can be found in this article, where special attention is paid to the most recent technological and methodological developments achieved mainly in the most employed separation mode (Electrokinetic Chromatography).
Abstract: The implications of chirality in different environments are already well known and reported extensively in the literature. Capillary Electrophoresis, a separation technique that only requires few nanoliters of sample, has demonstrated its potential for chiral analysis in the past years. The aim of this article is to provide an overview on the fundamentals and characteristics of Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis as well as the main advances and trends in this topic. Special attention is paid to the most recent technological and methodological developments achieved mainly in the most employed separation mode (Electrokinetic Chromatography). The most noteworthy and recent applications reported on the enantiomeric separation and determination of compounds in pharmaceutical, food, biomedical, environmental or forensic samples will also be critically overviewed. The characteristics of the developed methodologies will be detailed in Tables and future trends will also be discussed.
128 citations
TL;DR: Deep Eutectic solvents as discussed by the authors are compounds formed by a donor and an acceptor of hydrogen bond and are in liquid state at ambient temperature, and are non-volatile, with high thermal stability and readily dissolve many organic and inorganic compounds.
Abstract: Deep eutectic solvents are compounds formed by a donor and an acceptor of hydrogen bond; and are in liquid state at ambient temperature. They are non-volatile, with high thermal stability and readily dissolve many organic and inorganic compounds. They are recognized as green and cheap alternatives to ionic liquids. They have recently appeared in analytical practice but have already found wide application in various fields of analytical chemistry; mainly as effective extractants. However, their use as extractants does not limit the scope of their capabilities. This review is primarily devoted to the description of new possibilities of applications of deep eutectic solvents in analytical chemistry; including such areas as chromatographic separation, electrochemical analysis, sample preparation, synthesis and modification of new sorption materials. In addition, the stability of deep eutectic solvents, terminology, classification, further trends and some errors and inaccuracies associated with their applications are discussed.
TL;DR: An overview of recent advances, the current challenges and available solutions in cancer biomarkers detection via LFTS focusing on the sensitivity enhancement by various detection systems is provided.
Abstract: Cancer is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. However, its early non-invasive detection via quantification of appropriate biomarkers can significantly reduce mortality, enhance survival, and save treatment costs. Lateral flow test strips (LFTS) are nowadays considered as the most attractive point-of-care devices for healthcare applications. However, the quantification of cancer biomarkers in body fluids suffers from some challenges including i) the necessity for multiplex analysis, ii) the development of sensitive detection systems, iii) to overcome the analysis of complex samples, at the same time, it should keep the quality assurance criteria for an accurate and proper diagnostic. This review provides an overview of recent advances, the current challenges and available solutions in cancer biomarkers detection via LFTS focusing on the sensitivity enhancement by various detection systems. Then, the available LFTS kits in the market are presented and future trends in this area are foreseen.
TL;DR: This comprehensive review focuses on the development and state of the art of AuNPs-based colorimetric sensor arrays and describes the principle of a sensor array and discusses the design of the cross-reactive sensing elements.
Abstract: A sensor array based on the pattern recognition strategy is good at distinguishing subtle changes of extremely similar mixtures over a wide range of analyte types. Particularly, colorimetric sensor arrays based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been applied widely in many fields for its simplicity, rapidity, cost-effective production, multi-information output, easy visualization of the color change, and even assay by naked eyes. This comprehensive review focuses on the development and state of the art of AuNPs-based colorimetric sensor arrays. Firstly, this review briefly describes the principle of a sensor array and discusses the design of the cross-reactive sensing elements. Secondly, the popular chemometric and statistical techniques (including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA)) for analyzing the data from a sensor array have also been presented. Thirdly, a variety of applications of AuNPs-based colorimetric sensor arrays published throughout the literature have been reviewed in detail according to different sensing mechanisms (surface plasmon resonance, catalytic activity of mimetic enzyme, and multidimensional information) between AuNPs and target analytes. Finally, the remaining challenges and future trends in the development of colorimetric sensor array based on AuNPs have also been discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the electrochemical biosensors for the detection of pathogenic bacteria in food is presented, highlighting the performance parameters of these sensors and providing a critical discussion of current and future trends, including future commercialization.
Abstract: Biosensors for the detection of pathogenic bacteria in food are a promising alternative to conventional methods of analysis. This review focuses on the electrochemical biosensors reported in recent years for use with food samples. It highlights the performance parameters of these sensors, and provides a critical discussion of current and future trends, including future commercialization.
TL;DR: The theory ofQD-based FRET is explained, some aspects of QD surface functionalization that are important for FRET are reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of QDs in FRET-biosensing are discussed using both spectroscopy and imaging techniques.
Abstract: The analysis of biomolecular interactions using quantum dots (QDs) as both FRET donors and acceptors has become an established technique in the life sciences. This development has been driven by the unique properties of QDs, which include large surfaces for the attachment of biomolecules, high brightness and photostability, strong and spectrally broad absorption, and color-tunability via QD size, shape, and material. Applications include molecular rulers for structural analysis, small-molecule sensors, immunoassays, enzyme assays, nucleic acid assays, fluorescence imaging in-vitro and in-vivo, and molecular logic gates. Here, we will explain the theory of QD-based FRET, review some aspects of QD surface functionalization that are important for FRET, and highlight and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of QDs in FRET-biosensing using both spectroscopy and imaging techniques.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the new sample preparation and extraction methods for the analysis of pesticides in various water samples, in order to obtain a reliable signal from the complex matrix.
Abstract: Pesticides are the most hazardous environmental pollutants due to their stability, mobility and long-term effects on living organisms. Their existence in sources of drinking water, essential to life, is a specific danger to living organisms. In water, these compounds may metamorphose to produce substances with even greater toxicity. Pesticide levels in diverse environments are generally below the limits of detection for many analytical instruments, so it is essential to isolate and then enrich pesticides from the complex matrix to decrease the interference effects in order to obtain a reliable signal. The main objective of this review is to evaluate the new sample preparation and extraction methods for the analysis of pesticides in various water samples.
TL;DR: The application of nanomaterials on paper-based biosensors has become important as these materials are capable of converting signals from pathogens through unique mechanisms to yield an amplified colorimetric readout.
Abstract: The pervasive spread of infectious diseases and pandemics, such as the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), are becoming increasingly serious and urgent threats to human health. Preventing the spread of such diseases prioritizes the development of sensing devices that can rapidly, selectively, and reliably detect pathogens at minimal cost. Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are promising tools that satisfy those criteria. Numerous paper-based biosensors have been established that rival conventional pathogen detection methods. Among them, colorimetric strategies are promising since results can be interpreted by eye, and are simple to operate, which is advantageous for point-of-care testing (POCT). Particularly, the application of nanomaterials on paper-based biosensors has become important as these materials are capable of converting signals from pathogens through unique mechanisms to yield an amplified colorimetric readout. To highlight the research progress on using nanomaterials in colorimetric paper-based biosensor for pathogen detection, we discuss the sensing mechanisms of how they work, structural and analytical characteristics of the devices, and representative recent applications. Current challenges and future directions of using PADs and nanomaterial-mediated strategies are also discussed.
TL;DR: There are still certain challenges which are remained unaddressed concerning the performance and clinical use of transistor-based point-of-care (POC) instruments; accordingly, expectations about their future improvement for biosensing and cellular studies are argued at the end of this review.
Abstract: The use of field-Effect-Transistor (FET) type biosensing arrangements has been highlighted by researchers in the field of early biomarker detection and drug screening. Their non-metalized gate dielectrics that are exposed to an electrolyte solution cover the semiconductor material and actively transduce the biological changes on the surface. The efficiency of these novel devices in detecting different biomolecular analytes in a real-time, highly precise, specific, and label-free manner has been validated by numerous research studies. Considerable progress has been attained in designing FET devices, especially for biomedical diagnosis and cell-based assays in the past few decades. The exceptional electronic properties, compactness, and scalability of these novel tools are very desirable for designing rapid, label-free, and mass detection of biomolecules. With the incorporation of nanotechnology, the performance of biosensors based on FET boosts significantly, particularly, employment of nanomaterials such as graphene, metal nanoparticles, single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, nanorods, and nanowires. Besides, their commercial availability, and high-quality production on a large-scale, turn them to be one of the most preferred sensing and screening platforms. This review presents the basic structural setup and working principle of different types of FET devices. We also focused on the latest progression regarding the use of FET biosensors for the recognition of viruses such as, recently emerged COVID-19, Influenza, Hepatitis B Virus, protein biomarkers, nucleic acids, bacteria, cells, and various ions. Additionally, an outline of the development of FET sensors for investigations related to drug development and the cellular investigation is also presented. Some technical strategies for enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of detection in these devices are addressed as well. However, there are still certain challenges which are remained unaddressed concerning the performance and clinical use of transistor-based point-of-care (POC) instruments; accordingly, expectations about their future improvement for biosensing and cellular studies are argued at the end of this review.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the distribution traits in food sources, taste characteristics, evaluation approaches and related investigations and designed new evaluation approaches with the advantages of fast, sensitive and selective, and allowing more structurally versatile umami (enhancing) ingredients would be elucidated from raw food materials.
Abstract: Umami, as an alimentary taste, is an indicator for the presence of valuable amino acids or oligopeptides. Umami substances, including free amino acids, nucleotides, peptides, organic acids and their derivatives, are widely distributed in foods. They usually improve the overall taste of food such as modulating sweet taste, enhancing salty taste and suppressing sourness and bitterness. Though umami receptors have been discovered, the evaluation of umami intensity with sensitivity and selectivity is nevertheless a challenge because of its multivariate taste characteristics in complex food matrix source. Based on the available literature, this review summarized the distribution traits in food sources, taste characteristics, evaluation approaches and the related investigations. In further studies, with advance in the field of materials, microfluidic and nano-technologies, new evaluation approaches should be designed with the advantages of fast, sensitive and selective, and allowing more structurally versatile umami (enhancing) ingredients would be elucidated from raw food materials.
TL;DR: In this article, the recent advances of ionic liquids (ILs) in sample preparation from more than 100 works mainly in last five years, including liquid-liquid microextraction, solid-phase extraction, solid phase extraction, stir bar or stir cake sorptive extraction.
Abstract: This paper reviews the recent advances of ionic liquids (ILs) in sample preparation from more than 100 works mainly in last five years, including liquid-liquid microextraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, stir bar or stir cake sorptive extraction. ILs, polymer of ILs and their composites with molecular imprinted polymer, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and magnetic materials have been explored as promising sorbents for inorganic or organic pollutants, majorly relying on the affinity of ILs with the target. The improved sensitivity and selectivity towards different types of analytes were displayed, attributed from various mechanism of ILs-based extraction materials including π-π, ion-exchange, hydrogen bond, dipole-dipole, electrostatic, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. The prospects of ILs for sample preparation were also presented, which can offer an outlook for the further applications of ILs.
TL;DR: The present review highlights new achievements in the development of biosensors relying on different types of nanomaterials and biorecognition elements that have been commonly used in the fabrication of these biosensor.
Abstract: Antibiotics are extensively employed for preventive and curative purposes in animals. Their accumulation in human body through food chain may induce serious health hazards. Therefore, the development of sensitive and specific methods for simple and rapid screening of antibiotics in animal-derived foods is highly desirable. Currently, the most commonly used detection methods are based on chromatographic techniques including HPLC and LC-MS/MS and immunological methods such as enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Although these methods are sensitive enough, they are time consuming and require skilled personnel and expensive equipment. Biosensors are emerging analytical tools for simple, on-site, low cost, specific and sensitive detection of antibiotics. The present review highlights new achievements in the development of biosensors relying on different types of nanomaterials and biorecognition elements that have been commonly used in the fabrication of these biosensors. Present challenges and future perspectives are discussed well.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight the application of metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles for the voltammetric detection of heavy metals and highlight the applicability of some of these systems in real samples.
Abstract: Most heavy metal ions are known to be toxic and carcinogenic when present in high amounts Thus, rapid and reliable on-site detection of these ions is crucial Voltammetry is a highly sensitive electrochemical method that has been widely used for heavy metal detection offering the advantages of sensitivity and rapidity On the other hand, nanoparticles offer the advantages of high surface area and high selectivity Thus, this review aims to highlight the application of metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles for the voltammetric detection of heavy metals The nanoparticles used were either applied solely on the electrode or as modifiers with various materials In all cases, the synthesized devices showed an enhanced analytical performance, such that the limits of detection were lowered and the sensitivities were increased as compared to voltammetric systems not using nanoparticles Moreover, the applicability of some of these systems was investigated in real samples
TL;DR: This review introduces the AIE concept and working principles of AIE bioprobes, and briefly summarizes their applications in biosensing and bioimaging with some representative examples recently reported mainly in the authors' group.
Abstract: Organic fluorescent bioprobes provide robust and powerful analytical techniques for direct detection and monitoring of important biological species and their related biological processes in live samples. In contrast to conventional fluorophores with aggregation-caused quenching effect, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens (AIEgens) exhibit remarkable photophysical properties such as bright fluorescence in aggregate or solid state, large Stokes shift, excellent photostability, and long retention time in live samples. Benefiting from these advantages, AIEgen-based bioprobes have been widely applied in diverse biomedical applications. In this review, we first introduce the AIE concept and working principles of AIE bioprobes. Then we briefly summarize their applications in biosensing and bioimaging with some representative examples recently reported mainly in our group. The challenge and future development of AIE bioprobes are also discussed and highlighted. Hopefully, this review can inspire more researchers to participate in this fascinating area and expand the versatile biomedical applications.
TL;DR: A review of the challenges, perspectives, recent advances and the technological aspects in the progress of wearable electrochemical sweat sensors focused on electrochemical monitoring of various biomarkers from sweat samples.
Abstract: The majority of existing medical diagnosis depends on the blood analysis in centralized sophisticated laboratories having bulky, complex, and time-consuming clinical instruments. Blood test involves invasive sample collection followed by plasma separation via centrifugation, and chemical analyses. This may prevent persons in need of urgent medical diagnosis and prompt medical attention. Wearable biosensor offers non-invasive monitoring of physiologically relevant biomarkers from biofluids and continuous tracking of real-time health status. Recent advances are much focused on electrochemical monitoring of various biomarkers from sweat samples. Such skin-interfaced sweat sensors require flexibility, stretchability and self-healing ability to match with the mechanical properties of the epidermis. The multiplexed sweat analysis coupled with wireless signal transduction provides vital information about health and fitness level of the wearer. This review focuses on the challenges, perspectives, recent advances and the technological aspects in the progress of wearable electrochemical sweat sensors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the latest developments of biosensors addressing sustainable agriculture and food fraud are presented for the years 2015-2019 and point toward important new strategies needed to truly ensure safe food in a sustainable global market.
Abstract: Food safety affects everyone worldwide and will remain a global challenge to human health in the foreseeable future requiring the rapid, sensitive, efficient and inexpensive detection of food contaminants. Biosensors have long been investigated to be part of a solution. In fact, current research trends of nanoscale science and technology, efforts of miniaturization and connectivity enabled through the internet of things boost biosensors’ capabilities to a degree that they surely will play a major part of the answer to this global challenge. Surprisingly though, the adaption of such biosensors to function along the entire food value chain and hence also include important aspects of sustainable agriculture and food fraud has been neglected so far. In this review, the latest developments of biosensors addressing these issues are presented for the years 2015–2019 and point toward important new strategies needed to truly ensure safe food in a sustainable global market.
TL;DR: This review focuses on recent advances in miniaturization strategies, including handheld instruments and microfluidics-assisted miniaturized biosensing systems, and describes how POC testing applications can be realized based on developments in integration, automation and multiplexing.
Abstract: The popularization of point-of-care (POC) testing is of great importance in healthcare diagnostics and other fields in the developing world, especially in resource-limited settings. To date, there are still great challenges in the development of simple, quick, affordable, yet highly effective and selective biosensors for POC testing. To meet the increasing need for POC testing, researchers need to consider biosensor miniaturization. In this review, we focus on recent advances in miniaturized biosensors for POC testing. We first review the miniaturization strategies, including handheld instruments and microfluidics-assisted miniaturized biosensing systems. Recent progress in recognition biosensing interactions for miniaturized biosensing systems is then summarized. We further describe how POC testing applications can be realized based on developments in integration, automation and multiplexing. Finally, the future prospects and remaining challenges of miniaturized biosensors for POC testing are discussed.
TL;DR: HILIC has grown up to be a high-efficiency method for collecting both glycosylation sites and glycan structural information simultaneously and the future development tendency of the HILIC is suggested.
Abstract: Glycosylation is one of the most common and important types of protein post-translational modifications in mammalian cells. To decode the protein glycosylation, it is highly important to enrich glycopeptides or separate glycans from complex biosamples. Hydrophilic interaction liquid interaction chromatography (HILIC) has inherent advantages in the separation of hydrophilic substances and glycopeptide enrichment. Conventional HILIC display unbiased binding with the hydrophilic solutes, leading to unsatisfactory enrichment selectivity for glycopeptides. In recent three years, many novel HILIC materials, including histidine, dipeptide, maltose, and amide-based ones, were developed and displayed either specific binding capacities toward sialylated glycopeptides, or substantially stronger retention toward neutral glycopeptides. Therefore, HILIC has grown up to be a high-efficiency method for collecting both glycosylation sites and glycan structural information simultaneously. In the review, recent breakthrough of HILIC materials applied to glycopeptide enrichment and glycan separation is summarized, and the future development tendency of the HILIC is suggested.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the recent advancements in the development of new functionalized nanomaterials for dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) applications is presented and highlighted.
Abstract: Because of the limited performance of conventional bulk-scale materials, the development of novel materials in nanoscale with enhanced properties has attracted increasing great attention of research from different fields of science. Significance progresses were made in nanotechnology and nanoscience in the past years. Compared with conventional materials, nanomaterials possess large surface area to volume ratio and unique intrinsic features including electrical, mechanical, optical and morphological features. These features of materials in nanoscale make them great candidates for the development of novel functionalized nanomaterials for the different applications of dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) technique. The aim of this review paper is to demonstrate and highlight the recent advancements in the development of new functionalized nanomaterials for dSPE applications.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a brief introduction to several main bioreceptors such as enzymes, antibodies, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), as well as typical sensing strategies, followed by specific focus on their advanced development.
Abstract: Due to the large-scale use and high toxicity of pesticides, it is imperative to develop sensitive, selective, and convenient sensors for pesticide detection. Therefore, the electrochemical detection platform provides a promising analytical approach since it is economical, efficient, user-friendly and easy to operate. This review firstly provides a brief introduction to several main bioreceptors such as enzymes, antibodies, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), as well as typical sensing strategies, followed by specific focus on their advanced development. The next section elaborates on the various nanomaterials for electrode modification including graphene (GR), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metal nanoparticles (MNPs), and conducting polymers (CPs) in the form of nanoparticles, rods, or porous materials. The requirements and necessity for the advancement of novel analysis devices are also summarized, followed by prospects and challenges.
TL;DR: The use of ultrasound for extraction applications from plant, animal, marine and food processing streams are comprehensively presented and the potential of ultrasound as a pre-treatment and for direct use in assisted extraction processes is demonstrated.
Abstract: The extraction of target compounds from biological matrices largely depends on the effectiveness and efficiency of the extraction technique(s) employed. The objective of this review is to discuss a range of ultrasound assisted extraction processes alone or in combination with other approaches. In recent years, ultrasound has proven to be effective in a range of applications for enhancing extraction yields with minimal or no damage to the quality of extracted compounds. This review demonstrates the potential of ultrasound as a pre-treatment and for direct use in assisted extraction processes. The use of ultrasound for extraction applications from plant, animal, marine and food processing streams are comprehensively presented.