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Showing papers in "Trends in Biochemical Sciences in 1995"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Observations suggest that Adenylate/uridylate-rich elements play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression during cell growth and differentiation and in the immune response.

1,955 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The GFP originally cloned from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has several nonoptimal properties including low brightness, a significant delay between protein synthesis and fluorescence development, and complex photoisomerization, but can be re-engineered by mutagenesis to ameliorate these deficiencies and shift the excitation and emission wavelengths, creating different colors and new applications.

1,550 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The recent discovery of two other MAPK subtypes, the JNK/SAPK subfamily and p38/RK (mammalian equivalents of HOG1 in yeast), reveals extreme complexity within the family and the existence in mammalian cells of parallel MAPK cascades that can be activated simultaneously.

1,028 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: D-type cyclins couple extracellular signals to the biochemical machinery that governs progression through G1 phase of the mammalian cell division cycle, implying that their primary role is to sense the cell's readiness to replicate DNA and to enforce the commitment to enter S phase.

987 citations



Journal ArticleDOI

667 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For MARCKS, and perhaps other proteins, phosphorylation of serines within its basic cluster reduces the electrostatic attraction, producing translocation of the protein from the membrane to the cytosol by a simple 'electrostatic switch' mechanism.

667 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Biochemical data with enzyme-depleted extracts and studies of enzyme-deficient mice show that PARP does not participate directly in DNA repair, and possible roles for poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ceramide is a potent and specific suppressor of cell growth and an inducer of apoptosis and should provide new understanding of the physiological functions of ceramide and promise significant insight into a novel biochemical pathway regulating apoptosis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ability of a polypeptide to fold into a unique, functional, three-dimensional structure in vivo is dependent upon its amino acid sequence and the function of molecular chaperone proteins and enzymes that catalyse folding.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The base excision repair pathway has evolved to protect cells from the deleterious effects of endogenous DNA damage induced by hydrolysis, reactive oxygen species and other intracellular metabolites that modify DNA base structure.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wortmannin is a fungal metabolite that so far has been shown to act as a selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and can therefore be used to investigate the convergence between two major cellular signalling systems: those involving G-protein-coupled receptors and those involving receptor tyrosine kinases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: DNA damaged by the cisplatin drug has proved to be a valuable tool for exploring the details of the nucleotide excision repair pathway and its role in resistance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A dual function of the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase subunit has been found in several yeast species, suggesting that this control system might be widespread in fungi and possibly also in other organisms.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is now accumulating that Rho, a Ras-related small GTP-binding protein, is another important regulator of these actin-dependent cell functions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The SWI-SNF complex plays a key role in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and genetic studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggest that one role for the complex is to antagonize chromatin-mediated repression of transcription.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that, as for many biological systems, different combinations of these common elements can lead to diversity and specificity in the regulation of plant gene expression.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of peptide libraries has revealed the substrate specificities of SH2 domains and PTK catalytic domains, and has suggested cross-talk between these domains.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Ca(2+)-binding protein calmodulin binds to and activates several cellular enzymes in response to a rise in Ca2+ concentration, and the modulation of the binding equilibrium of these helices between intramolecular and intermolecular sites forms a focal point for crosstalk between various signalling pathways.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two processes involving DNA double-strand breaks are the repair of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation, and V(D)J recombination, the genomic rearrangement that creates antigen-receptor diversity in vertebrates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current knowledge of ICE and its homologues are summarized, and how these may be involved in regulating apoptosis.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: DNA mismatch-repair systems exist that repair mispaired bases formed during DNA replication, genetic recombination and as a result of damage to DNA.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The presence of palmitate appears to play a key role in the membrane localization of either the entirepolypeptide or parts of it, and may regulate the interactions of these polypeptides with other proteins.