Showing papers in "Trends in Cognitive Sciences in 2000"

TL;DR: The revised model differs from the old principally in focussing attention on the processes of integrating information, rather than on the isolation of the subsystems, which provides a better basis for tackling the more complex aspects of executive control in working memory.

TL;DR: Various findings are reviewed in relation to the idea that ACC is a part of a circuit involved in a form of attention that serves to regulate both cognitive and emotional processing, and how the success of this regulation in controlling responses might be correlated with cingulate size.

TL;DR: A model for the organization of this system that emphasizes a distinction between the representation of invariant and changeable aspects of faces is proposed and is hierarchical insofar as it is divided into a core system and an extended system.

TL;DR: Single-cell recordings in monkeys, and neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies in humans, reveal that cerebral cortex in and near the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region is an important component of this perceptual system.

TL;DR: This review examines two important concepts of self: the 'minimal self', a self devoid of temporal extension, and the 'narrative self', which involves personal identity and continuity across time.

TL;DR: Findings using an electrophysiological brain component, the N400, that reveal the nature and timing of semantic memory use during language comprehension support a view of memory in which world knowledge is distributed across multiple, plastic-yet-structured, largely modality-specific processing areas, and in which meaning is an emergent, temporally extended process.

TL;DR: In more complex organisms more complex systems have evolved to orient the various receptors either towards or away from signal sources in the environment and to prepare the organism to select from arepertoire of behavioral actions as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: The ability of the motor system to estimate the future state of the limb might be an evolutionary substrate for mental operations that require an estimate of sequelae in the immediate future.

TL;DR: It is argued that cortical fields in the posterior-superior temporal lobe, bilaterally, constitute the primary substrate for constructing sound- based representations of speech, and that these sound-based representations interface with different supramodal systems in a task-dependent manner.

TL;DR: This article reviews some of the recent ERP studies of attention, focusing on studies that isolate the operation of attention in specific cognitive subsystems such as perception, working memory, and response selection.

TL;DR: This research suggests that just as the visual system works to recover the physical structure of the world by inferring properties such as 3-D shape, so too does it work to recovery the causal and social structure ofThe world by inference properties suchAs causality and animacy.

TL;DR: Evidence from recent neurophysiological studies that suggests that the eyes constitute a special stimulus in at least two senses is reviewed, suggesting that the structure of the eyes is such that it provides us with a particularly powerful signal to the direction of another person's gaze.

TL;DR: It is argued that eye-movement data provide an excellent on-line indication of the cognitive processes underlying visual search and reading and the relationship between attention and eye movements is discussed.

TL;DR: In this paper, a non-verbal counting process represents discrete (countable) quantities by means of magnitudes with scalar variability, which appear to be identical to the magnitudes that represent continuous (uncountable), such as duration.

TL;DR: A new theory of visual masking, inspired by developments in neuroscience, can account for several recently described backward masking effects, including masking by four small dots that surround (but do not touch) a target object and masks by a surrounding object that remains on display after the target object has been turned off.

TL;DR: Comparative analysis of living species provides a viable alternative to fossil data for understanding the evolution of speech, and suggests that the neural basis for vocal mimicry and for mimesis in general remains unknown.

TL;DR: It is argued that contextual information is important because it embodies invariant properties of the visual environment such as stable spatial layout information as well as object covariation information that allows us to interact more effectively with the visual world.

TL;DR: A sketch of the behavioral phenomenon is presented, focusing on the idea that the relative automaticity of the two dimensions determines the direction and the degree of interdimensional interference between them, and how existing interference data are captured by models.

TL;DR: This review examines recent research into religious rituals, communication and transmission of religious knowledge, the development of god-concepts in children, and the origins and character of religious concepts in adults to support the notion that the cultural phenomena typically labeled as 'religion' may be understood as the product of aggregated ordinary cognition.

TL;DR: Three contrasting examples of work in this area that address the lexical and grammatical structure of language, Piaget's classic 'A-not-B' error, and active categorical perception in an embodied, situated agent are reviewed.

TL;DR: The relationships between different parts of the face (its 'configuration') are as important to the impression created of an upright face as the local features themselves, suggesting further constraints on the representations derived from faces.

TL;DR: Traditional studies of implicit attentional capture and recent studies of inattentional blindness provide a more complete understanding of the varieties of attentional Capture, both in the laboratory and in the real world.

TL;DR: It is concluded that few studies have used designs that permit these different kinds of process to be independently identified, and that presently there is little evidence to indicate which kinds of processing can be fractionated in terms of their neural correlates.

TL;DR: The unconventional view provides the more plausible answers to three important questions: how was the necessary parity between speaker and listener established in evolution, and how maintained?

TL;DR: This article reviews studies using the domain-general, associative learning paradigm that have led to a number of exciting discoveries regarding the learning mechanisms available during infancy and raises important issues with respect to whether such mechanisms are general or specific to language.

TL;DR: A usage-based model in which children imitatively learn concrete linguistic expressions from the language they hear around them, and then categorize, schematize and creatively combine these individually learned expressions and structures is provided.

TL;DR: Data from fMRI, ERPs and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as well as from split-brain studies and patients with focal lesions, indicate that the prefrontal cortex, with possible right hemisphere lateralization, may be a preferential component in self- recognition.

TL;DR: An approach to morphological phenomena called the convergence theory is described, in which morphology is a graded, inter-level representation that reflects correlations among orthography, phonology and semantics.

TL;DR: This article presents one alternative to the computer analogy that suggests brains are organized into independent modules and evidence is reviewed that brains are in fact organized into parallel processing streams with complementary properties.