Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 1988"

TL;DR: Current efforts to develop an effective therapy for hypoxic-ischemic neuronal injury are appropriately focused onNMDA antagonists; however, it is possible that additional benefit might be gained by combining NMDA antagonists with pharmacological manipulations designed to attenuate Ca 2+ entry through these other routes.

TL;DR: Efforts at classifying multiple types of Ca 2+ channels according to differences in their gating, ionic conductance and pharmacology are summarized.

TL;DR: There is a wide body of evidence to suggest the existence of at least three distinct opioid receptor types in the CNS, referred to as μ, δ, and κ, and their relation to the opioid peptides is discussed.

TL;DR: It is suggested that many aspects of perception involve significant overlap across a number of paths and cortical areas.

TL;DR: The possible functions of resident and recruited macrophages in the developing and adult nervous system are reviewed and what contribution these cells might make to repair mechanisms in the central and peripheral nervous systems are examined.

TL;DR: The physiological and pharmacological properties of GABA A and GABA B receptors will be discussed below in terms of ion channels that are activated by the two receptor subtypes.

TL;DR: Consideration of the spatial and temporal profile of Ca 2+ signals within presynaptic cytoplasm suggests that influx from a number ofCa 2+ channels may contribute to the Ca 2- signal responsible for triggering a vesicular exocytosis event, and that this signal results in a transient elevation of Ca 1+ concentration on the order of 100 μm at sites of secretion.

TL;DR: Ca 2+ may act as a common integrator of environmental cues that influence neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, and in this way may play a key role in the establishment and modulation of brain circuitry.

TL;DR: Calcium ions serve as a signal for numerous neuronal functions, and requires a very low, modulated, resting cytosolic free Ca 2+ concentration, and diverse mechanisms to regulate the time course and spatial distribution of transientCa 2+ increases, so that Ca2+ can separately activate multiple processes within the same neuron.

TL;DR: GTP-binding (G) proteins transduce receptor-mediated signals for a variety of effector systems (adenylate cyclase, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, ion channels and phospholipase C) and another effector system that is linked to a G protein is described.

TL;DR: The neurobiological properties of the rat hippocampal formation in relation to spatial information processing are reviewed, including a variety of behavioral analyses in conjunction with lesion and electrophysiological recording techniques that further understanding of cognitive operations that involve the integration of multiple sensory stimuli leading to the production of complex adaptive responses.

TL;DR: This work focuses on studies of neurological patients with memory impairment and parallel studies with animal models on what brain structures or systems are involved in memory and what jobs do they do.

TL;DR: Studies on feline generalized penicillin epilepsy suggest that its underlying mechanism might be different and that inhibition may play an important role in the mechanism of some forms of generalized epileptic discharge.

TL;DR: A state of equilibrium has been achieved in which most of the 5-HT binding sites have been successfully correlated with multiple physiological, biochemical and behavioral effects of5-HT.

TL;DR: The status of insulin and IGFs as regulatory peptides in the CNS is summarized, with a focus on recent reports, controversial issues, and unsolved problems.

TL;DR: Evidence suggests that even short-latency, largely monosynaptic reflexes show a high degree of modulation during simple human motor activities such as walking and standing, and that the pattern of modulation can be specifically altered for the different functional requirements of each activity.

TL;DR: A glia derived neurite-promoting factor has been characterized as a potent protease inhibitor, suggesting that a delicate balance between cell-derived proteases and protease inhibitors modulates neurite elongation and regeneration.

TL;DR: This review summarizes recent findings on the subunit composition of the dihydropyridinesensitive Ca 2+ channel, and discusses the structure and possible function of the individual subunits.

TL;DR: Recent data demonstrating that Schwann cells, both during development and after axonal injury in the adult, make NGF and express NGF receptors are reviewed and possible roles for the N GF and NGF receptor expressed on SchwANN cells are suggested.

TL;DR: Recent work on long-term potentiation (LTP) is reviewed, a form of synaptic plasticity that has been considered a prime candidate for information storage in the mammalian brain and the induction of which has been surmised to depend on simultaneous pre- and post-synaptic activity.

TL;DR: Calcium-activated non-specific cation channels appear to be a unique class of channels with an important role in excitation—secretion coupling and in determining neuron firing patterns.

TL;DR: Although several aspects of synaptic structure appear to change with experience, the most consistent potential substrate for memory storage during behavioral modification is an alteration in the number and/or pattern of synaptic connections.

TL;DR: Patients with schizophrenia manifest clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of prefrontal cortex dysfunction, such as blunted affect, poor insight, and deficient performance on problem solving tasks, which have suggested that prefrontal hypometabolism is a physiological effect of pathology in the limbic system.

TL;DR: The successful demonstration of functional synaptic connections between co-cultured slices suggests that this technique offers a unique approach for studying synaptic transmission between remote brain areas.

TL;DR: Data showing that in several experimental preparations, activation of EAA receptors stimulates the inositol phosphate (IP)/diacylglycerol (DAG) second messenger pathway is discussed, and that novel Eaa receptors are implicated, include Q- and ibotenate (IBO)-preferring receptors, which are potent stimulators of IP production.

TL;DR: Fluorescent indicators are the newest tools for measuring cytosolic free calcium, and are particularly promising because of their sensitivity, specificity, speed, ease of calibration, and non-disruptive means of loading into intact cells.

TL;DR: The regulation of phospholipase C activity by Ca 2- may be physiologically important in regulating cytosolic Ca 2+ and protein kinase C in excitable tissues.

TL;DR: Evidence grows that the essential conditioned stimulus (CS) pathway involves mossy fiber projections and the essential unconditioned stimulus (US) pathways involves climbing fiber projections to the cerebellum, and that the Cerebellum and its associated brain stem circuitry are the essential (necessary and sufficient) neuronal substrates for this category of basic associative learning and memory.

TL;DR: It is shown that effective activation of the NMDA-gated Ca 2+ conductance requires temporal pairing of two signals: transmitter binding and postsynaptic depolarization, which could also contribute to the learning of predictive relationships.

TL;DR: Molecular and physiological studies of the two receptors promise to yield important new insights into the mechanisms of drug-induced psychoses, and may yield clues about the pathogenesis of endogenous psychotic disorders.