Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 1994"

TL;DR: Findings call for a fundamental revision in the concept of the organization of the PAG, and a recognition of the special roles played by different longitudinal PAG columns in co-ordinating distinct strategies for coping with different types of stress, threat and pain.

TL;DR: The biology of the recently discovered NGF-related family of neurotrophic factors and ciliary neurotrophic factor and their receptors are reviewed, especially in the context of the therapeutic potential of these factors in the treatment of neurological disorders of the CNS.

TL;DR: Recent patch-clamp work in sympathetic neurons will be summarized to illustrate the mechanisms underlying modulation and its significance.

TL;DR: Following peripheral axotomy, long-lasting changes in the expression of neuropeptides and their receptors in primary sensory neurons are observed, thought to represent adaptive responses to limit the consequences of peripheral nerve damage to the organism as a whole and to promote survival and recovery of the individual neuron.

TL;DR: A better understanding of brain systems that inhibit the amygdala, as well as the role of its very high levels of peptides, might eventually lead to the development of more effective pharmacological strategies for treating clinical anxiety and memory disorders.

TL;DR: The discovery that the epsilon 4 allele is strongly linked to both sporadic and familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) raises the possibility that a dysfunction of the lipid-transport system associated with compensatory sprouting and synaptic remodeling could be central to the AD process.

TL;DR: After ischaemia, glutamate released by Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis activates an excessive influx of Ca2+ largely through potentiated NMDA-receptor-channels, which leads to neuronal death.

TL;DR: Recent findings have started to unravel the operation of central GABA synapses where inhibitory events appear to result from the synchronous opening of only tens of GABAA receptors activated by a saturating concentration of GABA.

TL;DR: Insight into the regulation and role of the neurotrophins after brain insults should increase the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms in epileptogenesis and cell death, and could lead to new therapeutic strategies.

TL;DR: The midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei might have a dual role in corticosubcortical interactions in the forebrain by way of nonselective inputs from cholinergic brain-stem nuclei, which might act in concert to modify the level of activity of the entire basal-ganglia-thalamocortical system.

TL;DR: Experiments show that activity of CaM kinase II is increased for long periods of time after induction of long-term potentiation, that enhanced activity mimics long- term potentiated activity, and that enzyme activity is necessary for induction ofLong-Term potentiation.

TL;DR: The striatum is viewed as a structure performing fast neurotransmitter-mediated operations through somatotopically organized projections to medium-size spiny neurons, contrasted with another view that depicts the striatum as a site of diffuse modulatory influences mediated by cholinergic interneurons and by dopamine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

TL;DR: The cloning and molecular identification of two putative ATP receptors supports the previously established pharmacological receptor classifications and places into perspective the evidence for ATP as a neural signalling substance by examining sites of storage, release and hydrolysis, as well as potential actions and targets.

TL;DR: The concept of common drive of motor units that provides a possible scheme for the control of motor Units is discussed, unifying various seemingly isolated findings that have been reported.

TL;DR: This article will review the major pathophysiological responses which occur up until the time of accumulation of glutamate, as well as investigating the role of adenosine in this response.

TL;DR: Evidence indicates that the class of both the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurone together determine a wide range of synaptic properties, such as the type of post synapse receptors involved and the temporal pattern of transmitter release, so that each type of synapse displays unique properties.

TL;DR: The amygdala complex integrates stressful stimuli and is critical in transducing their aversive value into autonomic, endocrine and behavioural responses, and recent evidence suggests that two neuropeptides exert a reciprocal regulation of responsiveness to stressful stimuli.

TL;DR: Results of electrophysiological investigations of aging in the rodent hippocampus contradict the popular conception of the aging process as one of general deterioration and reveal a selective pattern of both degenerative change and functional sparing in different physiological parameters of the same cells.

TL;DR: Multi-site, extra- and intracellular recordings provide evidence for synchronization of various classes of cell in the neocortex and thalamus during sleep oscillations that might reach paroxysmal levels similar to epileptic states.

TL;DR: The data reviewed in this article suggest that protons should no longer be considered simply as an unwanted by-product of anaerobic respiration that results from either an accumulation of inflammatory cells or a reduced oxygenated blood supply during ischaemia, but as a mediator that elicits a protective response with reflex cardiovascular and respiratory responses, and with the local release of sensory neuropeptides.

TL;DR: The authors review recent data from patch-clamp recordings that provide new estimates of the passive membrane properties of hippocampal neurons, and show how these properties affect the shaping and attenuation of synaptic potentials as they propagate in the dendrites, as well as how they affect the measurement of current from synapses located in thedendrites.

TL;DR: Computerized brain atlases are used to compensate for the shrinkage and distortions during sectioning and embedding of post-mortem brains, to study structural-functional relationships in the human brain at both the macroscopical and microscopical level, and variations in gross morphology and microstructure of the humanbrain.

TL;DR: Findings in primate studies of the primate visual system raise new and interesting questions not only about the role of this pathway, but also about the intracortical integration of afferent parallel signals.

TL;DR: Some of the central mechanisms that account for central hyperexcitability occurring in hyperalgesia and allodynia are described based on evidence from experiments both in vivo and in vitro with neurokinin and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the distinct dynamics of messengers might be relevant to neuronal function: IP3 and cAMP could convey signals over long distances along neurites, and serve as mediators for association and co-operation, for example, during learning.

TL;DR: The known actions of neuropeptide Y inhibits Ca2+ currents, and modulates transmitter release in a highly selective manner, and its actions in the hippocampus and the dorsal raphé nucleus are reviewed.

TL;DR: Using this non-invasive functional MRI method, it is possible to localize functional brain activation, in normal individuals, with an accuracy of millimeters and a temporal resolution of seconds.

TL;DR: Neurons not only partly compensate for different target distances by extending axons more rapidly the further they have to grow, but possess an intrinsic clock that switches on dependence at the right time in accordance with the time it normally takes their axons to reach their targets.

TL;DR: This hypothesis is consistent with the view that objects, scenes and living beings are represented, stored and re-evoked outside the domain of the primary visual cortex and its immediate neighbours.