Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 2001"

TL;DR: A model is proposed in which wake- and sleep-promoting neurons inhibit each other, which results in stable wakefulness and sleep and disruption of wake- or sleep- Promoting pathways results in behavioral state instability.

TL;DR: Immuno-neutralization of soluble Abeta-derived toxins might be the key to optimizing AD vaccines that are now on the horizon, and perhaps not the neurotoxin that is most relevant to AD.

TL;DR: Taken together, these findings suggest a new, dramatically different approach to pain control, as all clinical therapies are focused exclusively on altering neuronal, rather than glial, function.

TL;DR: A review of experimental and modeling work has begun to test the reverberation hypothesis at the cellular level, and insights and predictions from biophysically based models are discussed.

TL;DR: Using this new mosaic system, not only can normal brain development be described with unprecedented single cell resolution, but also the underlying molecular mechanisms can be investigated by identifying genes that are required for these developmental processes.

TL;DR: The everyday auditory environment consists of multiple simultaneously active sources with overlapping temporal and spectral acoustic properties, and the resulting perception is of an orderly "auditory scene" that is organized according to sources and auditory events, allowing us to select messages easily, recognize familiar sound patterns, and distinguish deviant or novel ones.

TL;DR: By allowing the "loosening" of TJs and an increase in paracellular permeability, the BBB is able to "bend without breaking"; thereby, maintaining structural integrity.

TL;DR: Analysis of the Kv3 subfamily of K(+) channel subunits has lead to the discovery of a new class of neuronal voltage-gated K(+ channels characterized by positively shifted voltage dependencies and very fast deactivation rates.

TL;DR: The lateral geniculate nucleus, which is the thalamic relay of retinal information to cortex, provides a reasonable model for all of thalamus and allows theThalamus to provide a dynamic relay that affects the nature and format of information that reaches the cortex.

TL;DR: It is proposed that disorders of cerebellar development can in fact cause the impairments in reading and writing characteristic of dyslexia, a view consistent with the recently appreciated role of the cerebellum in language-related skills.

TL;DR: Adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells make up around 5-8% of the glial cell population in the CNS, and their function in the undamaged CNS is largely unknown, but their processes are in contact with nodes of Ranvier and synapses, suggesting a regulatory role at these structures.

TL;DR: The role of the early depolarizing action of GABA(A) and glycine receptors and the sequential expression of GABA and glutamate synapses in the formation of functional networks is discussed in this paper.

TL;DR: Evidence suggests that saccades trigger two distinct neural processes: a suppression of visual sensitivity, specific to the magnocellular pathway, that dampens the sensation of motion and a gross perceptual distortion of visual space in anticipation of the repositioning of gaze.

TL;DR: In the primate thalamus, a newly identified population of neurons provides a basis for highfrequency synchronous activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex and thalamamus is a concomitant of discrete conscious events.

TL;DR: It is suggested that fear memory consolidation in the amygdala shares essential biochemical features with LTP, and hold promise for understanding the relationship between memory consolidation and synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain.

TL;DR: Evidence for three different ways in which barren housing conditions interfere with brain development and behaviour is reviewed and a better understanding of the animals' needs and of the environmental factors involved in the control of behaviour could offer a biological basis for refinement.

TL;DR: The pharmacological modulation of this novel class of ion channels could be of interest for both general anaesthesia and ischaemic neuroprotection.

TL;DR: Results suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor contributes to epileptogenesis and further analysis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which BDNF influences excitability and connectivity in adult brain could provide novel concepts and targets for anticonvulsant or anti-epileptogenic therapy.

TL;DR: Evidence of interactions among neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, enzymes, growth factors, and signaling molecules that influence aggression and the interactions between 5-HT receptor subtypes is reviewed.

TL;DR: Attentional influences have now been demonstrated throughout visual cortex, and their influence on the processing of visual information is profound, resulting in a neural representation of the visual world that is dominated by the behavioral relevance of the information, rather than designed to provide an accurate and complete description of it.

TL;DR: A hypothesis has been formulated to suggest that schizophrenia is a disease of the synapse, and it is proposed that impaired mechanics of synaptic transmission in specific neural circuits during childhood and adolescence ultimately results in altered synapse formation or pruning, or both, which manifest in the clinical onset of the disease.

TL;DR: This work has suggested that short-term synaptic depression contributes to low-pass temporal filtering, and can account for a well-known paradox - many low- pass neurons respond vigorously to transients and the onsets of high temporal-frequency stimuli.

TL;DR: Re-examination of earlier data and new results on the beneficial functions of normal huntingtin indicate that loss of the normal protein function might actually equally contribute to the pathology.

TL;DR: The effect of AMPA and kainate receptor antagonists in ameliorating the neurological score of animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (an animal model of multiple sclerosis) indicates that oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity could be involved in the pathogenesis of demyelinating disorders.

TL;DR: A recent clinical trial with estradiol replacement therapy in elderly women that have a history of cerebrovascular disease showed that this hormone was unable to protect against reoccurrence of ischemia or to reduce the incidence of mortality compared to a placebo.

TL;DR: This system reveals that co-transmission provides projection neurons with a rich assortment of strategies for eliciting multiple outputs from a multifunctional network.

TL;DR: The effect of NO on transporters represents a new form of interneuronal communication, a nonsynaptic interaction without receptors, which might be nonsynaptically signaled to the surrounding monoaminergic neurons.

TL;DR: Recent experimental evidence of self-referencing is reviewed and it is suggested that behavioral neuroscience can provide new tools and insights into how it works (its proximate mechanistic and ontogenetic bases) and why it exists (its adaptive significance).

TL;DR: The phosphorylation cycle of the dephosphins might regulate SVE by targeting the proteins to sites of action and by stimulating the assembly of several large essential endocytic protein complexes.

TL;DR: These studies suggest that dynamic interplay is involved in converting the transient increases in the rate of transcription into prolonged (potentially adaptive or maladaptive) changes in gene expression.