Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 2007"

TL;DR: A key mechanism mediating the broad benefits of exercise on the brain is induction of central and peripheral growth factors and growth factor cascades, which instruct downstream structural and functional change.

TL;DR: The purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of the diversity and neurochemical features of the nine dopamine-containing neuronal cell groups in the mammalian brain, their distinctive cellular properties, and their ability to regulate their dopaminergic transmitter machinery in response to altered functional demands and aging.

TL;DR: This review is based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium, Physiogenic and pathogenic oscillations: the beauty and the beast, based on work using tissue slice preparations, animal models and in humans with Parkinson's disease.

TL;DR: It is proposed that simultaneous α-, β- (14–30Hz) and γ- (30–70Hz) frequency band oscillations are required for unified cognitive operations, and hypothesize that cross-frequency phase synchrony between α, β and ι oscillations coordinates the selection and maintenance of neuronal object representations during working memory, perception and consciousness.

TL;DR: Evidence is reviewed suggesting that the resulting rhythmic network inhibition interacts with excitatory input to pyramidal cells such that the more excited cells fire earlier in the gamma cycle, enabling transmission and read out of amplitude information within a single gamma cycle without requiring rate integration.

TL;DR: Recent findings demonstrating human gamma-frequency activity associated with attention and memory in both sensory and non-sensory areas are discussed.

TL;DR: It is shown that long-term alterations in dopamine signaling produce profound and cell-type-specific reshaping of corticostriatal connectivity and function and the influence of DA on synaptic plasticity.

TL;DR: This work provides a systems-oriented approach to interpreting the function of the dopamine system, its modulation of limbic-cortical interactions and how disruptions within this system might underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and drug abuse.

TL;DR: Using these responses, dopamine neurotransmission provides differential and heterogeneous information to subcortical and cortical brain structures about essential outcome components for approach behavior, learning and economic decision-making.

TL;DR: A model in which the spontaneous membrane oscillations of neurons projecting from the striatum, in addition to the pattern of release of endogenous dopamine, bias the synapse towards preferential induction of LTP or LTD is proposed.

TL;DR: Neurons should be envisaged as key immune modulators in the brain and contribute to the inflammatory milieu of the central nervous system.

TL;DR: It is suggested that 'multiple hits' that combine toxic stress, for example, from dopamine oxidation or mitochondrial dysfunction, with an inhibition of a neuroprotective response, such as loss of function of parkin or stress-induced autophagic degradation, underlie selective neuronal death.

TL;DR: It is evident that neurotransmitters instruct microglia to perform distinct types of responses, such as triggering an inflammatory cascade or acquiring a neuroprotective phenotype, which has important implications for controlling the reactivity of these cells in acute injury and for treating chronic neurodegenerative diseases.

TL;DR: New insights are reviewed into the role of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors in neuronal function and survival and shows that changes arise not only because of regulated expression of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR2, but also as a consequence of RNA editing, receptor trafficking and dendritic protein synthesis.

TL;DR: The CRF system is emerging as a key element of the neuroadaptive changes driving alcoholism and as a major target for its treatment.

TL;DR: The hypothalamus integrates various hormonal and neuronal signals to regulate appetite and metabolism and thereby serves a homeostatic purpose in the regulation of body weight.

TL;DR: Dopamine research has had a greater impact on the development of biological psychiatry and psychopharmacology than work on any other neurotransmitter.

TL;DR: A review of recent experimental and clinical studies on striatal cholinergic interneurons in Parkinson's disease and dystonia places them within the context of the pathogenesis of movement disorders.

TL;DR: The mechanisms by which synaptic inhibition can control the precise timing of spike generation are reviewed, by way of effects of GABAergic events on membrane conductance ('shunting' inhibition) and membrane potential ('hyperpolarizing' inhibition).

TL;DR: It is proposed that avalanches reflect the transient formation of cell assemblies in the cortex and various models that provide mechanistic insights into the underlying dynamics are discussed, suggesting that they arise in a critical regime.

TL;DR: Recent findings on how GABA regulates adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus are reviewed and an emerging view that GABA serves as a key mediator of neuronal activity in setting the tempo of adult neuroGenesis is discussed.

TL;DR: Recent studies show that regulation of excitability in the reticular nucleus leads to dynamical modulation of the state of the thalamic circuit and provide a basis for explaining how a variety of unrelated genetic alterations might lead to the spike-wave phenotype.

TL;DR: Accumulating evidence supports the idea that LTP and LTD enable distinct and separate forms of information storage, which together facilitate the generation of a spatial cognitive map.

TL;DR: In this paper, minimum standards for the range and quality of pre-clinical animal data were proposed to improve the selection of drugs for clinical trials in stroke and the design of those trials.

TL;DR: LTD in the hippocampus and cerebellum is probably the best characterized, although there are also other brain areas where mechanisms of LTD are well understood, and where it is thought to have a functional role.

TL;DR: Electrophysiological and computational evidence from the cortex and thalamus now indicates that slow-oscillation 'up' states and the 'activated' state of wakefulness are remarkably similar dynamic entities.

TL;DR: It is proposed that reunification might be achieved by using a "neural-systems" approach, which highlights the need for development of "neurocognitive" tests to probe the function of components of each neural system and improve strategies for explanation, diagnosis and support of developmental disorders.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the selectivity of dopamine effects is achieved by the timing of dopamine release in relation to the activity of glutamatergic synapses, rather than by spatial localization of the dopamine signal to specific synaptic contacts.

TL;DR: L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia provides a paradigm to study how the dysregulation of DA release and clearance results in maladaptive neuroplasticity sustaining abnormal patterns of movement.

TL;DR: The contribution of Na(v)1.7 to acquired and inherited pain states and the absence of motor, cognitive and cardiac deficits in patients lacking this channel make it an attractive target for the treatment of neuropathic pain.