Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 2012"

TL;DR: A new model of cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia is suggested in which PVBC inhibition is decreased to compensate for an upstream deficit in pyramidal cell excitation, but at a level insufficient to generate the gamma oscillation power required for high levels of cognitive control.

TL;DR: The neural bases of the construct of anhedonia are reviewed, which reflects deficits in hedonic capacity and also closely linked to the constructs of reward valuation, decision-making, anticipation and motivation.

TL;DR: Shifting the balance between the neuropeptide systems towards oxytocin, by positive social stimuli and/or psychopharmacotherapy, may help to improve emotional behaviors and reinstate mental health.

TL;DR: Lesion and neuroimaging findings in animals and humans that relate to the apparent paradoxical relationship between schema and novelty and a framework relating key brain regions in medial temporal lobe and medial prefrontal cortex during encoding, consolidation and retrieval of information as a function of its congruency with existing information represented in neocortex are reviewed.

TL;DR: How fear conditioning is a suitable model for studying the molecular mechanisms of the fear components that underlie PTSD and the biology of fear conditioning with a particular focus on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), GABAergic and glutamatergic ligand-receptor systems is discussed.

TL;DR: Findings that suggest that opposing effects of stress and/or depression and antidepressants on neurotrophic factor expression and signaling partly explain these effects are reviewed.

TL;DR: This review highlights progress that has recently been made towards understanding how the brain encodes and processes self-motion to ensure accurate motor control.

TL;DR: The existence of time limits for, and mechanistic constraints on, sensitive periods for cochlear implantation are discussed and the effects of multimodal and cognitive reorganization that result from long-term auditory deprivation are described.

TL;DR: It is proposed here that anxiety disorders and high trait anxiety are associated with a particular pattern of functional network dysfunction: increased functioning of the cingulo-opercular and ventral attention networks as well as decreased functioning ofThe fronto-parietal and default mode networks.

TL;DR: Several recent developments in the field that have advanced understanding of the regulation of multipotentiality and temporal competence of progenitors are summarized.

TL;DR: An overview of the key findings related to this controversy and assess the criteria used for the electrophysiological identification of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area are provided.

TL;DR: Evidence suggesting that dysfunction in miRNA signaling contributes to neurodevelopment disorders such as Rett and fragile X syndromes, as well as complex behavioral disorders including schizophrenia, depression and drug addiction is reviewed.

TL;DR: Overall, the firing output of granular and infragranular layers is highest and subthreshold activity across supragranular neurons is decidedly non-sparse, spikes are much less frequent and some cells are silent.

TL;DR: Emerging evidence supports a direct role in information processing, while storage of synaptic information may instead be mediated by regulated interaction of CaMKII with the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) complex.

TL;DR: It is suggested that early-life adversity increases risk of suicide in susceptible individuals by influencing the development of stable emotional, behavioral and cognitive phenotypes that are likely to result from the epigenetic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and other systems involved in responses to stress.

TL;DR: The hierarchical organization and the molecular process involving interactions between environmental growth factors, used and reused in different developmental contexts in self-reinforcing and cross-inhibitory mechanisms, and intrinsic gene programs that underlie the progressive diversification of sensory progenitors into specialized neurons are reviewed.

TL;DR: This review focuses on PNS myelination and presents a conceptual framework that integrates crucial signaling mechanisms with basic SC biology, including genetic, epigenetic, and post-translational controls, which together regulate the interplay between SCs and axons, extracellular signals, and the transcriptional network.

TL;DR: This work considers the present understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying nerve dependence, including evidence of critical interactions with glia and non-neural cell types, and considers the example of the salamander aneurogenic limb.

TL;DR: Current understanding of migraine mechanisms, focusing on recent advances regarding migraine genetics, headache mechanisms, and the primary brain dysfunction(s) underlying migraine onset and susceptibility to cortical spreading depression, is reviewed.

TL;DR: The role of Na⁺ in the regulation of various systems that mediate fast bidirectional communication between neurones and glia at the single synapse level is discussed.

TL;DR: Evidence is discussed in support of synaptic regulation by TNFα and the underlying cellular mechanisms, including control of AMPA receptor trafficking and glutamate release from astrocytes, that contribute to cognitive alterations in several brain pathologies.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that p75(NTR) signaling contributes to neuronal and glial cell damage, axonal degeneration and dysfunction during injury and cellular stress, and may offer unique therapeutic opportunities for limiting the severity of nervous system injury and disease.

TL;DR: It is suggested that the key cellular mechanisms linking Sig-1Rs to neurological disorders involve the translocation of Sig- 1Rs from the MAM to other parts of the cell, whereby Sig-2Rs bind and modulate the activities of various ion channels, receptors, or kinases.

TL;DR: The findings underscore the need for further research into the mechanism of action and functions of caspase-3 that may prove useful in the development of novel pharmacological treatments for a diverse range of neurological disorders.

TL;DR: A neuroanatomical update of the disinhibition model of morphine action is proposed in light of the crucial role of the tVTA in the opiate control of dopamine activity.

TL;DR: This review focuses on recent advances in the fly visual system, including the discovery of a visual cycle and insights into the machinery and mechanisms involved in generating a light response in photoreceptor cells.

TL;DR: How sortilin contributes not only to the functional integrity of the nervous system during physiological conditions but also plays an important role during neuronal injury and disease processes is discussed.

TL;DR: The potential for mitochondria to act as a decision node in axon loss is considered, highlighting the need to understand the biology of axonal mitochondria and their contributions to degenerative mechanisms for novel therapeutic strategies.

TL;DR: A few examples of how trisomy for specific genes affects the development of the cortex and cerebellum are provided to illustrate how gene dosage effects might contribute to divergence between the trisomic and euploid brains.

TL;DR: The Allen Human Brain Atlas is a freely available multimodal atlas of gene expression and anatomy comprising a comprehensive 'all genes-all structures' array-based dataset of geneexpression and complementary in situ hybridization gene expression studies targeting selected genes in specific brain regions.